Dynamic Calibration of the Cutting Temperature Sensor of NiCr/NiSi Thin-film Thermocouple

In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.

Dynamic calibration method of capacitive pressure measuring device

This paper presents working principle,structure and a dynamic calibration method of capacitive pressure measuring device.Using this method,placing calibrated capacitive electronic pressure measuring device and three standard sensors in simulation chamber pressure generator is proper and the data generated by them are analyzed and compared.This calibration method realizes dynamic calibration of capacitive electronic pressure measuring device under actual working pressure;pressure signal and frequency spectrum are analyzed.The experimental results show that simulation chamber pressure calibration method is feasible.

WRIST FORCE SENSOR'S DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE CALIBRATION BASED ON NEGATIVE STEP RESPONSE

Negative step response experimental method is used in wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance calibration. The exciting manner of negative step response method is the same as wrist force sensor＇s load in working. This experimental method needn＇t special experiment equipments. Experiment＇s dynamic repeatability is good. So wrist force sensor＇s dynamic performance is suitable to be calibrated by negative step response method. A new correlation wavelet transfer method is studied. By wavelet transfer method, the signal is decomposed into two dimensional spaces of time-frequency. So the problem of negative step exciting energy concentrating in the low frequency band is solved. Correlation wavelet transfer doesn＇t require that wavelet primary function be orthogonal and needn＇t wavelet reconstruction. So analyzing efficiency is high. An experimental bench is designed and manufactured to load the wrist force sensor orthogonal excitation force/moment. A piezoelectric force sensor is used to setup soft trigger and calculate the value of negative step excitation. A wrist force sensor is calibrated. The pulse response function is calculated after negative step excitation and step response have been transformed to positive step excitation and step response. The pulse response function is transferred to frequency response function. The wrist force sensor＇s dynamic characteristics are identified by the frequency response function.

Research on dynamic error compensation for an armored K type thermocouple

A new method was proposed, in which a high-power CO2 laser modulated by high frequency was used as the driv- ing source to heat up a surface-temperature sensor. The continual beam and the pulsed beam sent out by the same laser could be used in the same system to carry on the static calibration of the radiation thermometer and the dynamic calibration of the temperature sensor to be checked. The frequency-response characteristics of high-speed radiation thermometer surpassed that of the temperature sensor, therefore it could be used as the reference value to calibrate the latter and let system error be cor- rected. Differences in the environment of the sensor installing and the error caused by the change of thermo-physical proper- ty could be avoided. Thus, the difficult problem of traceable dynamic calibration of temperature was solved. In experiment, to obtain the frequency characteristics of the thermocouple and the dynamic performance of the K type thermocouple, which could compensate the dynamic characteristics of the sensor, the sensor was dynamically corrected by using the method, and then the mathematical model was established.

Dual laterolog borehole correction based on dynamic tool constants

The positive and negative difference of deep and shallow resisitivity in formation without invasion is caused mainly by the fixed two tool constants from numerical simulations. A dynamic calibration method for tool constants is proposed based on the effects of the mud and formation resisitivity ratio on the two constants calculated using the finite element method （FEM）. Finally, four specific examples are given to validate the dynamic calibration method. It is an automatic borehole correction method and can give more accurate formation resistivity. The method is useful for dual laterolog logging.

Theoretical Research and Experimental Validation of Elastic Dynamic Load Spectra on Bogie Frame of High-speed Train

When a train runs at high speeds, the external exciting frequencies approach the natural frequencies of bogie critical components, thereby inducing strong elastic vibrations. The present international reliability test evaluation standard and design criteria of bogie frames are all based on the quasi-static deformation hypothesis. Structural fatigue damage generated by structural elastic vibrations has not yet been included. In this paper, theoretical research and experimental validation are done on elastic dynamic load spectra on bogie frame of high-speed train. The construction of the load series that correspond to elastic dynamic deformation modes is studied. The simplified form of the load series is obtained. A theory of simplified dynamic load–time histories is then deduced. Measured data from the Beijing–Shanghai Dedicated Passenger Line are introduced to derive the simplified dynamic load–time histories. The simplified dynamic discrete load spectra of bogie frame are established. Based on the damage consistency criterion and a genetic algorithm, damage consistency calibration of the simplified dynamic load spectra is finally performed. The computed result proves that the simplified load series is reasonable. The calibrated damage that corresponds to the elastic dynamic discrete load spectra can cover the actual damage at the operating conditions. The calibrated damage satisfies the safety requirement of damage consistency criterion for bogie frame. This research is helpful for investigating the standardized load spectra of bogie frame of high-speed train.

