Multipath Source Self Repair Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A multipath source self repair routing (MSSRR) algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks is proposed. By using multiple paths which can be repaired by themselves to transmit packets alternately, the network's load is balanced, the link state in the network can be checked in time, the number of the times the route discovery mechanism starts is decreased. If only one route which will be broken can be used to transmit the packets, the route discovery mechanism is restarted.The algorithm is implemented on the basis of dynamic source routing (DSR). The effect of MSSRR on lifetime of the access from the source to the destination and the overhead is discussed. Compared with the performance of DSR,it can be seen that the algorithm can improve the performance of the network obviously and the overhead almost does not increase if the average hop count is larger.

An Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Routing on MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is a group of low-power con-sumption of wireless mobile nodes that configure a wireless network without the assistance of any existing infrastructure/centralized organization.The primary aim of MANETs is to extendflexibility into the self-directed,mobile,and wireless domain,in which a cluster of autonomous nodes forms a MANET routing system.An Intrusion Detection System(IDS)is a tool that examines a network for mal-icious behavior/policy violations.A network monitoring system is often used to report/gather any suspicious attacks/violations.An IDS is a software program or hardware system that monitors network/security traffic for malicious attacks,sending out alerts whenever it detects malicious nodes.The impact of Dynamic Source Routing(DSR)in MANETs challenging blackhole attack is investigated in this research article.The Cluster Trust Adaptive Acknowledgement(CTAA)method is used to identify unauthorised and malfunctioning nodes in a MANET environment.MANET system is active and provides successful delivery of a data packet,which implements Kalman Filters(KF)to anticipate node trustworthiness.Furthermore,KF is used to eliminate synchronisation errors that arise during the sending and receiving data.In order to provide an energy-efficient solution and to minimize network traffic,route optimization in MANET by using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO)technique to determine the optimal num-ber of clustered MANET along with energy dissipation in nodes.According to the researchfindings,the proposed CTAA-MPSO achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR)of 3.3%.In MANET,the PDR of CTAA-MPSO improves CTAA-PSO by 3.5%at 30%malware.

POWER-AWARE ROUTING BASED ON DSR FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Energy consumption is a crucial design concern in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) since nodes are powered by batteries with limited energy, whereas Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol does not take the energy limitation of MANET nodes into account. This paper proposes an energy-saving routing algorithm based on DSR: Power Aware Routing protocol based on DSR (PAR-DSR). The design objective of PAR-DSR is to select energy-efficient paths. The main features of PAR-DSR are: (1) Nodes use the Signal Attenuation Rate (SAR) to conduct power control operations; (2) Minimum path cost as metric to balance the traffic and energy consumption of wireless nodes. The simulation results show that PAR-DSR can greatly reduce the energy consumption of MANET nodes. The average node lifetime of PAR-DSR is 50%-77% longer than that of DSR.

Fuzzy Logic QoS Dynamic Source Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Considering the characters of dynamic topology and the imprecise state information in mobile ad hoc network,we propose a Fuzzy Logic QoS Dynamic Source Routing(FLQDSR)algorithm based on Dynamic Source Routing(DSR)protocol while adopting fuzzy logic to select the appropriate QoS routing in multiple paths which are searched in parallel.This scheme considers not only the bandwidth and end-to-end delay of routing,but also the cost of the path.On the otherhand the merit of using fuzzy logic is that it can be implemented by hardware.This makes the realization of the schemeeasier and faster.However our algorithm is based on DSR,the maximal hop count should be less than 10,i.e.,the scaleof mobile ad hoc network should not be very large.Simulation results show that FLQDSR can tolerate a high degree of in-formation imprecision by adding the fuzzy logic module which integrates the QoS requirements of application and the rout-ing QoS parameters to determine the most qualified one in every node.

Novel multi-path routing scheme for UWB Ad hoc network

The routing protocols play an important role for ad hoc networks performance.As some problems with DSR,SMR,and AMR protocols were analyzed,a new routing protocol suitable for UWB Ad hoc networks was proposed in this paper.The new routing protocol utilize an act of orientation of UWB and tries to get sufficient route information and decrease the network load caused by route discovery at the same time.Simulation results show that the routing load of the new protocol is lower and throughput is higher than that of DSR.While the node’s mobility increases,these advantages become more obvious.

A Secure and Pragmatic Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

An ad hoc network is a group of wireless mobile computers(or nodes),in which individual nodes cooperate by forwarding packets for each other to allow nodes to communicate beyond direct wireless transmission range.Because of node mobility and power limitations,the network topology changes frequently.Routing protocol plays an important role in the ad hoc network.A recent trend in ad hoc network routing is the reactive on-demand philosophy where routes are established only when required.As an optimization for the current Dynamic Source Routing Protocol,a secure and pragmatic routes selection scheme based on Reputation Systems was proposed.We design the Secure and Pragmatic Routing protocol and implement simulation models using GloMoSim.Simulation results show that the Secure and Pragmatic Routing protocol provides better experimental results on packet delivery ratio,power consumption and system throughput than Dynamic Source Routing Protocol.

