苹果梨（Pyrus Pyriforia （Burm） Nakai，cv．Pingguoli）果形畸变原因的探讨

本文研究了苹果梨果实畸变的原因，结果表明：果形偏斜与座果过多在生长期中互相挤压有关。果形严重畸变则是授粉不足或种子发育与生长不良的结果。这种变化在冬果梨的研究中也获得同样结果。对座果过多的果树可用疏花疏果的方法减少座果率。

用RAPD技术区分荸荠属中亲缘关系相近的两个种:Eleocharis dulcis和Eleocharis sphacelata(英文)

用ＲＡＰＤ技术鉴别了荸荠属中亲缘关系相近的两个种：Ｅｄｕｌｃｉｓ和Ｅｓｐｈａｃｅｌａｔａ。根据３个１０碱基随机引物（ＳＣ１０２３，ＳＣ１０２５和ＡＢ０１１８）获得的遗传距离值，用ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类方法构建了来自８个样点的样本的分子系统树。在分子系统树中，这８个样点的样本被分为两组：Ｅｄｕｌｃｉｓ和Ｅｓｐｈａｃｅｌａｔａ。

Fruits extracts of Hovenia dulcis Thunb.suppresses lipopolysaccharide—stimulated inflammatory responses through nuclear factor—kappaB pathway in Raw 264.7 cells

Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the action mechanism of the fruits of Horenia dulcis(H.dulcis) in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mouse macrophage Raw 264.7cells.Methods:The extract of H.dulcis fruits(EHDF) were extracted with 70%ethanol.Mouse macrophages were treated with different concentrations of EHDF in the presence and absence of LPS(1 μg/mL).To demonstrate the inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide,inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 expression levels were analyzed by usingin vitro assay systems.COX-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 β.tumor necrosis factor- α and prostaglandin F_2 were determined using ELISA kits.Cell viability,heme oxygenase-1 expression,nuclear factor-kappaB and nuclear factor F.2-related factors 2 translocation were also investigated.Results:EHDF potently inhibited the LPS-stimulated nitric oxide,inducible nitric oxide synthase.COX-2,interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor- α expression in a dose-dependent manner.EHDF suppressed the phosphorylation of inhibited kappaB-alpha and p65 nuclear translocation.Treatment of macrophage cells with EHDF alone induced the heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-reIated factor 2.Conclusions:These results suggest that the ethanol extract of H.dulcis fruit exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inhibited kappaBalpha phorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB.

Hepatoprotective effects of Hovenia dulcis seeds against alcoholic liver injury and related mechanisms investigated via network pharmacology

BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is a worldwide health problem,and natural products have been shown to improve ALD due to their antioxidant activities.Some parts of Hovenia dulcis(H.dulcis),such as roots,peduncles,and stems,provide health benefits.Nevertheless,the effects and mechanisms of H.dulcis seeds on ALD have not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To determine H.dulcis antioxidant activity,evaluate its effects against ALD,and investigate the related mechanisms via network pharmacology.METHODS The antioxidant activity of H.dulcis seed was determined by both ferric-reducing antioxidant power and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays.The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetry,respectively,and polysaccharide was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method.The effects of H.dulcis seeds against alcoholic liver injury were investigated in mice with water extract pretreatment for 7 days followed by alcohol administration.Moreover,the mechanisms of action were explored with network pharmacology.RESULTS The results showed that H.dulcis seeds possessed strong antioxidant activity(245.11±10.17μmol Fe2+/g by ferric-reducing antioxidant power and 284.35±23.57μmol TE/g by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity)and contained remarkable phenols and flavonoids,as well as a few polysaccharides.H.dulcis seeds attenuated alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury,showing reduced serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases,alkaline phosphatase,and triglyceride,elevated hepatic glutathione,increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase,and reduced malondialdehyde and hepatic triglyceride.The results of network pharmacology analysis indicated that kaempferol,stigmasterol,and naringenin were the main bioactive compounds in H.dulcis seeds and that modulation of oxidative stress,inflammation,gut-derived products,and apoptosis were underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of H.dulcis seeds on ALD.CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that H.dulcis seeds could be a good natural antioxidant source with protective effects on oxidative diseases such as ALD.

