Effect of quenching process on mechanical properties and ductile-brittle transition behavior of 28CrMnMoV steel

Effect of quenching process on the microstrucmre and mechanical properties of a kind of seamless tubes of steel 28CrMnMoV was investigated. Then, an investigation on the influence of two different quenching processes on the ductile-brittle transition behavior of this steel was undertaken. The ductile-brittle transition temperatures of the steel by two different quenching processes were also determined. The results show that a good combination of mechanical properties can be obtained through austenitizing experimental steel at 800 ℃ or 890 ℃ followed by tempering at 630 ℃. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of 28CrMnMoV steel austenitized at 800 ℃ followed by tempering at 640 ℃ is about -73 ℃, which is much lower than the value -37 ℃ when the steel was austenitized at 890℃ and then tempered at 650 ℃. This indicates that subcritical quenching process could decrease largely the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of 28CrMnMoV steel.

Fine-tuning the ductile-brittle transition temperature of Mg_2Si intermetallic compound via Al doping

Brittleness is a dominant issue that restricts potential applications of Mg_2Si intermetallic compounds(IMC). In this paper, guided by first-principles calculations, we found that Al doping will enhance the ductility of Mg_2Si. The underlying mechanism is that Al doping could reduce the electronic exchange effect between Mg and Si atoms, and increase the volume module/shear modulus ratio, both of which are beneficial to the deformation capability of Mg_2Si. Experimental investigations were then carried out to verify the calculation results with Al doping contents ranging from Al-free to 10 wt%. Results showed that the obtained ductile-brittle transition temperature of the Mg_2Si–Al alloy decreased and the corresponding ductility increased. Specifically, the ductile-brittle transition temperature could be reduced by about 100℃. When the content of Al reached 6 wt%, α-Al phase started to precipitate, and the ductile-brittle transition temperature of the alloy no longer decreased.

CRACK TIP STRUCTURE AND DUCTILE-BRITTLE TRANSITION IN BULK SINGLE CRYSTALS

Based on the crack tip structure a new model of ductile -brittle transition was proposed. Using this new model we calculated the dependence of the transition temperature-strain rate over a wide range of strain rate. Finally the significance of this new model is discussed in detail.

EFFECT OF LOADING RATE AND TEMPERATURE ON DUCTILE-BRITTLE TRANSITION OF A CARBON STEEL

The dynamic fracture toughness of a mild steel has been studied at different loading rates and temperatures.The material exhibits a transition from tough to brittle fracture with the chang- ing loading rate alone.Analysis of the fracture process by the theory of thermal activation suggests that the fracture activation energy approximates to the bond energy of the{100}of a unit cell.The toughness can be resolved into two parts,J-(fd)=J_a+J_l,where J_a is the athermal part,being independent on temperature and loading rate,while J_l=(K/K_o)^(1/n)exp(Q_f/nkT),which controls the fracture process is temperature and load- ing rate dependent.The transition of fracture mechanism caused by both temperature and loading rate is associated with the thermal movement of atoms.

Modified Rayleigh Distribution of Wave Heights in Transitional Water Depths

This paper concerns the calculation of wave height exceedance probabilities for nonlinear irregular waves in transitional water depths, and a Transformed Rayleigh method is first proposed for carrying out the calculation. In the proposed Transformed Rayleigh method, the transformation model is chosen to be a monotonic exponential function, calibrated such that the first three moments of the transformed model match the moments of the true process. The proposed new method has been applied for calculating the wave height exceedance probabilities of a sea state with the surface elevation data measured at the Poseidon platform. It is demonstrated in this case that the proposed new method can offer better predictions than those by using the conventional Rayleigh wave height distribution model. The proposed new method has been further applied for calculating the total horizontal loads on a generic jacket, and its accuracy has once again been substantiated. The research findings gained from this study demonstrate that the proposed Transformed Rayleigh model can be utilized as a promising alternative to the well-established nonlinear wave height distribution models.

INVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEN INDUCED DUCTILE BRITTLE TRANSITION IN 7175 ALUMINUM ALLOY

Effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of differently aged 7175 aluminum alloys were investigated by using cathodic H-permeation, slow strain rate tension and so on. The results indicate that both the yield stress and the percentage reduction of area decrease with increasing hydrogen charging time, and the degree of reduction decreases as aging time increases for the same hydrogen charging time.

EFFECT OF DUCTILE-BRITYLE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF Al-Si COATING ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF Ni-BASE SUPERALLOYS

The effect of Al content on the ductile-brittle transition temperature of Al-Si coating and the effect of fracture behaviour.of the Al-Si coating on the fatigue properties of Ni-base superallovs have been investigated to propose the theoretical basis of search for an optimum of mechanical properties of the high temperature coating on Ni-base alloys.

