Multimodal MRI diagnosis and transvenous embolization of a basicranial emissary vein dural arteriovenous fistula:A case report

A dural arteriovenous fistula(DAVF) is an abnormal linkage connecting the arterial and venous systems within the intracranial dura mater. A basicranial emissary vein DAVF drains into the cavernous sinus and the ophthalmic vein, similar to a cavernous sinus DAVF. Precise preoperative identification of the DAVF location is a prerequisite for appropriate treatment. Treatment options include microsurgical disconnection, endovascular transarterial embolization(TAE), transvenous embolization(TVE), or a combination thereof. TVE is an increasingly popular approach for the treatment of DAVFs and the preferred approach for skull base locations, due to the risk of cranial neuropathy caused by dangerous anastomosis from arterial approaches. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) can provide anatomical and hemodynamic information for TVE. The therapeutic target must be precisely embolized in the emissary vein, which requires guidance via multimodal MRI. Here, we report a rare case of successful TVE for a basicranial emissary vein DAVF, utilizing multimodal MRI assistance. The fistula had vanished, pterygoid plexus drainage had improved, and the inferior petrosal sinus had recanalized, as observed on 8-month follow-up angiography. Symptoms and signs of double vision, caused by abduction deficiency, disappeared. Detailed anatomic and hemodynamic assessment by multimodal MRI is the key to guiding successful diagnosis and treatment.

Application of hybrid operating rooms for treating spinal dural arteriovenous fistula

BACKGROUND A hybrid operating room(hybrid-OR)is a surgical space that combines a conventional operating room with advanced medical imaging devices.AIM To explore and summarize the technical features and effectiveness of the application of a hybrid-OR in dealing with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas(SDAVFs).METHODS Eleven patients with SDAVFs were treated with the use of a hybrid-OR at the Department of Neurosurgery of our hospital between January 2015 and December 2018.The dual-marker localization technique was used in the hybrid-OR to locate the SDAVFs and skin incision,and the interoperative digital subtraction angiography(DSA)technique was used before and after microsurgical ligation of the fistulae in the hybrid-OR to verify the accuracy of obliteration.The patients were followed for an average of 2 years after the operation,and the preoperative American Spinal Cord Injury Association(ASIA)score and postoperative ASIA score at 6 mo after the operation were compared.RESULTS The location and skin incision of the SDAVFs were accurately obtained by using the dual-marker localization technique in the hybrid-OR in all patients,and there were no cases that required expansion of the range of the bone window in order to expose the lesions.Intraoperative error obliteration occurred and was identified in two patients by using the intraoperative DSA technique;therefore,the findings provided by the intraoperative DSA system significantly changed the surgical procedure in these two patients.With the assistance of the hybrid-OR,the feeding artery was correctly ligated in all cases,and the intraoperative error obliteration rate decreased from 18.2%(2/11)to 0%.All 11 patients were followed for an average of 2 years.The ASIA score at 6 mo after the operation was significantly improved compared with the preoperative ASIA score,and there were no patients with late recurrence during the follow-up.CONCLUSION Compared with intra-arterial embolization for the treatment of SDAVFs,hybrid-ORs can solve the problem of a higher incidence of initial failure and late recurrence.Compared with direct occlusion of SDAVFs in microsurgery,hybrid-ORs can take advantage of the intraoperative DSA system for locating the shunt and verifying the obliteration of fistulae in order to reduce the error obliteration rate.At this point,our experience suggests that the safety and ease of use make hybrid-ORs combined with microsurgery and intraoperative DSA systems an attractive modality for dealing with SDAVFs.

