Preoperative endoscopic diagnosis of superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors, including magnifying endoscopy

Superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumor(SNADET) is defined as a sporadic tumor that is confined to the mucosa or submucosa that does not arise from Vater's papilla, and it includes adenoma a n d a d e n o c a r c i n o m a. R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n endoscopic technology, such as high-resolution endoscopy and image-enhanced endoscopy, may increase the chances of detecting SNADET lesions. However, because SNADET is rare, little is known about its preoperative endoscopic diagnosis. The use of endoscopic resection for SNADET, which has no risk of metastasis, is increasing, but the incidence of complications, such as perforation, is significantly higher than in any other part of the digestive tract. A preoperative diagnosis is required to distinguish between lesions that should be followed up and those that require treatment. Retrospective studies have revealed certain endoscopic findings that suggest malignancy. In recent years, several new imaging modalities have been developed and explored for realtime diagnosis of these lesion types. Establishing an endoscopic diagnostic tool to differentiate between adenoma and adenocarcinoma in SNADET lesions is required to select the most appropriate treatment. This review describes the current state of knowledge about preoperative endoscopic diagnosis of SNADETs, such as duodenal adenoma and duodenal adenocarcinoma. Newer endoscopic techniques, including magnifying endoscopy, may help to guide these diagnostics, but their additional advantages remain unclear, and further studies are required to clarify these issues.

Pancreas sparing duodenectomy in the treatment of primary duodenal neoplasms and other situations with duodenal involvement

Background:There are no clearly defined indications for pancreas-preserving duodenectomy.The present study aimed to analyze postoperative morbidity and the outcomes of patients undergoing pancreaspreserving duodenectomy.Methods:Patients undergoing pancreas-preserving duodenectomy from April 2008 to May 2020 were included.We divided the series according to indication:scenario 1,primary duodenal tumors;scenario 2,tumors of another origin with duodenal involvement;and scenario 3,emergency duodenectomy.Results:We included 35 patients.Total duodenectomy was performed in 1 patient of adenomatous duodenal polyposis,limited duodenectomy in 7,and third+fourth duodenal portion resection in 27.The indications for scenario 1 were gastrointestinal stromal tumor(n=13),adenocarcinoma(n=4),neuroendocrine tumor(n=3),duodenal adenoma(n=1),and adenomatous duodenal polyposis(n=1);scenario 2:retroperitoneal desmoid tumor(n=2),recurrence of liposarcoma(n=2),retroperitoneal paraganglioma(n=1),neuroendocrine tumor in pancreatic uncinate process(n=1),and duodenal infiltration due to metastatic adenopathies of a germinal tumor with digestive hemorrhage(n=1);and scenario 3:aortoenteric fistula(n=3),duodenal trauma(n=1),erosive duodenitis(n=1),and biliopancreatic limb ischemia(n=1).Severe complications(Clavien-Dindo≥IIIb)developed in 14%(5/35),and postoperative mortality was 3%(1/35).Conclusions:Pancreas-preserving duodenectomy is useful in the management of primary duodenal tumors,and is a technical option for some tumors with duodenal infiltration or in emergency interventions.

Perforation associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection for duodenal neoplasm without a papillary portion

AIM To investigate predictors of perforation after endoscopic resection(ER) for duodenal neoplasms without a papillary portion.METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study conducted between April 2003 and September 2014. A total of 54 patients(59 lesions) underwent endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)(n = 36) and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)(n = 23). Clinical features, outcomes, and predictors of perforation were investigated.RESULTS Cases of perforation occurred in eight(13%) patients(95%CI: 4.7%-22.6%). Three ESD cases required sur-gical management because they could not be repaired by clipping. Delayed perforation occurred in two ESD cases, which required surgical management, although both patients underwent prophylactic clipping. All patients with perforation who required surgery had no postoperative complications and were discharged at anaverage of 13.2 d after ER. Perforation after ER showed a significant association with a tumor size greater than20 mm(P = 0.014) and ESD(P = 0.047).CONCLUSION ESD for duodenal neoplasms exceeding 20 mm may be associated with perforation. ESD alone is not recom-mended for tumor treatment, and LECS should be con-sidered as an alternative.