Cytokinin induced shoot regeneration and flowering of Scoparia dulcis L.(Scrophulariaceae)-an ethnomedicinal herb

Objective:To develop an improved protocol for micropropagation of ethnomedicinally important Scoparia dulcis(S.dulcis) L.Methods:Explants were inoculated on MS basal medium supplemented with kinelin and 6-benzylaminopurine for shoot bud induction.To enhance the shoot induction,various auxins like 3-indoleacetic acid or 3-indolebutyric acid or a-naphthylacetic acid were tested along with 2.32 M KI and 4.44 μ M BAP.The regenerated shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of IAA,IBA or NAA.After roots were developed,the plantlets were transplanted to pots filled with vermiculate and sand and kept in growth chamber with 70%-80%humidity under 16 h photoperiod.After acclimatization,the plantlets were transferred to the garden and survival percentage was calculated.Data were statistically analyzed and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test(P<0.05).Results:An in vitro method was developed to induce high frequency shoots regeneration from stem,mature leaf and young leaf explants of S.dulcis.Shoot induction on young leaf explants was most successful in MS medium supplemented with combination of two cytokinins(2.32 μ M KI and 4.44 μ M BAP) 2.85 μ M IAA,10%CM and 1 483.79 μM adenine sulfate.A single young leaf explant was capable of producing 59 shoots after 13 days of culture. Flower was induced in medium supplemented with combination of KI and BAP.Conclusions: Cytokinins are the key factor to induce the direct shoot regeneration and flowering of S.dulcis.

Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Eleocharis dulcis

The effects of different application levels and species of phosphatic fertilizer on Eleocharis dulcis were studied. The results showed that the growth stage of Eleocharis dulcis was not significantly influenced by different levels of phosphatic fertilizer application, with phosphorus level in 195-375 kg/hm^2. With increasing of the phosphorus level, starch and total soluble sugar accumulated, but the yield was not improved significantly. The analysis on the economic benefits showed that the best phosphorus level was 195 kg/hm^2. The growth stage and yield of Eleocharis dulcis were not considerably influenced by different proportions of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. With increasing of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, big-fruit rate of Eleocharis dulcis kept growing, but the accumulations of starch and total soluble sugar were decreasing.

A comparative study of the antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic and thrombolytic property of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis（S.dulcis）.Methods:Methanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of S.dulcis were partitioned with chloroform and dichloromethane.The antioxidant potential of the crude extract and partitioned fractions were evaluated in terms of total phenolic content,total flavonoid content,DPPH radical scavenging potential,reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity by specific standard procedures.The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method.The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and compared with vincristine sulfate.The thrombolytic activity was compared with streptokinase.Results:The methanolic fruit extract exhibited the highest phenolic content,flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,among the other extracts,with the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 10μg/mL(IC50:1.91μg/mL)and maximum reducing power at a concentration of 100μg/ml.(EC50:3.58μg/mL).Though all extract showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacterial strains,weak or no activity against fungus.The range of LC50value of all extracts was 1.335-14.057μg/mL which was far lower than the cut off index for cytotoxicity.All extracts exhibited statistically significant（P【0.001）thrombolytic activity.Conclusions:Our study suggested that 5.dulcis exhibits antimicrobial activities against a wide variety of strains while it possesses significant antioxidant,cytotoxic and thrombolytic aclivily.

Antioxidant mediated response of Scoparia dulcis in noise-induced redox imbalance and immunohistochemical changes in rat brain

Noise has been regarded as an environmental/occupational stressor that causes damages to both auditory and non- auditory organs. Prolonged exposure to these mediators of stress has often resulted in detrimental effect, where oxidative/nitrosative stress plays a major role. Hence, it would be appropriate to examine the possible role of free radicals in brain discrete regions and the ＂antioxidants＂ mediated response of S. dulcis. Animals were subjected to noise stress for 15 days （100 dB/4 hours/day） and estimation of endogenous free radical and antioxidant activity were carried out on brain discrete regions （the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus）. The result showed that exposure to noise could alleviate endogenous free radical generation and altered anfioxidant status in brain discrete regions when compared to that of the control groups. This alleviated free radical generation （H202 and NO） is well supported by an upregulated protein expression on immunohistochemistry of both iNOS and nNOS in the cerebral cortex on exposure to noise stress. These findings suggest that increased free radical generation and altered anti-oxidative status can cause redox imbalance in the brain discrete regions~ However, free radical scavenging activity of the plant was evident as the noise exposed group treated with S. dulcis[200 mg/（kg · b. w）] displayed a therapeutic effect by decreasing the free radical level and regulate the anti-oxidative status to that of control animals. Hence, it can be concluded that the efficacy of S. dulcis could be attributed to its free radical scavenging activity and anti-oxidative property.