基于泛洪区域限定的改进DSR

针对动态源路由(Dynamic Source Routing,DSR)因泛洪路由请求包(Route Request,RREQ)而产生的高路由开销问题,提出基于区域的路由发现机制(Zone-based Route Discovery Mechanism,ZRDM)的DSR。ZRDM路由依据节点的通信环境以及邻居节点的分布情况,将节点通信区域划分为三个子区域。每个节点包含一个邻居表,并将邻居节点划分为三个子区域。同时DSR只允许部分节点传输RREQ包。仿真结果表明,提出的ZRDM路由降低了开销,提高了数据包传递率。在节点数为140时,相比DSR,ZRDM路由的归一化开销下降了约47.8%,数据包传递率提高约2.78%。

DSR协议的路由缓存策略

分析移动自组网动态源路由(DSR)协议路由缓存中存在的问题及其对DSR协议性能的影响。针对DSR路由缓存中失效路由导致该协议性能下降的问题,在DSR协议中引入AODV协议的局部连接性管理机制,提出可以主动发现过期路由的DSR(DSR-SRAD)协议,阐述其设计思想和实现细节。采用网络仿真软件NS2测试DSR-SRAD,DSR和AODV,结果表明DSR-SRAD协议的分组传送成功率较高,其平均端到端延迟和路由控制开销较小。

动态源路由协议(DSR)在Linux下的实现

动态源路由协议(DynamicSourceRoutingProtocol,DSR)是由移动节点组成的多跳无线AdHoc网络犤3,4犦中一种简单和行之有效的路由协议犤1犦。协议允许任一结点动态发现到达AdHoc网络中其它任意节点的路由,所有的路由信息由DSR自动地进行维护。每个DSR头部都携带了到达目的节点的完整的路由跃点列表(hoplist),中间节点只需简单地对分组进行转发即可。同时DSR协议完全按需(on-demand)的特性可以显著减少路由协议的开销,节省了电池能量,减少了分组冲突的概率并减少了潜在的大规模的路径更新信息的传播。使用DSR协议可以实现AdHoc网络的完全的自组织和自配置而无需任何已经存在的网络基础设施。论文详细论述了DSR路由协议在Linux操作系统下借助Netfilter的实现。

MANET路由协议DSR的OPNET实现及仿真

移动自组网是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个支持多跳的临时性的网络自治系统,目前设计的MANET路由协议大多采用按需路由方式.文中针对OPNET网络仿真平台设计了按需路由方式中一种主流的路由协议——DSR协议的实现方式,并进行了仿真实验.

DSR协议下3种攻击的影响比较与仿真研究

针对移动AdHoc网络的动态拓扑容易遭受各种网络攻击的特点,研究和比较现有的多种攻击模型,在动态源路由(DSR)协议下提出将黑洞节点按主动攻击和被动攻击进行分类的方法。在NS2网络仿真平台上实现包括RREQ洪泛攻击、被动型黑洞攻击和主动型黑洞攻击在内的3种攻击模式。通过仿真实验评估和比较这3种攻击对网络性能的影响,得出结论,就破坏性而言,RREQ洪泛攻击强于黑洞攻击,而主动型黑洞攻击强于被动型黑洞攻击。

一种无人机自组网DSR协议优化方法

针对DSR协议的路由优化问题,结合无人机网络的特点,提出一种基于萤火虫算法的无人机自组网DSR协议优化方法。该方法综合利用节点的能量消耗、缓冲拥塞、移动速率和传输损耗构建萤火虫的适应度函数,根据适应度函数来衡量萤火虫的荧光亮度,通过萤火虫初始化、萤火虫移动和更新荧光值等阶段的路由搜索过程,对DSR协议的路由算法进行综合优化,解决无人机自组网传输链路稳定性不佳的问题。使用OPNET仿真工具评估了优化前后DSR协议的各项指标,仿真结果表明,相比传统方法,优化方法在无人机场景下,业务接收速率提高了33.8%,平均端到端时延降低了73.91%,路由负荷发送速率减少了44.99%,路由负荷接收速率减少了37.55%,丢包率减少了68.01%。所提方法均衡优化了无人机自组网的网络性能和路由开销,可以为无人机自组网提供稳定高效的路由服务。

车载通信网中基于DSR分层机制的移动代理路由策略研究

分析了现有动态源路由(dynamic source routing,DSR)协议机制以及在车载通信网路由发现中存在的问题,提出一种基于DSR分层机制的移动代理路由策略(cluster mobile agent-dynamic source routing,CM-DSR),并对设计的算法进行仿真实验。结果表明,所提出的CM-DSR协议与DSR路由协议相比较,较大幅度地降低了端到端的传输延迟,减少了路由请求次数,包的提交率也有一定程度的提高。