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula presenting as myelopathy: Case series and review of literature

Dural arteriovenous fistula(DAVF) is a rare type of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Common presenting symptoms are related to hemorrhage. However, rarely these patients may present with myelopathy. We present two cases of DAVF presenting as rapidly progressive myelopathy. Two treatment options are available: microsurgical interruption of the fistula and endovascular embolization. These treatment options of DAVFs have improved significantly in the last decade. The optimal treatment of DAVFs remains controversial, and there is an ongoing debate as to whether primary endovascular or primary microsurgical treatment is the optimal management for these lesions. However, despite treatment a high percentage of patients are still left with severe disability. The potential for functional ambulation in patients with DAVF is related to the time of intervention. This emphasizes the important of early diagnosis and early intervention in DAVF. The eventual outcome may depend on several factors, such as the duration of symptoms, the degree of disability before treatment, and the success of the initial procedure to close the fistula. The usage of magnetic resonance imaging and selective angiography has significantly improved the ability to characterize DAVFs, however, these lesions remain inefficiently diagnosed. If intervention is delayed even prolonged time in rehabilitation does not change the grave prognosis. This review outlines the presentation, classication and management of DAVF as well as discussing patient outcomes.

Treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula using different surgical approaches:Analysis of 32 consecutive cases

Objective:Transarterial and transvenous embolization methods are considered effective and safe approaches for the treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula(CSDAVF).Here.,we report the angioarchitectural features and clinical outcomes of CSDAVF in patients treated with either the inferior arterial approach(IAA) or the inferior petrosal sinus approach(IPSA).Methods:The clinical data of 32 patients with CSDAVF treated at our institution from May 2008 to May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent routine diagnostic digital subtraction angiography(DSA) before surgery.Embolization was performed using the IPSA through the internal jugular vein or IAA,based on angioarchitectural features.Results:Of the 32 patients with CSDAVF,24 underwent embolization treatment through the internal jugular veinIPSA and 8 patients underwent treatment through IAA.Nineteen patients in the IPSA group experienced mild headache,which improved after specific treatment.The immediate postembolization angiographic results revealed complete occlusion in 26 cases(18 IPSA and 8 IAA) and almost complete occlusion in 6 cases(IPSA).Complications that occurred during the procedure included abducens nerve palsy(n=1,IPSA) and prosopoplegia(n=1,IAA).One patient developed tinnitus,which was diagnosed as anterior cranial fossa new-onset dural arteriovenous fistula on DSA,whereas the symptoms of other patients all improved with no recurrence.Conclusions:On the basis of the angioarchitectural features of CSDAVF,IAA can be considered the primary treatment when the blood-supplying artery and fistula are relatively singular,and when the microcatheter can easily reach the fistula through the artery.The venous approach should be selected as the primary approach when the fistula is indistinguishable and blood is supplied by multiple arteries through small plexiform vessels.Choosing the optimal surgical approach may increase the success rate of intravascular CSDAVF surgery and may help avoid complications.

Overview of multimodal MRI of intracranial Dural arteriovenous fistulas

Dural arteriovenous fistulas(DAVFs)include a wide range of pathological conditions that are associated with intracranial vessel abnormalities.While some types of DAVFs present with typical neuroimaging characteristics,others share overlapping pathological and neuroimaging features that can hinder accurate differentiation.Hence,misclassification of the various types of DAVFs is common.Thorough knowledge of DAVF imaging findings is essential to avoid such misinterpretations.Traditional digital subtraction angiography(DSA)is considered the gold standard for diagnosing and evaluating DAVFs.However,angiography cannot detect changes in a patient’s brain structure.Conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)sequences,including MR angiography(MRA),allow the evaluation of DAVFs without ionizing radiation or invasiveness.Advanced MRI techniques,such as susceptibility-weighted imaging(SWI)and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRA,provide added value to real-time physio-pathological data regarding the hemodynamics of DAVFs.Beyond these techniques,new insights using high-resolution vascular wall MRI are incorporated for the noninvasive evaluation of DAVFs.This article reviews the pathophysiology of DAVFs,focusing on the specifics of MRI findings that facilitate their classification.The role of conventional and advanced MRI sequences for DAVFs was assessed using insights derived from the data provided by structured reports of multimodal MRIs to evaluate DAVFs.