Review of lymphoma in the duodenum: An update of diagnosis and management

The presentation,subtype,and macroscopic images of lymphoma vary depending on the site of the tumor within the gastrointestinal tract.We searched PubMed for publications between January 1,2012 and October 10,2022,and retrieved 130 articles relating to duodenal lymphoma.A further 22 articles were added based on the manual screening of relevant articles,yielding 152 articles for full-text review.The most predominant primary duodenal lymphoma was follicular lymphoma.In this review,we provide an update of the diagnosis and management of representative lymphoma subtypes occurring in the duodenum:Follicular lymphoma,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,mantle cell lymphoma,and Tcell lymphomas.

Endoscopic and biopsy diagnoses of superficial, nonampullary, duodenal adenocarcinomas

AIM: To investigate the accuracy of endoscopic or biopsy diagnoses of superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors(NADETs).METHODS:Clinicopathological data were reviewed for84 superficial NADETs from 74 patients who underwent surgery or endoscopic resection between September2002 and August 2014 at a single prefectural cancer center.Superficial NADETs were defined as lesions confined to the mucosa or submucosa.Demographic and clinicopathological data were retrieved from charts,endoscopic and pathologic reports.Endoscopic reports included endoscopic diagnosis,location,gross type,diameter,color,and presence or absence of biopsy.Endoscopic diagnoses were made by an endoscopist in charge of the examination before biopsy specimens were obtained.Endoscopic images were obtained using routine,front-view,high-resolution video endoscopy,and chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine was performed for all lesions.Endoscopic images were reviewed by at least two endoscopists to assess endoscopic findings indicative of carcinoma.Preoperative diagnoses based on endoscopy and biopsy findings were compared with histological diagnoses of resected specimens.Sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy were assessed for endoscopic diagnosis and biopsy diagnosis.RESULTS:The majority(81%)of the lesions were located in the second portion of the duodenum.The median lesion diameter was 14.5 mm according to final histology.Surgery was performed for 49 lesions from 39 patients,and 35 lesions from 35 patients were endoscopically resected.Final histology confirmed 65carcinomas,15 adenomas,and 3 hyperplasias.A finaldiagnosis of duodenal carcinoma was made for 91%(52/57)of the lesions diagnosed as carcinoma by endoscopy and 93%(42/45)of the lesions diagnosed as carcinoma by biopsy.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of endoscopic diagnoses were 80%,72%,and 78%,respectively,whereas those of biopsy diagnoses were 72%,80%,and 74%,respectively.Preoperative diagnoses of carcinomas were made in88%(57/65)of the carcinoma lesions via endoscopy or biopsy.Endoscopic findings associated with carcinoma were red color,depression,and mixed-type morphology.CONCLUSION:Preoperative endoscopy and biopsy showed similar accuracies in the diagnosis of carcinoma in patients with superficial NADETs.

Endoscopic mucosal resection with circumferential mucosal incision of duodenal carcinoid tumors

Duodenal carcinoids are a rare form of neuroendocrine tumors, and tend to invade the submucosa during the early stage. Endoscopic treatment is generally recommended for duodenal carcinoids less than 10 mm in diameter. Although a few reports have described the use of endoscopic resection of duodenal carcinoids, there are no published studies on endoscopic mucosal resection with circumferential mucosal incision (EMR-CMI). We performed EMR-CMI for 5 cases of duodenal carcinoids in the duodenal bulb. The mean tumor diameter was 4.6 ± 1.8 mm. Although all of the tumors were located in the submucosa, R0 resection was performed without complication in each case. EMR-CMI may thus be a safe and effective treatment for duodenal carcinoids less than 10 mm in diameter.

Treatment for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors

Because of the low prevalence of non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors(NADETs),standardized clinical management of sporadic superficial NADETs,including diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up,has not yet been established.Retrospective studies have revealed certain endoscopic findings suggestive of malignancy.Duodenal adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and mucosal cancer are candidates for local resection by endoscopic or minimally invasive surgery.The use of endoscopic treatment including endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD),for the treatment for superficial NADETs is increasing.EMR requires multiple sessions to achieve complete remission and repetitive endoscopy is needed after resection.ESD provides an excellent complete resection rate,however it remains a challenging method,considering the high risk of intraoperative or delayed perforation.Minimally invasive surgery such as wedge resection and pancreas-sparing duodenectomy are beneficial for superficial NADETs that are technically difficult to remove by endoscopic treatment.Pancreaticoduodenectomy remains a standard surgical procedure for treatment of duodenal cancer with submucosal invasion,which presents a risk of lymph node metastasis.Endoscopic or surgical treatment outcomes of superficial NADETs without submucosal invasion are satisfactory.Establishing an endoscopic diagnostic tool to differentiate superficial NADETs between adenoma and cancer as well as between mucosal and submucosal cancer is required to select the most appropriate treatment.

