Ocular injuries by durian fruit

·AIM:To report various ocular injuries caused by durian fruit. ·METHODS:Three cases of ocular injuries were described in young patients, due to accidental fall of durian fruit on the forehead and face, while they were taking rest/sleeping /playing under the durian tree. ·RESULTS:The ocular injuries observed were lacerating injury of cornea with iris incarceration, hyphema, superficial penetrating injury of sclera and angle recession glaucoma in the right eye of first patient; lacerating injury of cornea with iris prolapse in the left eye of second patient; subconjunctival haemorrhage, traumatic mydriasis and superficial penetrating injury of sclera, commotion retinopathy and macular edema in the left eye of third patient. Vision improved to normal in all the eyes following surgical/ medical/optical treatment. ·CONCLUSION:Evidence of penetrating injury (because of thorns) and blunt injury (because of weight) can be seen in the eyes when durian fruit falls on the face. Vision can be recovered fully with immediate and appropriate treatment in these cases. The ocular injuries can be prevented by educating the public to wear protective metal frame wide goggles and not to sleep/take rest under the durian tree.

Improving the non-destructive maturity classification model for durian fruit using near-infrared spectroscopy

The maturity state of durian fruit is a key indicator of quality before trading.This research aims to improve the near-infrared(NIR)model for classifying the maturity stage of durian fruit using a completely non-destructive measurement.Both NIR spectrometers were investigated:the short wavelength NIR(SWNIR)ranging from 450 to 1000 nm and long wavelength NIR(LWNIR)ranging from 860 to 1750 nm.The samples collected for experimentation consisted of four stages:immaturity,prematurity,maturity,and ripe.Each fruit was scanned at the rind position on the main fertile lobe(header,middle,and tail)and stem.The classification models were developed using three supervised machine learning algorithms:linear discriminant analysis(LDA),support vector machine(SVM),and K-Nearest neighbours(KNN).The analysis results revealed that the use of durian rind spectra only obtained between 83.15%and 88.04%accuracy for the LWNIR spectrometer,while the SWNIR spectrometer provided 64.73 to 93.77%accuracy.The performance of model increases when developing with combination between rind and stem spectra.The LDA model developed using a combination of rind and stem spectra provided the greatest efficiency,exhibiting 97.28%and 100%accuracy for LWNIR and SWNIR spectrometers,respectively.The LDAmodelis therefore recommended for obtaining spectra from smoothingmoving average(MA)+baseline of rind position and when used in combination with the MA+standard normal variance(SNV)of stem spectra.The NIR spectroscopy indicated high potential for non-destructive estimation of the durian maturity stage.This process could be used for quality control in the durian export industry to solve the problem of unripe durian being mixed with ripe fruit.

榴莲果实品质与矿质元素的灰色关联度和通径分析

为了明确榴莲果实品质与矿质营养之间的关系,以期科学合理施肥,为提高榴莲果实品质提供参考。以12个榴莲品种果实为试材,采用灰色关联度和通径分析果实8个矿质元素和9个品质指标之间的关系。结果表明,供试榴莲果实中大量元素含量依次为钾>磷>镁>钙,微量元素含量依次为铁>锌>锰>铜。灰色关联度分析发现,锰、铁等含量与可溶性糖、可滴定酸含量等品质指标存在较高的关联度。通径分析发现,钙含量对可滴定酸、维生素C、粗脂肪、可食率和果形指数的直接作用最大,镁含量对可溶性糖含量的直接作用最大,锰含量对可溶性蛋白含量和单果质量的直接作用最大。两种方法均表明果实中钙含量对可食率的直接作用最大,关联性最强。建议生产中可通过调控果实锰、钙含量来提升果实品质。

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的榴莲品质综合评价

为探究海南本土驯化主栽榴莲品种中热1号与其他主栽商业品种之间果实品质的差异,本试验利用差异显著性分析对11份榴莲品种的10个外观品质、5个营养品质和8个矿物品质指标进行比较,并采用主成分分析和模糊综合评判法进行综合评价。相关性分析显示,果肉重和果实纵径是与榴莲内在品质关联最多的果实外观品质指标。通过对测定的23项指标进行主成分分析,提取出5个主成分,其中主成分1和主成分2的贡献率分别为33.344%和19.889%,主成分1中“果实大小”(单果重,果实纵径,果实横径,果肉重)、K含量和Zn含量以及主成分2中Mg含量和Ca含量为榴莲品种评价中的主要指标。榴莲品种品质指标综合得分由大到小依次为:中热1号、苏丹王、康瑶金、江海、葫芦王、猫山王、黑刺、托曼尼、朱雀、D101、火凤凰。综上所述,中热1号和康瑶金的果实外观品质和K、Zn元素含量高,江海和苏丹王Mg、Ca元素含量高,黑刺和D101营养品质优良,均可作为优良榴莲种质资源进行引种。“果实大小”及Mg和Ca矿质元素含量是评价榴莲综合品质的关键性指标,为榴莲品种的品质筛选及鉴定提供参考依据。

Removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Selected Agricultural Wastes: Adsorption and Characterisation Studies

The feasibility of durian tree sawdust (DTS), coconut coir (CC) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as low-cost biosorbents for the removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The effects of solution pH and initial metal concentration on adsorption capacity were examined in batch experiments. The affinity and the adsorption capacity of DTS, CC and EFB were evaluated. The adsorption behaviour of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions onto DTS, CC and EFB was described using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The separation factor (RL) analysis suggests that the removal of metal ions onto three agricultural wastes studied was favourable. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q) estimated from the Langmuir isotherm model for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) were 18.42, 20.37 and 22.78 mg/g for DTS, 18.38, 37.04 and 24.39 mg/g for CC, and 26.95, 37.59 and 21.19 mg/g for EFB, respectively. The characterisation studies were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The surface morphology of the biosorbents changed significantly following interaction with metal ions. The primary adsorption mechanism was complexation between metal ions and binding sites of biosorbents. Both hydroxyl and amine groups are the main binding sites in DTS, CC and EFB.