Transvenous injection of n-Butyl cyanoacrylate combined with placement of coils in cavernous sinus for treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae

Objective:To evaluate the technical aspects,efficacy and safety in the treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) by transvenous liquid n-Butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection combined with coils placement in the cavernous sinus.Methods:Eight patients with cavernous DAVF,treated by transvenous embolization with combination of detachable coils and glue between February 2006 and February 2009 in our hospital,were retrospectively analyzed,including the clinical presentations,patterns of angioarchitecture,methods of treatment and the results of follow-up.Results:In all 8 patients,9 transvenous and 1 transarterial interventions were carried out.A single endovascular procedure was performed in 6 patients and 2 patients had to be treated twice.Of the nine transvenous approaches,eight approaches were performed via inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) and 1 via the facial vein.Complete angiographic obliteration was achieved in all patients immediately after the embolization.There was no procedure-related morbidity except for mild headache for one to seven days after the embolization.Clinical cure was achieved in all cases during the clinical follow-up periods,ranging from 8 months to 3 years.The follow-up angiography periods averaged 6.6 months with a range of 5-9 months,in which no recurrence was observed.Conclusion:In this small series,embolization with combination of glue and detachable coils by transvenous approaches was a safe,effective and economical method for the treatment of part of symptomatic patients presenting with complex cavernous DAVF.

Transvenous embolization of dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region by multiple venous routes

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficiency of transvenous embolization of dural arteri-ovenous fistula of cavernous region by multiple venous routes. Methods: Twenty seven patients with dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region were treated by transvenous embolization with micro-coils. The transvenous routes included inferior petrosal sinus, superior ophthalmic vein and facial vein. Results: Clinical cure was achieved in 23 cases and significant improvement of symptoms in 4 cases. Complete angio-graphic obliteration was documented in 22 patients (82%). Residual shunting were left in 2 patients via pterygoid drainage and 1 case via inter-cavernous sinus, 2 cases via inferior petrosal sinus, disappeared one month later by manual compression carotid artery. Headache and vomiting were the most common symptoms after embolization. Three patients had diplopia and relieved within two months after embolization. There was no permanent procedure-related morbidity. The clinic follow up ranged from 5 months to 6 years, and there was not recurrence case. Conclusion: Transvenous embolization via different venous routes is a safe and efficient method for dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region treatment.

Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Preliminary Report of Arterial Spin Labeling

Purpose: We report the results of applying arterial spin labeling (ASL) to intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). Methods: Sixteen patients with angiographically confirmed DAVF underwent ASL on a clinical 1.5 T or 3 T MR system. ASL was performed by Q2TIPS (second version of quantitative imaging of perfusion by using a single subtraction MRI pulse sequence with thin-slice TI1 periodic saturation) with echo-planar imaging. Draining veins such as dural venous sinus and cortical veins were evaluated on ASL. Results: ASL clearly depicted draining dural venous sinus in all patients with DAVF Borden type I (6/6, 100%) and type II (4/4, 100%). ASL depicted cortical venous reflux in only one patient with DAVF Borden type II (1/4, 25%). ASL depicted drainage directly into cortical veins in all patients with Borden type III (6/6, 100%). Conclusion: Our preliminary study suggests that ASL can depict draining veins in patients with DAVF.

Undiagnosed Anterior Cranial Fossa Dural Arteriovenous Fistula with Intracranial Hematoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature about Its Natural History