Effect of a weak magnetic field on ductile-brittle transition in micro-cutting of single-crystal calcium fluoride

Magneto-plasticity occurs when a weak magnetic field alters material plasticity and offers a viable solution to enhance ductile-mode cutting of brittle materials.This study demonstrates the susceptibility of non-magnetic single-crystal calcium fluoride(CaF_(2))to the magneto-plastic effect.The influence of magneto-plasticity on CaF_(2) was confirmed in micro-deformation tests under a weak magnetic field of 20 mT.The surface pile-up effect was weakened by 10-15 nm along with an enlarged plastic zone and suppressed crack propagation under the influence of the magnetic field.Micro-cutting tests along different crystal orientations on the(111)plane of CaF_(2) revealed an increase in the ductile-brittle transition of the machined surface with the aid of magneto-plasticity where the largest increase in ductile-brittle transition occurred along the[112]orientation from 512 nm to a range of 664-806 nm.Meanwhile,the subsurface damage layer was concurrently thinner under magnetic influence.An anisotropic influence of the magnetic field relative to the single-crystal orientation and the cutting direction was also observed.An analytical model was derived to determine an orientation factor M that successfully describes the anisotropy while considering the single-crystal dislocation behaviour,material fracture toughness,and the orientation of the magnetic field.Previously suggested theoretical mechanism of magneto-plasticity via formation of non-singlet electronic states in defected configurations was confirmed with density functional theory calculations.The successful findings on the influence of a weak magnetic field on plasticity present an opportunity for the adoption of magnetic-assisted micro-cutting of non-magnetic materials.

Modeling the rate-dependent ductile-brittle transition in amorphous polymers

The stress response of amorphous polymers in the glass transition region shows apparent temperature and rate dependence.With increasing loading rate,amorphous polymers also exhibit a clear ductile-brittle transition of tensile failure.The rate-dependent behaviors originate from intrinsic relaxations,ranging from perturbation of molecular bonds between polymer segments to reptation of polymer chains.In this work,we develop a constitutive model that incorporates segmental and chain dynamics into the deformation of bond and polymer networks,respectively.The dynamic scission of polymer chains is also incorporated into the theoretical framework to describe the damage evolution and ultimate failure of polymers.A comparison between theoretical predictions and experiments shows that the present model is able to simultaneously capture the observed rate-dependent features,including the transition from glassy state to rubbery state,strain hardening,and failure threshold.

宝坻-苗庄凸起新生断裂脆韧性转换深度研究

现今地震是最新构造活动的最直接表现,是认识大陆内部非刚性变形特征的最有力工具。尤其是对晚更新世以来开始活动的新生断裂来说,由于发育成熟度低,几何构造上贯通性差且不同区段走向/不同深度倾向差异明显,地震能够揭示其三维空间的变化,尤其是脆韧性转换深度特征,促进对新生活动断裂孕育、发震过程的认识。渤海湾盆地新生走滑活动断裂曾多次发生强震,如唐山M_(S)7.8、三次宁河M_(S)≥6.2地震,这些地震揭示的地壳脆-韧性转换深度对认识该地区地震发震机理和活动性具有重要的现实意义。本文以渤海湾盆地内宝坻-苗庄凸起新生断裂为目标断裂,以发生于宝坻凸起的2012年宝坻M_(S)4.0、M_(S)3.5地震以及发生于苗庄凸起的1976年宁河M_(S)6.2、M_(S)6.9、1977年宁河M_(S)6.2地震为研究对象,基于首都圈数字地震台网的波形资料,采用CAP方法研究宝坻M_(S)4.0、M_(S)3.5地震震源机制解和震源深度,利用近震转换波Sp精确确定震源深度,采用双差方法定位两个地震序列的震源位置,并结合其他资料探讨该地区地震的发震机理以及新生断裂脆韧性转换深度。结果显示:(1)宝坻M_(S)4.0、M_(S)3.5地震震源性质与宝坻-苗庄凸起出露地表的已知断裂不尽相符,结合宁河三次MS≥6.2地震震源参数的有关研究成果,推测它们均发震于宝坻-宁河深大断裂;(2)结合震源区电性结构以及流变结构等模型,宝坻-苗庄凸起这五次显著地震揭示出宝坻-宁河深大断裂的脆韧性转换深度为15km左右;(3)结合渤海湾盆地动力演化过程以及深部地球物理探测等相关资料,推测该地区地震活动主要是宝坻-宁河深大断裂与深部流体作用的结果。

