Experimental study of water curtain performance for gas storage in an underground cavern

An artificial water curtain system is composed of a network of underground galleries and horizontal boreholes drilled from these galleries.Pre-grouting measures are introduced to keep the bedrock saturated all the time.This system is deployed over an artificial or natural underground cavern used for the storage of gas（or some other fluids） to prevent the gas from escaping through leakage paths in the rock mass.An experimental physical modeling system has been constructed to evaluate the performance of artificial water curtain systems under various conditions.These conditions include different spacings of caverns and cavern radii located below the natural groundwater level.The principles of the experiment,devices,design of the physical model,calculation of gas leakage,and evaluation of the critical gas pressure are presented in this paper.Experimental result shows that gas leakage is strongly affected by the spacing of water curtain boreholes,the critical gas pressure,and the number and proximity of storage caverns.The hydraulic connection between boreholes is observed to vary with depth or location,which suggests that the distribution of water-conducting joint sets along the boreholes is also variable.When designing the drainage system for a cavern,drainage holes should be orientated to maximize the frequency at which they encounter major joint sets and permeable intervals studying in order to maintain the seal on the cavern through water pressure.Our experimental results provide a significant contribution to the theoretical controls on water curtains,and they can be used to guide the design and construction of practical storage caverns.

Design and operation problems related to water curtain system forunderground water-sealed oil storage caverns

The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale （millions of cubic meters） underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.

Key issues in water sealing performance of underground oil storage caverns: Advances and perspectives

Water sealing performance is important for underground water-sealed oil storage(UWSOS).The key issues concerning water sealing performance mainly include the permeability of fractured rock mass(FRM),water-sealed safety(WSS),water curtain performance,and prediction and control of water inflow.This paper reviews the progress of above four key issues on water sealing performances.First,the permeability of an FRM is the basis of water sealing performance,and several commonly used permeability test methods and spatial variation characteristics of permeability are outlined.Second,the current water sealing criteria are compared,and the evaluation methods of WSS are summarized.Third,the design parameters and efficiency evaluation of water curtain systems(WCSs)are introduced.The water inflow of oil storage caverns(OSCs)can reflect the water sealing effect,and the prediction methods and control measures of water inflow are also summarized.Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of the current research are discussed,and the potential research directions are pointed out,such as optimization of water sealing criteria and FRM model,quantitative evaluation of WCS efficiency,accurate prediction of water inflow,and improvement of grouting technology.

The principle analysis of methane explosion suppressed by water column curtain in coal mining

The principles of fine water mist explosion-extinguishing system was introduced. The defects of current systems were analyzed. The concept of a new water column cur-tain and the explosion-extinguishing mechanism were given. Using water column curtain to suppress methane explosion in experiment pipes was conducted. The photos were written with schlieren photograph system. The results of experiment show that the effect is perfect.

Application Advantages of Fan-Water Curtain Cooling System in Pig Production

[Objectives]The purpose was to solve the problem that high temperature and high humidity will seriously affect the health and weight gain of pigs.[Methods]The fan-water curtain cooling system was popularized in large-scale pig farms.[Results]The pigs using the water curtain cooling system gained 1.5 kg from weaning to the day of slaughter.The feed-to-gain ratio was 2.43∶1,a year-on-year decrease of 0.05.The average weight gain per pig was about 5-10 kg.[Conclusions]The application of fan-water curtain cooling system in pig production can accelerate the growth rate of pigs,reduce the occurrence of diseases and improve the utilization of feed,eventually improving the productivity of pigs.

岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水治理技术

我国岩溶地质分布广泛,岩溶突涌水已成为石灰石矿山安全生产的巨大灾害与挑战。以广西某岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水为研究对象,针对该矿山地质条件复杂、集中涌水量大、流速高等特点,利用岩溶发育特征、资料分析与地球物理探查等方法初步圈定矿山径流带区域;进一步通过钻探、跨孔CT和示踪联通试验等精准查找到矿山Y01特大涌水点岩溶管道的具体位置,在此基础上研究并实施了矿山涌水治理技术与工艺。研究表明:(1)针对复杂岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量、高流速的涌水特征,提出并实施了“非连续帷幕截流+关键通道探查与封堵+止浆垫控流降速”的岩溶矿山涌水综合治理体系。依据岩溶发育的不均匀性,提出了非连续帷幕封堵裂隙型涌水区域的思想;对大流量岩溶管道型集中涌水设计采用止浆垫控流装置,通过控流能有效降低关键过水通道内水流速度,为注浆材料的有效留存沉积和工程的成功封堵提供了重要条件。(2)关键孔联合注浆工艺是岩溶管道型涌水成功封堵的保证,关键孔是指直接揭露岩溶涌水管道或与涌水管道联通性极强并对注浆堵水起主要作用的钻孔。针对矿山Y01岩溶管道型特大涌水精准查找到2个关键孔,均在矿坑南部:一个是距涌水点直线距离约50 m的近距离钻孔(以下简称“近孔”),另一个是距涌水点直线距离约150 m的远距离钻孔(以下简称“远孔”)。现场采用近孔、远孔2个关键孔联合注浆工艺:近孔以粗骨料和自主研发的可控凝结新型材料进行注浆,远孔仅注水泥浆液;近孔粗骨料和新型材料既能降低管道内的水流速度为远孔浆液起到更好的留存沉积作用,又能作为封堵材料起到增强的功能,远孔因其离涌水点距离长、辐射范围广、浆液扩散充分而能确保封堵长度和效果。近孔、远孔协同配合同步注浆是封堵管道型大流量涌水的有效组合工艺。(3)涌水口止浆垫控流降速装置的合理有效调控,配合关键孔联合注浆工艺的同步实施,进一步确保了注浆浆液的有效快速留存和沉积,是岩溶地区封堵管道型大流量涌水的创新性技术和方法。项目实施后,彻底封堵矿坑内集中涌水量达7.12万m^(3)/d的Y01特大涌水点,实现总减水量8.43万m3/d(含非连续帷幕注浆封堵),保证了矿山的正常安全开采,大幅降低了抽排水费用,同时保护了周边环境和地下水资源,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。研究成果可为我国矿山涌水灾害治理提供理论价值和经验借鉴。

天津某地铁车站深基坑突涌事故分析

基坑施工过程中渗漏、突涌水灾害时有发生,地下水处理不当是引发基坑事故的重要影响因素之一。突涌事故往往发生于土方开挖等施工阶段,具有突发性、难以可视化的特点。基于分析天津市某地铁车站基坑工程的突涌水事故的现场实测数据、处理措施等内容,回溯事故发生原因,主要是开挖基底下的承压层减压降水效果不明显,通过围堰反压、注浆、混凝土封堵等措施,配合启动基坑外承压层降水井进行减压降水,有效控制了突涌水事故。基坑开挖施工期间,须严格监测基坑内外水位,发现异常须及时排查原因解决,现场人员须加倍重视。当基坑采用悬挂式止水帷幕且坑内没有条件进行减压井施工时,可利用基坑外观测井进行降水减压,但应避免引发周边环境的地层大范围沉降、土层不均匀沉降等,必要时采取相应措施加以保护。

水下钻孔爆破技术新发展

水下钻孔爆破虽然经过了几十年的工程实践和理论研究,但成果散乱且不系统,有些资料还相互矛盾,落后的施工工艺及装备还在使用,难以使水下钻孔爆破设计与施工实现正规化、现代化和智能化。通过查阅近二十年的文献资料、现场调研和工程实践等,对水下钻孔爆破的理论、装备、技术与工艺和有害效应控制等最新成果进行梳理与总结,展现水下钻孔爆破最新发展成果。为实际工程项目爆破方案与参数设计、施工工艺与装备选择、有害效应控制与防护措施等提供理论及技术支撑,从而解决水下钻孔爆破中遇到的疑难问题,达到优质安全高效之目的。