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) of an anterior cranial fossa are rare. Because of the high risk of intracranial hemorrhage and relatively easy access for direct surgery, aggressive treatment has been recommended. The natural history of anterior cranial fossa dAVFs (ACF dAVFs) is unclear in spite of many reports for the natural history of general dAVFs. To treat ACF dAVFs, direct surgery has traditionally been performed and endovascular surgery has recently been introduced. A 74-year-old man was transferred with severe consciousness disturbance and presented with devastating intracerebral hemorrhage on the CT scan. Digital subtraction angiography revealed the ACF dAVFs with a large venous pouch. The patient received direct surgery, nevertheless he became vegetative state. Later on, a smaller venous pouch was recognized on the CT scan when he had suffered from the thalamic hemorrhage sixteen months before. There are twelve cases including our case which was treated for a certain period and documented in detail. Eleven of twelve cases were asymptomatic. Three of the six cases with a venous pouch had some events possibly related to the disease, though none of the six cases without a venous pouch had any events during observation. In conclusion, an ACF dAVF with a venous pouch should be treated by direct surgery or endovascular surgery even if it is incidentally found. By contrast, careful observation might be a possible therapeutic option for an ACF dAVF without a venous pouch if there is mild reflux flow.

Application of intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography in the surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography in surgical management of spinal dural ateriovenots fistulae (dAVFs) . Methods In this retrospective analysis we examined nine cases of dAVFs,diagnosed by complete spinal angiography,in which laminoplasty were performed through posterior approach. An operating microscope-integrated light

误诊为炎性脊髓病的硬脊膜动静脉瘘临床分析

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的临床表现、影像学特点、诊治方法和误诊原因、防范措施。方法 对2016年3月-2018年3月收治的被误诊为炎性脊髓病的SDAVF 2例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2例分别因渐进性双下肢麻木、力弱伴尿便障碍5月余,以及行走不稳50 d、加重伴颈痛、呕吐45 d入院。均误诊为炎性脊髓病,误诊时间分别为5月余及50 d。后经仔细阅片发现磁共振影像上可见髓周流空信号影,完善脊髓血管造影后确诊为SDAVF。1例于等待院外介入治疗过程中死亡,1例行介入治疗后院外死亡。结论 SDAVF临床表现不典型,易误诊,仔细询问病史、查体,认真阅影像片,必要时行脊髓血管造影是避免该病误诊的关键。

骶部硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

目的探讨骶部硬脊膜动静脉瘘(DAVFs)的临床和影像学特征以及手术治疗效果,以此提高对该病的认识和正确地处理。方法回顾性分析四川大学华西医院神经外科2018年1月—2023年1月收治的15例骶部DAVFs患者的临床资料。术前均行脊髓核磁共振成像(MRI)检查,所有患者均行脊髓血管造影以明确诊断。治疗方式采用手术切除或者介入栓塞。结果临床症状主要表现为双下肢无力14例(93%);肢体感觉障碍12例(80%);大小便功能障碍13例(86%),腰部或双下肢疼痛2例(13%)。所有患者均成功进行脊髓血管造影(包括双侧髂内动脉)明确了诊断。所有瘘口均位于L_(5)-S_(3)水平。手术治疗12例,介入栓塞3例。术后随访6~60个月(平均26.2个月)。症状改善13例(86%),稳定2例(14%),无症状加重患者。所有患者术后影像学检查未见残留或复发。结论骶部DAVFs临床少见,选择性脊髓血管造影必须包括双侧髂内动脉在内才能找到瘘口。术前MRI上发现腰骶段椎管内增粗的终丝静脉(FTV)是进一步确诊骶部DAVFs的重要依据。手术和介入对骶部DAVFs的治疗均有良好的效果。