Determination of Naringin Content in Peel of Guangxi Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr by HPLC

[Objectives]To establish a method for determining the naringin content in the peel of Guangxi Citrus maxima(Burm.)Merr.[Methods]The high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method was applied.The chromatographic column was Agilent HC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid(18∶82);the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the column temperature was 25℃;the detection wavelength was 283 nm.[Results]Naringin showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.164-3.27μg,r=0.9999.The average recovery rate was 98.66%,and RSD=1.80%(n=6).[Conclusions]This method is simple,feasible,reproducible,and accurate,so it can be used for the determination of naringin content in the peel of Guangxi C.maxima.

Development of a marketable rice based herbal porridge suitable for diabetics from Scoparia dulcis

Consumption of herbal leafy porridges is a reputed dietary remedy among Sri Lankans in treating diabetes. The aim of the study was to develop a rice based herbal porridge [rice: fresh leaves: scraped coconut kernel 13 - 15: 25 - 30: 10 - 13 (w/w/w)] commercially with Scopariadulcis leaves which has proven antidiabetic effects and low GI (fresh porridge) which benefits diabetics. Two porridges with the same ingredient ratio were produced with different particle sizes. Porridge produced with 100% fine particles (extruded rice, leaves and scraped coconut mixed with rice powder) elicited a high GI for normal (92 ± 22) and diabetic (97 ± 20) subjects. The second porridge prepared with the minimum amount of extruded rice with other ingredients mixed with boiled and dried intact rice grains had a medium GI (normal 58 ± 11, diabetics 61 ± 11). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the peak blood glucose was observed in diabetic subjects for porridge 2 (12.4%) compared to porridge 1 (0.7%) when compared to glucose. The reason could be the significantly high (p0.5 mm) (63%) and minimum amount of extruded fine particles in porridge 2 compared to porridge 1 (1.3%).

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Moroccan Cultivated Almond(Prunus dulcis Mill.DA Webb)in Its Area of Extreme Diffusion,Using Nuclear Microsatellites

Assessment of genetic diversity of Moroccan cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) grown from seed and cultivated at four eco-geographical regions was performed using 16 nuclear SSRs. 238 alleles were detected with an average of 14.88 alleles per locus, ranging from 4 (locus BPPCT027) to 24 (locus CPSCT018). The size of alleles ranged from 84 bp (locus UDP96-003) to 253 bp (locus UDP96-018). A high genetic diversity of the local almonds is apparent and structured into three major clusters (Oasis cluster, High and Anti Atlas cluster, and Middle Atlas cluster). Compared to the Mediterranean genetic pools, from the East to West, the genetic diversity tends to be limited in Morocco which is the area of its extreme diffusion.

Combinational effects of hexane insoluble fraction of Ficus septica Burm.F.and doxorubicin chemotherapy on T47D breast cancer cells

Objective:To evaluate the effects of n-hexane insoluble fraction(HIF)of Ficus septica leaves in combination with doxorubicin on cytotoxicity,cell cycle and apoptosis induction of breast cancer T47D cell lines.Methods:The in vitro drugs-stimulated cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay.Analysis of cell cycle distribution was performed using flowcytometer and the data was analyzed using ModFit LT 3.0 program.Apoptosis assay was earned out by double staining method using ethydium bromide-acridin orange.The expression of cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)on T47D cell lines was identified using immunocytochemistry.Results:The combination exhibited higher inhibitory effect on cell growth than the single treatment of doxorubicin in T47D cells.In addition,combination of doxorubicin and HIF increased the incidence of cells undergoing apoptosis.HIF could improve doxorubicin cytotoxic effect by changing the accumulation of cell cycle phase from G_2/M to G_1 phase.The combination also exhibited upregulation of cleaved-PARP in T47D cells.Conclusions:Based on this results,HIF is potential to be developed as co-chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.However,the molecular mechanism need to be explored further.