基于两相流的水封油库油气泄漏运移规律及控制措施

地下水封油库运行的关键是保持一定的水封厚度,为确定合适的水封厚度,基于气液两相流理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以我国某石油储备地下水封洞库为依托,模拟了地下水封石油洞库储油运行期油气的泄漏运移演变过程。结果表明:施工期不设置水幕系统情况下,洞室顶部出现了大面积的疏干区,造成后期无法储油;设置水幕系统情况下,洞库上方能够维持一定水封厚度,洞库周围岩层油气泄漏范围和泄漏量均与储油运行时间呈正幂函数关系;水封厚度越大油气泄漏范围和泄漏量越小,但过大的水封厚度会大大增加工程成本,所对应的案例在水封厚度为30 m时对油气泄漏控制最为经济合理,《地下水封石洞油库设计标准》推荐的水封厚度合理且有一定安全裕度。研究成果可为水封油库工程的设计及油气泄漏控制提供一定理论参考。

露天矿地下水控制技术及对边坡稳定性的影响

我国富水露天矿多且涌水量大,若矿山地下水或边坡处治不当,将面临着“水患难止、边坡难固、有矿难采”的窘境。为解决露天矿遇到的水患和边坡失稳的问题,基于我国露天矿先后发展的垂直疏水孔、水平疏水孔、坑下大口径疏水孔和井群疏水等抽排方式,坑底泄水巷、基坑降水和辐射井疏干等疏放方式以及钻孔注浆帷幕、地下混凝土连续墙帷幕、钻孔咬合桩帷幕、防渗膜帷幕等截水帷幕和地层回灌水帷幕等多种地下水控制技术;开展了不同露天矿地下水控制技术对地下水位、端帮边坡岩土体力学性质变化、坡体应力变化和边坡稳定性系数影响的研究,分析了截水帷幕作用下地下水位抬升与边坡稳定性变化规律。研究结果表明:通过抽排方式、疏放方式将露天矿山地下水疏干或疏降可有效降低地下水位,减少边坡岩土体含水率,提高边坡岩土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,减小坡体的静水压力和水平推力,整体提高边坡稳定性系数,但大量疏排地下水又造成水资源的浪费和污染;截水帷幕能够解决疏排降水造成的地下水位下降幅度太大、疏排水量巨大、水资源浪费和污染的问题;在截水帷幕作用下,露天矿截水帷幕外侧水位不断抬升,引起截水帷幕外侧边坡岩土体含水率增加、黏聚力和内摩擦角减小、坡体的静水压力和水平推力增大,而截水帷幕内侧边坡岩土体含水率减小、黏聚力和内摩擦角增大、坡体的静水压力和水平推力减小,从而引起露天矿边坡稳定性系数略有降低;通过截水帷幕可以控制露天矿边坡地下水位,进而保持边坡岩土体力学参数在合理范围,维持边坡稳定性系数在安全区间,实现露天矿地下水资源保护与边坡安全的平衡。

地铁暗挖竖井深孔注浆止水施工技术研究

针对承压水粉细砂地层竖井施工发生流水涌砂及坍塌的难题,采用深孔注浆止水帷幕代替人工降水。通过对注浆帷幕的设计以及增加预防竖井侧壁滑塌的棚盖措施,有效阻隔了竖井开挖过程中的地下水,满足暗挖施工无水作业的条件。

柠条塔煤矿水文地质结构特征与水害治理模式研究

随着西部煤炭资源的持续高强度开采,矿山所面临的工程与水文地质条件越来越复杂,极易诱发采掘突水溃砂事故,而水文地质结构特征的研究是水害评价和治理的重要基础性工作。本文以陕北榆神府矿区的柠条塔煤矿为例,在对其地质条件和构造发育情况进行系统分析的基础上,从矿区的补给、径流、排泄条件,主要充水水源,矿体与含水层的空间结构关系三个方面对矿山的水文地质结构特征进行了研究。研究发现,地表浅部松散层主要接受大气降水补给,基岩风化带含水层主要接受侧向径流补给。矿井充水水源包括大气降水、地表水、含水层水、老空水和烧变岩水五种,不同煤层根据其埋深、开采厚度、冒裂带发育高度等的不同具有不同的充水水源。基于对矿山水文地质结构特征的分析,认为火烧区下部2-2煤层回采工作面可能存在突水溃砂风险,并设计了两排帷幕注浆孔。注浆治理工程完成后的放水试验结果表明,烧变岩含水层补给量大幅度减小,治理效果显著,可以保障煤层的安全开采,研究成果对榆神府矿区的矿井水害防治及水资源保护具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。