基于MTF-ResDSCNN二维图像的故障诊断方法

为了有效捕获旋转机械振动信号中蕴含的故障特征,进而高效地完成故障诊断任务,设计了一种将二维特征图像和轻量化神经网络相结合的故障诊断模型。首先,将采集到的一维振动信号以改进的集成经验模态分解(Modified Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,MEEMD)算法进行分解,得到本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)分量,并筛选相应的IMF分量进行求和重构,以增强振动信号的幅值波动,进而使得马尔科夫变迁场(Markov Transition Field,MTF)能够更为有效地表征重构信号中的故障特征;然后,将MTF生成的二维特征图像输入到残差深度可分离卷积神经网络(Residual Depth Separable Convolutional Neural Network,ResDSCNN)模型中,进行特征提取与故障诊断。使用行星齿轮箱故障数据集验证了模型性能。结果表明,该模型对于各类齿轮故障的诊断正确率可达98%以上。

智慧城轨网络安全综合防护体系研究

城市轨道交通是城市发展的关键基础设施。随着“互联网+城市轨道交通”项目的研究与发展,研究智慧城轨网络安全保障技术具备重要意义。文中分析了智慧城轨网络架构和潜在的安全威胁,基于“分区分域、标识解析、可信验证、纵深防御”的安全防护思想,提出了智慧城轨网络安全综合防护体系,对列车网络、通信网络、智慧城轨控制网络进行分区、分域防护,建立基于资源标识解析和可信验证的纵深防御体系。

轨道交通车辆通信网络系统的安全纵深防御策略

[目的]车辆通信网络系统具有种类繁多、数量庞大的内外网通信接口,使得车辆信息安全风险持续攀升。传统的物理隔离已不能满足高等级的车辆通信网络安全要求,应采用多层次防护的设计方法,以提升车辆通信网络的安全防护等级。[方法]分析了车辆通信网络外部和内部的安全风险。提出建立轨道交通车辆通信网络系统的安全纵深防御策略,并在安全准则、安全要求规范、安全设计、安全实施、安全认证和确认测试5个方面,建立了该策略的“安全技术+安全管理措施”防护体系。[结果及结论]该策略可实现车辆通信网络系统从安全需求到系统设计、从安全产品开发到运营维护全生命周期的管理,可全面提升车辆通信网络系统的安全防护能力,满足信息安全要求。

1961—2001年青藏高原大气热源的气候特征

文中利用ECMWF逐日再分析资料,用"倒算法"计算了1961—2001年青藏高原上空热量源汇,并分析了高原上空大气热量分布的气候状况。结果表明:(1)3—9月,高原上空为热源,热源最强在6月;10—2月是热汇,热汇最强在12月。整个高原上空,全年大气热量状况主要表现为热源持续时间长,且热源强度较热汇要大得多。对整层热源贡献最大的因子是垂直输送项。(2)从大气加热的垂直廓线来看,热源最大值层出现的高度随季节基本没有变化,集中在600—500hPa,但加热的强度和厚度却随季节是变化的;而热汇最大值层和强度随季节是变化的。(3)高原整层〈Q1〉的水平分布复杂,表现出强的区域性特征:高原热源西部变化比东部迅速,4—8月西部热源强度明显强于东部。春季,高原西部热源增强迅速,在5月出现200W/m2中心,比东部提前1个月。7月整个高原热源开始向南减弱,西部热源至10月转为热汇,比东部又提前了1个月。(4)自1979年后,各季节高原热源变化均表现出1990年前后的气候转变信号。夏季,高原热源变率表现为南北反位相型,其他季节为高原的中部-东北部与高原东南部反位相型。

中国东部燕山期和四川期岩石圈构造滑脱与岩浆起源深度

较确切地研究岩石函内部构造滑脱面在地质历史时期形成的时间和部位是当前大地构造学研究的一个重要课题。通过大量收集中国东部燕山期（205-135Ma）和四川期（135～52Ma）岩浆起源深度资料来判断岩石圈内部和底部是否存在局部的构造滑脱界面，是否发生层圈相互作用，是否发生部分的解耦现象，是一种可行的研究方法。研究表明，中国东部燕山期和四川期岩石圈板块的构造滑脱、圈层的解耦作用及相互作用主要集中在中地壳、莫霍面与区域性主干断层的交线附近，而岩石圈板块的底面却并不存在大幅度的滑移。中国东部燕山期和四川期岩浆活动比较发育的地区基本上都位于大兴安岭-山西西部-武陵山-十万大山一线以东地区，而在此线以西地区岩浆活动相当微弱。笔者认为，在侏罗-白垩纪时期，该线以西缺少岩浆活动的地区可能就是当时的大陆型岩石圈，而该线以东岩浆活动剧烈的地区可能就属于海陆过渡型岩石圈。中国东部岩石圈的转型和“变薄”，不太可能是深部地幔羽、去根作用、深部地幔热物质上涌或大陆伸展作用的结果，也不太可能与太平洋板块的俯冲作用有直接联系。

