Study on fuzzy control of dynamic equalization based on state prediction

A new method of using dynamic equalization technology to realize the maximum energy storage utilization was presented to overcome the influence of the disaccord among units of series super capacitor （SC） bank and ensure that the units could work safely. By considering in combination with the high specific power, low working voltage, wide voltage working range and noulinear external characteristics, we present constant duty ratio pulse frequency modulation mode and fuzzy control method based on state prediction in the active equalization circuit and accomplish the software and hardware design for the equalization system. The simulation analysis and experiment results of constant current muhi-cycle and variable current multi-cycle charge-discharge process verify the validity of the design.

Emerging of Stochastic Dynamical Equalities and Steady State Thermodynamics from Darwinian Dynamics

The evolutionary dynamics first conceived by Darwin and Wallace, referring to as Darwinian dynamics in the present paper, has been found to be universally valid in biology. The statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, while enormous successful in physics, have been in an awkward situation of wanting a consistent dynamical understanding. Here we present from a formal point of view an exploration of the connection between thermodynamics and Darwinian dynamics and a few related topics. We first show that the stochasticity in Darwinian dynamics implies the existence temperature, hence the canonical distribution of Boltzmann-Gibbs type. In term of relative entropy the Second Law of thermodynamics is dynamically demonstrated without detailed balance condition, and is valid regardless of size of the system. In particular, the dynamical component responsible for breaking detailed balance condition does not contribute to the change of the relative entropy. Two types of stochastic dynamical equalities of current interest are explicitly discussed in the present approach： One is based on Feynman-Kac formula and another is a generalization of Einstein relation. Both are directly accessible to experimental tests. Our demonstration indicates that Darwinian dynamics represents logically a simple and straightforward starting point for statistical mechanics and thermodynamics and is complementary to and consistent with conservative dynamics that dominates the physical sciences. Present exploration suggests the existence of a unified stochastic dynamical framework both near and far from equilibrium.

Gain Efficient L-band EDFA With Dynamic Gain Equalization

A gain efficient L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier with dynamic gain equalization is presented. Using a single fiber Bragg grating and a static equalizer, the gain is clamped at 27dB with less than 0.5dB variations over 35nm.

Dynamic Gain Equalizer Based on the H-PDLC Volume Phase Grating

The structure and Bragg diffraction characteristics of volume phase gratings based on H-PDLC technology are presented, and the principles and simulation aided design of dynamic gain equalizers with the gratings are discussed.

Energy equalizing routing for fast data gathering in wireless sensor networks

Energy saving and fast responding of data gathering are two crucial factors for the performance of wireless sensor networks. A dynamic tree based energy equalizing routing scheme （DTEER） was proposed to make an effort to gather data along with low energy consumption and low time delay. DTEER introduces a dynamic multi-hop route selecting scheme based on weight-value and height-value to form a dynamic tree and a mechanism similar to token passing to elect the root of the tree. DTEER can simply and rapidly organize all the nodes with low overhead and is robust enough to the topology changes. When compared with power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems （PEGASIS） and the hybrid, energy- efficient, distributed clustering approach （HEED）, the simulation results show that DTEER achieves its intention of consuming less energy, equalizing the energy consumption of all the nodes, alleviating the data gathering delay, as well as extending the network lifetime perfectly.

Effects of Grain Refinement by ECAP on the Deformation Resistance of Al Interpreted in Terms of Boundary-Mediated Processes

Results of a large set of tensile and compressive creep tests on pure Al were reanalyzed for the influence of low-and high-angle grain boundaries on the deformation resistance at the temperature T = 473 K = 0.51 Tmwhere Tm is the melting point.Thermomechanical treatment by equal channel angular pressing followed by heating to T led to strong increase of areal fraction of high-angle boundaries in a structure of subgrains of ≈10^-6m in size,accompanied by significant reduction of subgrain strengthening and of the stress sensitivity of the deformation rate.（Sub）grain strengthening by low-angle boundaries is most effective;the strengthening effect virtually disappears during creep as the boundary spacings coarsen toward their stress-dependent,quasi-stationary size wqs.The same type of coarsening is found for（sub）grain structures with large fraction of high-angle boundaries;in the quasi-stationary state they lead to softening at low and strengthening at high stresses,and a significant increase in tensile fracture strain to values up to 0.8.The results are analogous to former results for Cu and are explained in the same way by the influence of boundaries on storage and recovery of crystal defects and the homogenization of glide.