Activity-guided isolation and identification of anti-staphylococcal components from Senecio tenuifolius Burm.F.leaf extracts

Objective:To investigate activity-guided isolation and identification of anti-Staphylococcus aures components from Senecio tenuifolius Burm.F.(S.tenuifolius).Methods:Hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,methanol and aqueous extracts of S.tenuifolius were prepared by soxilation for antimicrobial activity against one registered Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(ATCC No:25923)and two clinical isolates,methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive S.aureus.NCCL standard methods were followed for antibacterial activity.GC-MS was performed to identify the chemical composition of bio active fraction.Results:Among all solvent extracts,methanol extract significantly reduced the growth of S.aureus(ATCC No:25923),methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive S.aureus with the best zone of inhibition at 16.23,14.06 and 15.23mm and minimum inhibition concentration(MIC)values at 426.16,683.22 and 512.12μg/mL,respectively.In order to detect the active component in methanol extract,it was further purified by column chromatography,which yielded four fractions(St1,St2,St3,and St4).Among these four fractions,St3 was effective against the tested strains of S.aures,with the best zone of inhibition at 15.09,13.25 and 14.12 mm and with best MIC values at 88.16,128.11 and 116.12μg/mL,respectively.Effective fraction partially purified from S.tenuifolius(St3)yielded MIC's that were at least 20 fold less when compared to crude extract.GC-MS analysis of St3 revealed the presence of 3-[methyl-6,7-dihydro benzofuran-4(5H)-one],1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,hydroquinone,methyl ester and 3 unknown compounds.Conclusions:The study provides scientific evidence for traditional and folklore medicinal use of S.tenuifolius in skin infections treatment.

枳椇子黄酮的含量测定及其抗氧化作用的分子机制

为了测定枳椇子黄酮的含量并探究其抗氧化作用的潜在机制。本试验以枳椇子为原料,采用醇提法提取其黄酮成分,通过紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,并进一步采用CavityPlus和分子对接分析枳椇子黄酮与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)相互作用的位点、氨基酸残基和化学键。结果显示:枳椇子总黄酮含量为8.23 mg/g;枳椇子黄酮主要成分可能结合于SOD同源二聚体交界面且靠近锌离子的一凹陷区域,其5个主要成分,即双氢杨梅素、双氢槲皮素、槲皮素、双氢山萘酚和山萘酚与SOD的结合能范围为-8.5~-8.3 kcal/mol,且上述5个主要成分均与SOD的A链的Gly147和B链的Gly147有直接作用,并通过氢键、疏水作用力和静电作用力等非共价键相连。结果表明,枳椇子富含黄酮,可通过其黄酮成分与SOD直接结合以增加SOD活性,本试验为枳椇子抗氧化作用机制的研究及其产品的开发提供了科学依据。

加味醒酒汤解酒作用的研究

目的研究加味醒酒汤对醉酒小鼠的解酒作用。方法根据建立的小鼠醉酒模型,通过测定小鼠醉酒潜伏期与醒酒时间,确定加味醒酒汤的最佳工艺;通过测定小鼠血液乙醇浓度的含量及肝脏乙醇代谢酶的活性来观察加味醒酒汤的解酒效果。结果加味醒酒汤能够增加小鼠对酒精的耐受时间,同时缩短小鼠的醒酒时间,降低血液中的乙醇浓度,提高肝脏中ADH、ALDH与GSH-Px的活性。结论加味醒酒汤对醉酒小鼠具有解酒作用,其机制可能与提高乙醇代谢酶的活性有关。

枳椇子多糖的酸提取工艺优化及其理化性质与抗氧化活性研究

为优化枳椇子多糖的提取工艺,并对其理化性质和抗氧化活性进行研究。该研究采用酸溶剂提取枳椇子粗多糖,经单因素考察和正交试验优化提取工艺参数,通过Sevag法除蛋白、DEAE-52阴离子交换柱对多糖进行分离纯化,得到枳椇子精制多糖。采用高效液相色谱、紫外光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、刚果红实验、碘-碘化钾和扫描电镜等方法对枳椇子多糖进行理化性质分析;对枳椇子多糖的体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,枳椇子多糖的最佳提取工艺为温度90℃,料液比为1∶100(g∶mL),时间2.5 h,盐酸浓度0.2 mol/L,在此条件下多糖得率为(4.07±0.07)%。经分离纯化后获得分子质量为3.03×10^(5)Da的均一性枳椇子精制多糖(Hovenia dulcis polysaccharide,HDP),HDP由甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖组成,摩尔百分比为10.46%、1.44%、8.19%、9.79%、4.54%、4.61%,、38.02%、9.95%、13.01%。结构鉴定HDP为吡喃环型酸性多糖,具有无规则螺旋的空间构象且含有较多分支,并表现出片层状的微观形态。HDP清除ABTS阳离子自由基、DPPH自由基和羟自由基的IC_(50)值分别是0.867、1.178、2.112 mg/mL。该研究通过优化酸提枳椇子多糖工艺,获得一种精制的酸性多糖HDP,并揭示HDP具有潜在的抗氧化活性,该研究结果将为枳椇子多糖的功能食品开发提供理论依据。