Duodenal ulcer caused by coil wiggle after digital subtraction angiography-guided embolization: A case report

BACKGROUND Acute gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)is a life-threatening medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality.Transcatheter embolization with endovascular coils under digital subtraction angiography guidance is a common and effective method for the treatment of GIB with high technical success rates.Duodenal ulcers caused by coils wiggled from the branch of the gastroduodenal artery,which is a rare complication,have not previously been reported in a patient with right intrathoracic stomach.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man had undergone thoracoscopy-assisted radical resection of esophageal cancer and gastroesophageal anastomosis 3 years ago,resulting in right intrathoracic stomach.He was admitted to the hospital 15 mo ago for dizziness and suffered acute GIB during his stay.Interventional surgery was urgently performed to embolize the branch of the gastroduodenal artery with endovascular coils.After 15 mo,the patient was re-admitted with a chief complaint of melena for 2 d,esophagogastroduodenoscopy and abdominal computed tomography revealed that some endovascular coils had migrated into the duodenal bulb,leading to a deep ulcer.Bleeding was controlled after conservative treatment.Seven months later,duodenal balloon dilatation was performed to relieve the stenosis after the removal of a few coils,and the patient was safely discharged with only one coil retained in the duodenum due to difficulties in complete removal and risk of bleeding.Mild melena recurred once during the long-term follow-up.CONCLUSION Although rare,coil wiggle after interventional therapy requires careful attention,effective precautionary measures,and more secure alternative treatment methods.

Diagnosis of follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinaltract:A better initial diagnostic workup

Due to an increasing incidence and more frequent recognition by endoscopists, gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma has been established as a variant of follicular lymphoma. However, due to its rarity, there are no established guidelines on the optimal diagnostic strategy for patients with primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma or secondary gastrointestinal involvement of systemic follicular lymphoma. This review offers an overview and pitfalls to avoid during the initial diagnostic workup of this disease entity. Previously reported case reports, case series, and retrospective studies are reviewed and focus on the disease's endoscopic and histological features, the roles of computed tomography and positron emission tomography scanning, the clinical utility of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and the possible pathogenesis.

Wireless capsule endoscopy in detecting small-intestinal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis

AIM:To detect the prevalence of small bowel polyps by wireless capsule endoscopy(WCE)in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP).METHODS:We examined prospectively 14 patients with FAP to assess the location,size and number of small-intestinal polyps.Patients'age,sex,years of observation after surgery,type of surgery,duodenal polyps and colorectal cancer at surgery were analyzed.RESULTS:During WCE,polyps were detected in 9/14(64.3%)patients.Duodenal adenomatous polyps were found in nine(64.3%)patients,and jejunal and ileal polyps in seven(50%)and eight(57.1%),respectively.The Spigelman stage of duodenal polyposis was associated with the presence of jejunal and ileal polyps.Identification of the ampulla of Vater was not achieved with WCE.Importantly,the findings of WCE had no immediate impact on the further clinical management of FAP patients.No procedure-related complications were observed in the patients.CONCLUSION:WCE is a promising noninvasive new method for the detection of small-intestinal polyps.Further investigation is required to determine which phenotype of FAP is needed for surveillance with WCE.

胰十二指肠切除经肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套入式吻合的临床研究

目的:探讨预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口漏的有效安全术式。方法:2003年1月～2006年6月共施行经肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套入式吻合的胰十二指肠切除术43例,并与同期的56例传统的胰十二指肠切除术(Child)进行对比。结果:改良手术组43例患者,未发生胰肠吻合口漏,发生胆肠吻合口漏2例,经2～3周的充分引流治愈。腹腔感染2例,经抗感染及充分引流后治愈。胃应激性溃疡4例,经加大抑酸剂用量及应用凝血药物后治愈。传统手术组56例,发生不同程度的胰肠吻合口漏3例,腹腔引流液淀粉酶>9000IU/L,其中2例经应用生长抑素十四肽、静脉高营养及禁饮食,通畅的腹腔引流21～32d后治愈。1例82岁高龄患者死亡。其他术后并发症与改良手术组比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论:经肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套入式吻合的胰十二指肠切除术对预防胰肠吻合口漏的发生有一定的意义,是治疗壶腹周围癌的安全有效术式,值得进一步应用研究。