Research on measuring time constant of NANMAC thermocouple

The theory for measuring the time constant of thermocouple was introduced, and the method for measuring the time constant of NANMAC thermocouple by using dynamic calibration system of transient surface temperature sensor was proposed. In this system, static and dynamic calibrations were conducted for infrared detectors and thermocouples, and then both temperature-time curves were obtained. Since the frequency response of infrared detector is superior to that of calibrat- ed thermocouple, the values measured by infrared detectors are taken as true values. Through dividing the values measured with thermocouples by those with infrared detectors, a normalized curve was obtained, based on which the time constant of thermocouple was measured. With this method, the experiments were carried out with NANMAC thermocouple to obtain its time constant. The results show that the method for measuring the time constant is feasible and the dynamic calibration of thermocouples can be achieved at microsecond and millisecond level. This research has a certain reference value for research and application of NANMAC thermocouple temperature sensor.

Signal de-noising method based on wavelet decomposition

A noise reduction method for infrared detector output signal is studied during dynamic calibration of thermocou- pie. Firstly, the deficiency of the classical filter method is analyzed and the application of the wavelet analysis is introduced for signal de-noising during the dynamic testing. Secondly, the theoretical basis of wavelet analysis, the choice of wavelet base and the determination of decomposed series and threshold are analyzed. Finally, the de-noising experiment for infrared detector signal is carried out on the Matlab platform. The results indicate the proposed wavelet de-noising method is effective to remove fixed frequency and high-frequency noise; furthermore, good synchronization is achieved between the de-noised signal and the useful signal components in the original signal, which is of great significance to thermocouple modeling analys- is.

Fitting V F Converter*ss Output Using High Order Neural Networks

A new method is presented in this paper for fitting VFC*ss (voltage to frequency converter) output functions by using high order neural networks. The nonlinear estimation is implemented when the VFC110 is used at a full scale output frequency of 4 MHz. Two kinds of on line dynamic calibrating circuits are designed to improve the sampling precision. This method can also be applied to different industrial applications.

Reconstruction of shock wave pressure field based on distributed test system

A new distributed test system composed of multiple test nodes was designed by adopting storage test technology to test shock waves in explosion field. The advantage of the system is the application of sensor lattice whose rise time is microsecond level, which can quickly response to transient shock wave signals. In order to reduce dynamic response error, shock tube is employed to conduct dynamic calibration on the system. The overpressure peak values of the explosion shock wave collected by sensor lattice were used to construct a shock wave pressure field with B-spline interpolation algorithm.

The Satellite’s On-Orbit Attitude System Error Compensation Technique Based on Stereo Models

According to the problem that the low measurement accuracy of TH-1 satellite star sensor, the low frequency and “slow drift” error which cannot be ignored in the attitude determination system, resulting in obvious random error in the horizontal position and elevation direction, and the change of the error with time and latitude, cannot be calibrated by the ground field of the real problem. In this paper, a low frequency detection model is established by using the principle of relative orientation, and the low frequency error is obtained by parallax elimination. Finally, the satellite attitude is compensated and the more accurate exterior orientation elements are obtained, thus improving the positioning accuracy and stability. The experimental results show that: the proposed methods are feasible, and by using the model to dynamically calibrate the exterior orientation angle elements on orbit, the plane and elevation errors of the ground points can be basically eliminated. The global uncontrollable positioning accuracy and stability of the photogrammetry satellite are improved.

Calibration Technology of Optical Fiber Strain Sensor

As one of the hotspots of sensing technology at present, optical fiber sensor has the characteristics of small size, anti-electromagnetic interference, and easy networking, which plays an irreplaceable role in multiphysics parameter monitoring of complex electromagnetic environments. The precise calibration of the optical fiber strain sensor has great practical value in prolonging the survival rate of the sensor, improving the measurement accuracy, and meeting the needs of long-term monitoring. By reviewing the research status of strain sensor calibration method and fiber optic strain sensor calibration method, the advantages and disadvantages of the main methods are analyzed separately from the static and dynamic perspectives, and the development prospect of the calibration technology of optic fiber strain sensor is summarized.