地下水封石油洞库竖直水幕设计参数及其影响分析

滨海地区地下水封石油洞库工程中,需要增设竖直水幕系统,以满足其水封性和控制海水入侵。为研究竖直水幕系统的设计方法与参数,以滨海地区某地下水封石油洞库为例,通过有限元数值模拟方法获得了竖直水幕孔距主洞室距离d、竖直水幕孔间距b、竖直水幕孔长度l和竖直水幕孔注水压力p_(i)4个参数对洞库周围地下水渗流场、水封性、涌水量以及海水分布范围的影响规律,并与现有结果进行了对比验证。研究表明:竖直水幕孔距主洞室距离主要影响竖直水幕孔的埋深范围,长度的影响范围取决于超出主洞室的变化位置,间距和注水压力影响整个深度范围;4个参数对水封性和抑制海水入侵的影响程度顺序分别为:b<l<d<p_(i),d<b<l<p_(i);研究中共7个工况存在海水入侵洞室的风险,需进一步增强淡水补给。研究结论可为滨海地区地下水封石油洞库的竖直水幕设计参数提供一定理论依据。

濒海富水软土地质悬挂式止水帷幕深基坑管涌防治技术

地铁车站深基坑开挖过程中易出现管涌灾害,基于天津濒海某地铁车站地下连续墙未隔断第1,2层承压水、第2层承压水与第1层承压水局部连通以及承压水层厚度较大的情况,针对本工程深基坑土方开挖过程中出现管涌险情进行原因分析,制订了双液注浆封堵、更换大功率潜水泵、基坑内施作排水沟和集水井、加强垫层及增设降水井等多种处理措施,有效地控制了管涌险情,为类似工程管涌险情的应急处理提供了技术支撑。同时,为预防和减少类似工程管涌险情的发生提出了一些建议。

西南地区急倾斜薄煤层充水采空区地面注浆堵水工艺研究及应用

针对金沙水电站蓄水区南岸的相关煤矿采空区的治理,选择帷幕注浆堵水为治理方案。通过钻孔将水泥浆充填采空区及其上部裂隙,切断金沙江与矿井之间的径流通道,其中帷幕孔注浆采用水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆工艺,一般注浆孔采用水泥浆单液注浆工艺。室内凝结时间检测试验的结果中,水泥浆的终凝时间随着水灰比的增大而逐渐从500 s以上下降到20 s左右,根据试验结果确定了合适的水泥浆配比。注浆堵水质量检测得到4组水泥芯体的采空区无侧限抗压强度均值分别为1.21、1.21、1.36、1.29 MPa,注浆段波速值为365~384m/s。抗压强度大于1 MPa,横波波速大于350 m/s,表明注浆堵水工艺实施后的质量评价结果整体满足要求,具有可行性与实用性。

不同孔间距的气泡帷幕对水中冲击波衰减特性的影响

为探究孔间距对气泡帷幕消波能力的影响效果,设计孔间距分别为2、5、8、11 cm的4种气泡帷幕发生器,分析不同孔间距的气泡帷幕对水中冲击波衰减的影响。以爆源与传感器相距60 cm、气泡帷幕处于爆源与传感器之间并距爆源水平距离50 cm作为实验工况,发现气流量的增加会提高相同孔间距的气泡帷幕对冲击波的衰减效果,并且在气流量达到40 L/min后,4种气泡帷幕的消波效果会趋于稳定。气流量相同时,随着爆源入水深度的增加,气泡帷幕的防护能力出现先上升、后下降的情况,4种气泡帷幕均在爆源入水深度60 cm时防护效果最好。对相同气流量下不同孔间距的气泡帷幕进行对比,当气流量为60 L/min时,孔间距从大到小排序,消波能力依次为54.80%、61.40%、88.56%、89.27%,表明孔间距的缩小会提高气泡帷幕的消波能力;孔间距在5 cm之后继续缩小,气泡帷幕的防护效果提升不再明显。孔间距缩小,冲击波的比冲量也会随之降低,从而大幅度削弱炸药爆炸后到达目标后的能量,减小对被保护物的破坏能力。