十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床特点及诊治

目的:总结十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床特点,探讨早期诊断及治疗方法,提高对该病的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析1974年至2010年间北京大学第三医院收治经手术及病理证实的全部100例十二指肠恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据肿瘤发生部位的不同将病例分为乳头区肿瘤组(59例)及非乳头区肿瘤组(41例),分别从临床表现、治疗及预后等方面对两组病例进行统计学分析比较。结果:肿瘤主要位于十二指肠降部,尤其是乳头区,主要临床表现为上腹痛、黄疸、黑便、腹部包块及十二指肠梗阻症状。黄疸是乳头区肿瘤组患者的主要临床表现(42/59),而黑便在非乳头区肿瘤组相对多见(12/41),胃肠道梗阻和腹部包块常提示肿瘤晚期。十二指肠镜联合气钡双重造影能提高十二指肠恶性肿瘤的确诊率(90%),经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatogra-phy,ERCP)则是乳头癌最好的检查手段(阳性诊断率100%)。手术治疗95例(乳头区肿瘤组58例,非乳头区肿瘤组37例),其中59例行胰十二指肠切除术,9例行肿物局部切除术,12例行十二指肠节段切除术,15例行姑息胃肠或胆肠短路吻合手术。肿瘤切除率为84.2%(80/95),根治性切除率为62.1%(59/95)。乳头区肿瘤不论是手术切除率[91.4%(53/58)vs.72.9%(27/37),χ2=5.756,P=0.016]还是根治性切除率[87.9%(51/58)vs.21.6%(8/37),χ2=42.204,P<0.0001]均明显高于非乳头区肿瘤。相应地,乳头癌组其术后5年生存率为44.8%(26/58),而非乳头癌组术后5年生存率仅为29.7%(11/37)。结论:应提高对十二指肠恶性肿瘤的警惕性,尤其是对非乳头区肿瘤的认识,对可疑病例及时行内窥镜、气钡造影等联合检查,可提高术前阳性诊断率;胰十二指肠切除术是首选的治疗方法。

原发性十二指肠肿瘤的诊断与治疗(附22例报告)

目的探讨原发性十二指肠肿瘤的诊断和选择适当的手术方法。方法对２２例原发性十二指肠肿瘤的临床资料进行分析。结果十二指肠气钡造影１３例，１０例（７６９％）诊断肿瘤；十二指肠镜检查１４例，发现肿瘤１３例（９３％）。肿瘤位于十二指肠降部者１１例，占５０％。良性肿瘤８例，恶性肿瘤１４例。恶性肿瘤中行胰十二指肠切除６例，有２例生存已达６年。良性肿瘤７例行肿瘤及局部肠管切除，已有２例生存１２年。结论内窥镜及气钡双重造影检查是诊断本病的主要方法，手术是其重要的治疗手段。

48例原发性小肠癌临床分析

目的 :探讨原发性小肠癌的临床诊断方法及治疗。方法 :回顾性分析1991—2000年经手术及病理证实的48例原发性小肠癌 (不包括十二指肠乳头癌 ) ,对肿瘤发生部位、术前确诊率及治疗方法进行总结。结果 :十二指肠癌38例 ,空回肠癌10例。术前确诊率77 1 % ,纤维内镜确诊25例 (100 % ) ,消化道造影确诊14例 (82 4 % ) ,CT确诊7例 (58 3 % ) ,B超确诊3例 (15 0% )。根治性手术30例 ,姑息性手术18例。结论 :多种检查方法合理应用可提高术前确诊率。术中对于明确诊断和难以判定性质者应行根治性小肠肿瘤切除术。