枳椇子不同溶剂提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的作用及动力学研究

目的:探讨不同溶剂提取枳椇子对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的影响及其动力学模型,为研究高尿酸血症提供实验依据。方法:用水、50%乙醇、70%乙醇、95%乙醇提取枳椇子,测定各提取液中黄酮类成分的含量,采用紫外分光光度法分析不同溶剂提取液对XOD的作用及动力学模型。结果:枳椇子不同溶剂提取液对XOD均有抑制作用,其中50%乙醇提取液和70%乙醇提取液的抑制作用较强,其提取液中黄酮类成分含量也较高,抑制效果呈剂量依赖性;95%乙醇提取物黄酮总量较低,但也显示出较好的抑制作用。动力学分析显示,不同溶剂提取液对XOD的亲和力值α均大于1,70%乙醇提取液对XOD的亲和力值为134.40,更易与XOD结合,各提取液均表现为混合型抑制。结论:枳椇子提取液具有抑制XOD的作用,效果以50%乙醇提取液和70%乙醇提取液为著,95%乙醇提取物对XOD的抑制效果与提取液中的其他成分相关。枳椇子提取液的抑制作用类型属于混合型抑制,即竞争性-非竞争性抑制,且竞争性抑制占主导地位。

拐枣五味子中黄酮类物质提取工艺优化

为优化拐枣五味子黄酮提取工艺,以拐枣和五味子为原料,分别考察了料液比、浸提时间、浸提温度及浸提次数对黄酮类物质提取量的影响,通过正交试验对拐枣五味子黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,拐枣五味子黄酮最佳浸提工艺条件为:料液比1∶30(g/mL),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间1.5 h,浸提4次。最佳浸提工艺条件下,拐枣五味子黄酮提取量为(45.95±0.33)μg/g。综上,采用正交试验优化拐枣五味子黄酮提取工艺具有一定的可行性。

拐枣汁加工工艺及二氢杨梅素含量测定方法研究

[目的]研究拐枣汁的加工工艺及果汁中二氢杨梅素的含量测定方法。[方法]采用单因素试验筛选拐枣汁的加工工艺,对比煎煮法及浸提法,考察粉碎粒度、加水量、浸泡时间,建立果汁中二氢杨梅素的含量测定方法并进行方法学考察。[结果]浸提法所得果汁口感好,拐枣粉粒度为过8目筛,加水量为1.3~1.5倍,浸泡时间为18 h。二氢杨梅素含量测定方法:色谱柱为Ajilent HC-C 18色谱柱,流动相为0.1%磷酸水-乙腈=18∶82,流速1 mL/min,检测波长290 nm,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。[结论]果汁加工工艺简单易行,口感较好,易于实现工业化生产。建立的二氢杨梅素含量测定方法准确度、精密度高,专属性好,为拐枣汁质量标准的制定提供了依据。

朝鲜蓟护肝组方的抗氧化活性及肝保护作用分析

探究朝鲜蓟和3种药食同源中草药枳椇子、葛根和姜黄联用下的体外抗氧化和抗炎活性及其对斑马鱼肝损伤的保护作用。体外抗氧化研究表明,护肝组方对DPPH和+ABTS自由基的清除能力IC50值分别为80.18µg/mL和256.15µg/mL。体外抗炎实验研究表明,质量浓度为120µg/mL的护肝组方显著抑制了炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的表达和NO的分泌(P<0.05),抑制率分别为48.12%、31.77%和27.38%。对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)致斑马鱼肝损伤研究表明,高剂量组(62.5µg/mL)中斑马鱼肝脏面积增加了30.07%,肝脏明亮度增加了12.48%,卵黄囊面积降低了56.16%,差异均显著(P<0.001)。低、中、高剂量组(15.6、31.25及62.5µg/mL)均显著改善肝细胞变性和细胞坏死并降低组织中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖关系。该研究表明,朝鲜蓟护肝组方具有明确的体外抗氧化和抗炎活性,对APAP所致斑马鱼肝损伤具有明显的保护作用。