Gas Expansion Process in the Dynamic Vacuum Calibration

By analyzing the gas expansion process from the upstream chamber via an orifice and a very rapid-opening ultra-high vacuum(UHV)gate valve to downstream one,the standard pressure analytical model basedon the dvnamic vacuum calibration apparatus in millisecond range developed by Lanzhou Institute of Physics(LIP)is deduced theoretically and corrected by real gas characteristics and temperature changes.According to the Kuudsen criterion,there is no free molecular fow regime in the area in front of the orifice during the gas expansion,so the chocked fow approximation is adopted to reduce the difficulty of numerical computation Under this anproxiuatiou and the full opening of the rapid valve,the standard pressure expression is calculated theoretically,and the upstream chamber pressure and temperature changes are obtained by numerical simulation during the gas expansion from 100 kPa to 10kPa.Also,experiments are performed using capacitance diaphragmgauges(model CDG045Dhs),The uncertainties between the measured pressure and the simulated and theoretical ones are 10%and 4.65%,respectively,which indicates that the apparatus can generate predictable pressure changes in the millisecond rauge and the conceptual model can better approximate the calibration results.Einally,the orifice conductance,and the correction factors of real gas characteristics and temperature change to the standard pressure are calculated accordins to the simulation results:the corrected staudard pressure expression is obtained.

Experimental investigation on static/dynamic characteristics of a fast-response pressure sensitive paint

An optical-based technique using Pressure-Sensitive Paint（PSP） is a promising method to measure the distribution of surface pressure on an aerodynamic model. The static and dynamic characteristics of a fast-response PSP that is developed in the Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）are analyzed and tested to serve as the basis for experiments on unsteady surface measurement using a fast-response PSP. Two calibration systems used for this study are set up to investigate the temperature dependency, response time, and resolution. A data processing method, used for dynamic data, is analyzed and selected carefully to determine the optimum signal. Results show that the fastresponse PSP can be used normally at temperatures from 25 ℃ to 80 ℃. The effect of temperature on the accuracy of the measurement must be considered when temperatures are beyond the temperature range of 30–40 ℃. The dynamic calibration device with a solenoid valve can achieve a pressure jump within a millisecond order. The resolution is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the photo-multiplier tube. Results of the measurement show that the response time of the PSP decreases with a large pressure variation, and the response time is below 0.016 s when the pressure variation is under 40 kPa.

Development of the automatic navigation system for combine harvester based on GNSS

An automatic navigation system was developed to realize automatic driving for combine harvester,including the mechanical design,control method and software design.First of all,for the harvester modified with the automatic navigation system,a dynamic calibration method of the rear wheel center position was proposed.The control part included the navigation controller and the steering controller.A variable universe fuzzy controller was designed to the navigation controller,which used fuzzy control to change the fuzzy universe of input and output dynamically,that means,under the condition that the fuzzy rules remain unchanged,the fuzzy universe changes with the change of input,which is an adaptive fuzzy control method and can modify the control strategy in time.To realize the automatic navigation of the harvester,the decision result of the navigation controller based on the variable universe fuzzy control was input into the steering controller,and then the electric steering wheel was controlled to rotate.To test the performance of the designed automatic navigation system,the field experiment was carried out.When the combine harvester was navigating linearly at a speed of 0.8 m/s,the overall root mean square error(RMSE)of the lateral deviation was 5.87 cm.The test results showed that the system was designed could make the combine track the preset path smoothly and stably,and the tracking accuracy was at the centimeter level.

Virtual-actual Space Alignment Based on Salient Color Features in VR Aided Tele-operation System

A dynamic calibration method is developed for virtual actual space alignment in VR aided tele operation systems. During model building natural or man made salient color features in the actual environment are picked out and marked on the environment model. During tele operation, if the color camera mounted on the tele operation platform sees some of the modeled color features, the platform orientation can be determined from a single camera view. Correspondence between detected features and modeled features is based on the color attributes and the geometric relationships between them. Finally, a simple closed form location calculation for a 4DOF moving camera is given based on the locations of the three feature points.

Fitting VFC's Output Using Functionally Connected High-Order Neural Networks

A new method is presented in this paper for fitting Voltage-to-Frequency Converter (VFC's) output functions by using Functionally Connected High-order Neural Networks (FCHNN). The nonlinear estimation is implemented when the VFC110 is used at a full-scale output frequency of 4 MHz. Two kinds of on-line dynamic calibrating circuits are designed to improve the sampling precision. This method can also be applied to different industrial areas.