十二指肠间质瘤的MSCT诊断

目的:探讨十二指肠间质瘤的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术或病理证实的14例十二指肠间质瘤患者的MSCT平扫及双期增强扫描资料,并结合三维重组进行观察。结果:14例十二指肠间质瘤肿瘤中降部7例,水平部4例,升部3例。良性间质瘤5例,均向腔内生长,呈圆形或类圆形,与肠壁等密度、密度均匀,边界清。恶性间质瘤6例,向腔外生长5例、腔内外生长1例,肿瘤边缘有分叶,密度不均匀,2例可见囊变坏死及气体影,明显不均匀强化5例,明显均匀强化1例,周围组织侵犯或远处转移5例。潜在恶性3例,向腔外生长2例,腔内外生长1例,平扫等密度、密度均匀,临近肠壁增厚,不均匀强化。CT检查的敏感度为100%,定位准确率为92.1%(13/14),定性准确率78.6%(11/14)。结论:MSCT双期增强扫描结合重建技术能准确显示十二指肠间质瘤的部位、形态、大小及供血血管,对鉴别肿瘤良恶性有重要临床价值。

早期原发性十二指肠腺癌1例报道并文献回顾

目的探讨十二指肠腺癌特点及有效临床早期诊治方法。方法对1例早期原发性十二指肠腺癌的内镜诊断、手术局部切除的诊治经过作报道并复习相关文献。结果 1例十二指肠腺癌通过内镜早期诊断,并于内镜钛夹标记后行肿瘤局部手术,最大限度保存解剖结构的完整。术后随访未见局部复发、转移。结论十二指肠腺癌早期病变可通过局部手术切除、内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗,明显改善预后。

原发性十二指肠乳头肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头肿瘤的诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析64例原发性十二指肠乳头肿瘤的临床资料。结果 64例中十二指肠镜检查38例,发现肿瘤32例(84.2%);ERCP检查51例,确诊49例(96.1%)。良性肿瘤2例,恶性肿瘤62例。胰十二指肠切除46例,其中4例存活4年;乳头肿瘤局部切除11例,恶性肿瘤9例中4例存活4～6年。结论 内窥镜和ERCP检查是诊断本病的主要方法;合理的手术方式是提高十二指肠乳头肿瘤疗效的关键。

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床诊断

目的探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床特点和诊断手段,提高其临床诊断率。方法回顾性分析四川大学华西医院1990年8月至2002年7月收治的81例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床资料。结果肿瘤位于乳头上区13例(16%),乳头周围区63例(78%),乳头下区5例(6%)。常见临床表现有上腹痛、黄疸、上消化道出血、腹胀或呕吐及体重下降等。术前诊断率为80%。行胰十二指肠切除术54例,姑息性手术27例。胰十二指肠切除术后3年和5年生存率分别为36%和21%。结论原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤可表现为上消化道症状、胆道梗阻和出血等,各部位肿瘤有其相对特征,联合十二指肠纤维内镜和CT可提高术前诊断率。

十二指肠乳头肿瘤79例临床分析

目的:提高十二指肠乳头肿瘤的早期诊断及治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析自1992年至2002年收治的79例经手术及病理证实的十二指肠乳头肿瘤的临床资料。结果:十二指肠乳头癌71例、腺瘤5例、不典型增生3例,主要首发临床表现为进行性无痛性黄疸(61例)、消化道症状(14例)及上消化道出血(4例)。术前纤维十二指肠镜确诊率为92.4％,逆行性胆胰管造影(ERCP)为100％,磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)检查阳性率为86.7％,B超为84.8％,CT为72.2％。46例行胰十二指肠切除术(Whippie),30例行十二指肠乳头肿瘤局部切除术,3例行姑息性胆-肠吻合术。结论:纤维十二指肠镜、ERCP是诊断十二指肠乳头肿瘤的有效检查方法,早期诊断、早期选择合理的根治性切除手术是治疗的关键。

十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后风险因素分析

目的探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的外科诊治及预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2015年12月收治118例原发性十二恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果肿瘤位于球部、降部、水平部、升部分别为7、92、12、7例,行胰十二指肠切除、十二指肠节段性切除、姑息性短路手术分别80、18、20例。术前十二指肠镜检查诊断正确率为83.02%、十二指肠低张造影诊断正确率为79.42%、腹部增强CT检查诊断正确率为47.46%、B超检查诊断正确率为29.41%。结论原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤好发部位在降部乳头周围区,以腺癌为主。纤维十二指肠镜、十二指肠低张造影是诊断十二指肠恶性肿瘤的主要方法。胰十二指肠切除术是首选治疗方法。肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴转移、根治手术是影响患者术后预后的独立因素。