3D Slicer三维重建技术辅助手术治疗枕骨大孔区硬脑膜动静脉瘘:附1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨枕骨大孔区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的影像学特征以及3D Slicer三维重建技术辅助手术治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析2021年6月收治的1例枕骨大孔区DAVF的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行分析。结果50岁男性,因双下肢麻木及疼痛不适1个月入院。脊柱MRI显示延髓至颈5水平颈髓异常信号。双侧颈内动脉、双侧颈外动脉、右侧椎动脉造影未发现异常,左侧椎动脉造影显示枕骨大孔区DAVF,由脑膜后动脉多个分支供血,经小脑表面及数支硬脑膜迂曲扩张的皮质静脉引流汇入左侧横窦、岩上窦及基底窦,并可见迂曲的硬脊膜前、后静脉参与瘘口血液引流;左侧小脑后下动脉(PICA)靠近瘘口部位走行且迂曲。3D Slicer三维重建影像清晰显示DAVF的位置、供血动脉和引流静脉,多模态重建显示瘘口位于枕部后正中枕骨大孔上区域并靠近硬脑膜。采取枕颈部后正中入路手术,术中吲哚菁绿荧光造影确认DAVF消失。术后3个月,双下肢麻木及疼痛感均有减轻;复查MRI显示脑干和脊髓水肿消失,DSA显示DAVF完全闭塞。结论枕骨大孔区DAVF手术治疗可以显著改善病人预后,应用3D Slicer三维重建技术对DAVF进行精准定位能够在很大程度上节省手术时间并提高手术质量。

硬脑膜动静脉瘘单次血管内栓塞治疗的安全性和有效性分析

目的 探讨单次血管内栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2005年4月至2018年12月采用血管内栓塞治疗的46例DAVF的临床资料。所有病例均尝试进行单次瘘口栓塞术,对部分残余分流或软脑膜静脉逆行引流(RLVD)的病例则择期二次手术。结果 42例(91.3%)单次手术治疗后实现完全闭塞或仅轻微残余分流。34例Borden分型Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病例中,33例(97.1%)首次治疗后RLVD明显改善,仅4例需要二次治疗。所有病例最终均完全闭塞,术后未发生与DAVF相关的卒中和死亡事件。术后随访7~96个月,平均23个月;4例(8.7%)复发。结论 单次血管内手术治疗DAVF是安全、有效的,能有效预防卒中事件。

以耳鸣起病的复杂硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例报告

硬脑膜动静脉瘘是一种特殊的颅内血管畸形,是指发生在硬脑膜动脉与脑静脉窦或皮质静脉的病理性直接相通。其临床表现复杂多样缺乏特异性。本文通过对1例耳鸣起病后经超声和DSA确诊为硬脑膜动静脉瘘的患者,分期诊治过程进行报道,结合相关文献学习,提高对该疾病的认识。1临床资料患者,女,30岁,因“左侧持续性耳鸣1个月,突发头痛呕吐1周。”于2020年5月13日,急诊以“脑动静脉瘘”收入院。该患缘于1个月前,无明显诱因下自觉左侧持续性耳鸣,休息及避免体力劳动不能改善。患者曾于当地医院耳鼻喉科就诊行鼓膜、听力及声阻抗等检查未发现明显异常,建议前往神经内科就诊,患者拒绝。1周前患者无明显诱因突感剧烈头痛,继而呕吐数次(呕吐物为胃内容物),到吉林大学第二医院急诊行头部CTA检查提示:左侧后枕部动静脉瘘。给予止吐、降颅压、营养神经等对症治疗未见明显改善,遂就诊至吉林大学第一医院急诊,以“脑动静脉瘘”收住入神经外科行进一步治疗。病程中患者意识清楚,偶有呕吐,但无抽搐,饮食及睡眠均可。既往患者体健,无家族史否认高血压病、糖尿病、冠心病等病史;否认“肝炎、结核”等传染病史;青霉素过敏史,否认其他药物、食物过敏史。余个人史、婚育史、家族史无特殊。

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的介入治疗分析

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2023年1月介入治疗的21例海绵窦区硬膜动静脉瘘的临床资料。结果经股静脉-岩下窦途径16例,经颈外动脉入路4例,经动静脉联合入路1例;采用弹簧圈联合Onyx-18胶栓塞17例,单纯应用弹簧圈1例,单用Onyx-18胶3例;术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全闭塞18例,次全闭塞3例。术后随访3~12个月,临床治愈17例,好转4例。15例复查造影未见瘘口复发。结论根据海绵窦区硬脑膜动静瘘血管构筑特征,采用个体化的血管内治疗方案,可以获得满意的临床疗效。