煤矿斜井过动水砂层帷幕注浆扩散封堵机理及应用

我国西部煤矿斜井井筒在富水松散层段大多发生渗漏水现象,有时甚至存在涌水溃砂风险,影响煤矿安全生产。为科学指导斜井过动水砂层防治水工作,以曹家滩煤矿主副斜井过动水砂层帷幕注浆为工程背景,借助有限元数值模拟软件建立了动水砂层帷幕注浆扩散封堵模型,探究了煤矿斜井过动水砂层帷幕注浆扩散封堵机理,结合具体治理区域,优化了动水砂层帷幕注浆参数及工艺,并进行了现场效果检验。研究结果表明:随着动水流速和注浆压力的增大,浆液顺水流方向扩散特征明显;注浆压力0.5MPa,动水流速0.3m/s时,顺水流方向浆液扩散半径增至1.83m;随着帷幕内壁与井筒外壁间距的增大,井筒围岩变形破坏范围逐渐远离井筒外壁,治理区域间距设置应不小于12.5m;注浆参数及工艺优化后,主副斜井治理段水量分别衰减85.6%和82.7%,治理效果显著。本文研究成果有助于解决动水砂层斜井井筒渗漏水问题,保障斜井井筒安全运营,保护矿山地下水资源。

帷幕注浆封堵寒武系灰岩导水通道效果定量判识

注浆堵水是煤矿水害防治常用的技术手段之一,而注浆效果定量判识是注浆工程中的关键环节。以平顶山煤田七矿寒武灰岩导水通道帷幕注浆封堵工程为研究对象,遴选注浆量、单位时间注浆量、延米注浆量、终孔压力、终孔层位及岩石力学强度变化为帷幕注浆堵水效果评价的指标体系。采用层次分析法、熵权法、组合赋权法确定指标因子的主观、客观及综合权重,应用模糊可变集模型定量判识了帷幕注浆堵水效果并进行了排序。研究表明,通道治理效果的综合排名为:6号通道最佳,依次是3号、2号、1号、5号和4号通道,所有钻孔和通道的注浆效果均达到合格或以上,总体表现良好。导水通道注浆封堵后,由于七矿与五矿之间水力联系较为紧密,导致两矿的水文情况显著变化。七矿动水补给量和五矿排水量在枯水期合计减少435.74 m^(3)/h,在丰水期合计降低809.98 m^(3)/h,帷幕注浆堵水效果显著。

多含水层地层45m级基坑承压水控制设计与实践

城市深层地下空间开发已成为城市发展的必然趋势,越来越多的超深基坑工程逐渐涌现。上海作为典型滨海地貌单元分布区,深部分布有复杂的多层含水层,包括微承压含水层及第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ承压含水层,部分相互联通的巨厚承压含水层厚度达50m以上,因而超深基坑实施将涉及更为复杂的多层承压含水层减压控制设计。为此,依托某挖深达45m的非圆形基坑工程,基于现场抽水试验开展了深部承压含水层水文地质参数反演分析,提出了同时满足坑内减压需求及坑外环境影响控制要求的隔-降-灌一体化承压水分层减压控制设计原则及双帷幕体系隔水方案。背景工程的承压水试验试运行及正式减压降水控制运行的实施效果良好。

基于地下水化学特征的水封油库水幕系统有效性评价

水幕系统有效性是地下水封油库安全稳定运行的重要基础条件,然而目前评价水幕系统有效性的方法并不高效便捷。以我国首个大型地下水封油库工程为背景,采集油库运行期现场水样和岩样进行水质检测分析和电镜扫描试验,获取库址区地下水水化学类型和岩石的矿物成分组成特征。采用数理统计方法,基于地下水水化学特征获得了不同部位地下水之间的水力联系,开展水幕系统有效性评价。研究表明:油库运行初期库址区地下水主要为HCO^(3)—Na•Ca型水,围岩中的钾长石、钠长石和钙长石发生水化学反应,地下水中的K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(-)浓度总体呈上升趋势,pH值总体呈下降趋势;Cl^(-)浓度低于造成钢筋腐蚀的浓度,地下水对洞库支护系统无明显腐蚀作用;洞库周边监测孔地下水与水幕供水的水化学特征相似,说明水幕系统与油库围岩之间存在较好的水力联系,形成良好的水封效果。该研究可为判断地下水封油库运行情况提供重要依据,并为评价水幕系统有效性提供了一种科学方法。