山东及邻区地震的重新定位及其与活动构造的关系

对山东及其邻区1975～2010年发生的地震经震相到时数据校正后,用双差定位(Hypodd)和Hypoinverse 2000定位法对其进行重新定位,分析结果表明:重新定位的地震在空间分布上与区域构造结合更为紧密,震源深度的分布与人工地震勘探所推测的断裂相吻合;研究区地震多发生在5～25km深度范围内,分别在10km和16km左右存在两个明显的优势分布层,推断为这两个优势分布层分别位于上地壳底面和中地壳;地震活动图像表明中强震易发生在上下地壳交界的脆-韧转换带内,是区域应力作用下深部构造动力与浅层断裂运动变形的结果。

基于变切深纳米刻划的K9玻璃表面成形特征及去除机制研究

采用Berkovich压头,在纳米压痕仪上对K9光学玻璃进行了变切深纳米刻划试验。为探究摩擦因数与脆塑转变的深度,基于非线性最小二乘法对法向力、切向力关于刻划深度进行了拟合,并利用相关系数r检验其可靠性。利用AFM和SEM对刻划沟槽表面形貌进行分析,刻划过程存在弹塑转变、塑性去除和脆性断裂三个阶段。基于Hertz接触理论求得K9玻璃弹塑转变深度,根据AFM和SEM的结果,以裂纹刚开始萌生作为脆塑转变点,获得脆塑转变的临界深度。基于脆塑转变深度,通过添加修正系数,改进WEI提出的脆塑转变表征方法,建立了用摩擦因数来表征K9玻璃脆塑转变的表达式。通过分析压头在刻划过程中与工件产生的摩擦区,对脆性断裂阶段裂纹的产生和裂纹方向与刻划方向近似呈60°进行了解释。

大回线源瞬变电磁法最小探测深度的分析与估算

由于线圈的自感耦合作用 ,使瞬变电磁早期时间道信号严重失真。为研究瞬变电磁早期信号的特性 ,分析了瞬变电磁线圈等效回路的暂态过程 ,得出线圈自感信号振幅的理论表达式 ,计算了不同大小线圈的自感信号的幅值和衰减时间范围 ,得出了瞬变电磁测深法对地探测时存在一个不可分辨的"盲深度"。作者提出了不同线框大小和不同介质电阻率情况下 ,估算瞬变电磁能探测的最小深度的方法并给出了估算结果。所研究成果对进一步研究瞬变电磁早期场的附加效应打下了基础。

瞬变电磁接收装置对浅层探测的畸变分析与数值剔除

从理论上对瞬变电磁系统的接收装置频率特性进行分析,得出了瞬变信号在早期发生畸变的根本原因,揭示出接收装置在发射电流关断期间和电流关断后对一次场和二次场的影响关系,给出基于导电球体模型下接收装置的谐振频率与最小取样时间的关系图,进而讨论了接收装置对浅层目标体探测的影响.当瞬变电磁测量系统在电流关断开始时刻记录全程瞬变响应和发射电流波形时,如果接收装置的位置和谐振频率已知,就可以通过数值计算方法从根本上剔除接收装置对早期瞬变信号的影响,即使接收装置存在过渡过程,也同样可以实现近地表浅层的探测,从而缩短瞬变电磁法的浅层勘探盲区,提高近地表的探测分辨率和精度.

地壳介质的流变性与孕震模型

在分析归纳中国大陆地区地震震源深度分布特征的基础上 ,着重分析了地壳介质的物理性质 ,特别是地壳介质的流变特征 ,进而探讨了震源深度分布的物理解释和孕震环境。文中应用中国陆区地热研究中的有关成果 ,推导了中国东、西部地区壳内脆韧性转换带的深度 ,给出东部地区壳内脆韧性转换带深度为 2 0～ 2 5km ,西部地区为 35～ 4 5km ,这一结果显示出壳内脆韧性转换带与我国东、西部震源深度的下界面基本一致 ,且中国大陆地震的深度大体上终止于壳内脆韧性转换带。从而表明 ,壳内脆韧性转换带有可能是控制大陆地震震源深度分布的主要原因。在这些研究的基础上 ,建立了大陆强震的震源模型 ,讨论了大陆地震的孕震过程和有关机理问题。