经眼动脉途径栓塞治疗颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床疗效

目的探讨经眼动脉途径栓塞颅前窝底硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年4月至2022年5月经眼动脉途径栓塞治疗的9例颅前窝底DAVF的临床资料。结果额叶血肿合并蛛网膜下腔出血4例,头痛2例,球结膜水肿1例,无症状2例。Cognard分型Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型7例。9例均采用Onyx-18胶栓塞,术后即刻造影显示均完全栓塞,无手术并发症。术后随访6~18个月,平均(11.8±1.33)个月。末次随访,症状均消失,无复发。结论经眼动脉途径栓塞颅前窝底DAVF可以安全、有效的闭塞瘘口,近、中期疗效良好。

经脑膜中动脉治疗10例硬脑膜动静脉瘘体会并文献复习

目的探讨经脑膜中动脉(middle meningeal artery,MMA)治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistulas,DAVFs)的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2020年3月经脑膜中动脉治疗的10例DAVFs患者的临床资料。计算机检索PubMed、Science Direct、中国知网、万方等数据库,对经脑膜中动脉治疗DAVFs的相关研究进行总结。结果10例DAVFs中海绵窦区3例,横窦区2例,乙状窦区2例,横窦-乙状窦区2例,窦汇区1例。术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全栓塞9例,不完全栓塞1例,术后动眼神经麻痹1例,无死亡病例。10例患者术后随访12个月,3个月及12个月复查DSA提示无复发;10例患者临床症状较前均好转或无加重。检索复习了采用MMA治疗DAVFs的9篇国内外文献,纳入研究68例DAVFs患者,MMA术后总瘘口栓塞率为91.18%,术后均无复发。结论对于有脑膜中动脉供血的DAVFs,经脑膜中动脉入路治疗DAVFs疗效确切,操作相对简单,并发症少,是路径选择中的“黄金通道”。

颅内静脉慢性血栓形成合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘血管内治疗1例

报告1例颅内静脉慢性血栓形成合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊治过程和转归。患者为49岁男性,以记忆力下降、情绪低落等症状起病,查体可见高级神经系统功能异常,初始磁共振见双侧基底节区异常信号,外院误诊为脑炎,予激素治疗后症状逐渐加重。后磁共振静脉成像及数字减影血管造影示颅内静脉血栓合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘,药物治疗1个月后临床症状及颅内病灶均加重;对颅内静脉血栓予血管内治疗后再通,硬脑膜动静脉瘘血流也发生转向。术后随访患者症状显著改善,原基底节区病变明显缩小。本文通过分析该病例特点,为类似病例的临床诊治提供参考。

3D-T_(2)-TSE和CE-MRA对脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断价值

目的:探讨可变翻转角三维T_(2)加权快速自旋回波(3D-T_(2)-TSE)序列和CE-MRA检查对脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的诊断价值。方法:回顾2018年5月-2022年10月在我院经手术和/或DSA确诊的18例SDAVF患者的临床及影像资料。所有患者行CE-MRA及3D-T_(2)-TSE序列MRI扫描,分析和比较两种检查方法及两者联合对SDAVF的定位诊断价值。结果:3D-T_(2)-TSE序列对髓周畸形血管征的检出率为100%(18/18),对瘘口的定位诊断符合率为77.8%(14/18),对供血动脉的检出率为55.6%(10/18),并可显示脊髓肿胀(17/18)及马尾区结构紊乱(15/18)等征像;CE-MRA对瘘口、供血动脉及髓周畸形血管的检出率均为83.3%(15/18)。结合CE-MRA与3D-T_(2)-TSE两种技术,对瘘口的定位符合率达87.5%。结论:在SDAVF的定位诊断中,CE-MRA与3D-T_(2)-TSE检查各具优势,对于后续DSA检查及外科手术均具有良好的参考价值;两种序列联合可提高诊断效能,获得不逊色于DSA的定位诊断符合率。