基于小世界理论和QoS支持的DSR协议

动态源路由(DSR)协议是一种按需路由协议,存在着搜索路由时延较大,没有考虑节点能量等问题。针对DSR协议的这些不足,提出一种改进的DSR(IDSR)协议。IDSR协议首先预测即将发送数据的节点,然后应用小世界理论提前探测出该节点所在网络的拓扑结构。当预测准确时,可以省去路由发现过程,减少传输时延。在进行路由选择时,以时延和剩余能量作为最佳路由的选择标准,提供QoS支持。仿真实验表明:与DSR协议相比,IDSR协议降低了路由开销、平均时延和平均跳数,分组抵达率和网络生存周期也有一定程度提高。

多路径DSR和AODV路由协议性能研究

在支持移动节点和自组织网络的路由协议中,最典型的单径路由协议是DSR和AODV协议,对它们进行扩展分别得到相应的多径路由协议。通过仿真比较分析这2种多径路由协议在混合无线Mesh网络和移动AdHoc网络中的性能。结果显示,混合无线Mesh网络中的这2种多径路由协议具有分组传输率高、端到端的平均延时和路由开销小等优点。以DSR协议为基础扩展得到的多径路由协议,在高度动态的网络环境中,性能得到了改善,能广泛应用于移动性强的环境中。

一种面向移动Ad Hoc网络DSR协议的改进泛洪算法

在移动自组织网络中,基于移动节点地理位置辅助信息,提出了一种新的泛洪算法——位置辅助泛洪改进算法(ILFA),ILFA通过节点位置信息重传广播分组并有效控制网络流量。此外,将ILFA应用于经典MANET源路由(dynamic source routing,DSR)协议中,通过限定请求区域和期望区域等限制路由发现的有效范围,进而通过设置提名广播重传邻居列表限定路由请求分组重传范围,有效减小DSR路由寻路分组的传播次数。仿真结果证明,和传统泛洪方案相比,ILFA能够有效减小DSR路由协议的路由开销并提升MANET吞吐量。

面向链路状态信息的路由算法LSDSR

提出一种WA mesh网络组网方式,将WALN技术与Ad hoc技术相结合,充分发挥二者的优势。针对WA mesh需要高性能路由算法,提出一种基于链路状态信息的改进路由算法LSDSR。分析表明WA mesh网络不仅具备WLAN网络成本低、吞吐量高、通信可靠的特点,还具备Ad hoc网络的高移动性、高灵活性、高抗毁性的特点。LSDSR路由算法能够减少路由中断的几率,减少网络中洪泛信息的出现,不仅改善了路由发现时间和链路负载,而且改善了路由请求信息和丢包率,提升了网络的效率,对链路的延迟、网络确认控制方面也有更良好的表现。

基于DSR的位置预测分簇算法

提出一种将动态源路由(DSR)协议与基于位置预测的分簇算法相结合的Ad hoc网络路由算法。算法中利用位置预测算法进行分簇,簇内成员无需路由功能,同时根据实际需要和应用环境做出合理的位置判断,针对动态变化的无线网络环境,进行归一化处理。算法中位置信息通过GPS或者自定位算法获取,簇头运行DSR协议充当路由转发器,使不同簇节点之间的通信依赖于各簇的簇头,大大减少了网络路由信息的冗余。模拟结果显示该算法性能具有良好的分组递交率和较低的平均端到端分组时延。

使用新判据的改进型DSR协议

传统的无线Mesh网络路由协议都集中于寻找具有最小跳数的路径,但是,这样的路径可能会包含高损耗的链路,从而导致网络吞吐量的大幅度降低。因此,新的路由算法通过进一步考虑链路质量来选择更好的路由。首先,为方便新的路由判据的使用,局部优化了传统的DSR协议为改进的DSR协议。然后,为实现路径链路质量最优与最小跳数之间的均衡,提出一种新的路由判据O-WCETT,将其与WCETT(累计期望传输时间)、HOP(最小跳数)分别应用于改进后的DSR(动态源路由)协议中,采用NS2仿真软件对其性能进行评估。仿真结果表明,在相同的无线传输和网络规模条件下,使用新路由判据O-WCETT的改进型DSR协议使得网络的分组投递率性能更高,端到端平均时延和路由开销都明显减小,并且随着节点移动速度的加快,使用新判据的DSR协议带来的网络性能改善更为显著。

改进蚁群算法在DSR路由协议中的应用

针对移动Ad hoc网络节点移动频繁和单路径DSR路由协议不能均衡负载、网络健壮性低以及蚁群算法存在局部查询最优的问题,提出一种改进的蚁群算法,并把改进的蚁群算法应用到单路径路由协议DSR,设计出基于蚁群算法的多路径路由协议IDSR,通过仿真实验,从影响Ad hoc网络路由协议性能优劣的3个主要指标来比较IDSR、DSR路由协议和SMR路由协议的性能,实验结果表明,虽然改进协议IDSR路由开销比DSR、SMR稍有增加,但分组的投递率和平均端到端延时性能都有明显提高。