Methodology to Evaluate Fatigue Damage of High-Speed Train Welded Bogie Frames Based on On-Track Dynamic Stress Test Data

The current method of estimating the fatigue life of railway structures is to calculating the equivalent stress amplitude based on the measured stress data. However, the random of the measured data is not considered. In this paper, a new method was established to compute the equivalent stress amplitude to evaluate the fatigue damage based on the measurable randomness, since the equivalent stress is the key parameter for assessment of structure fatigue life and load derivation. The equivalent stress amplitude of a high-speed train welded bogie frame was found to obey normal distribution under uniform operation route that verified by on-track dynamic stress data, and the proposed model is, in effect, an improved version of the mathematical model used to calculate the equivalent stress amplitude. The data of a long-term, on-track dynamic stress test program was analyzed to find that the normal distribution parameters of equivalent stress amplitude values differ across different operation route. Thus, the fatigue damage of the high-speed train welded bogie frame can be evaluated by the proposed method if the running schedule of the train is known a priori. The results also showed that the equivalent stress amplitude of the region connected to the power system is more random than in other regions of the bogie frame.

Dynamic stress accumulation model of granite residual soil under cyclic loading based on small-size creep tests

The creep behaviors of granite residual soil with pre-stress of 100 kPa was investigated by a series of small size creep tests. Three different types of strain curves were obtained at different stress levels. Based on creep characteristics of the granite residual soil under different stress levels, a creep model of the granite residual soil was established by rheological theory, and related parameters of the model were determined according to the experimental data at the same time. Further on, based on the established creep model, a theoretical model of dynamic stress accumulation in the granite residual soil under cyclic loading was deduced. It is found that there is a threshold of dynamic stress accumulation in this theoretical model. The dynamic stress accumulation laws of the granite residual soil are different under different cyclic loading stress. Finally, with the dynamic stress accumulation laws in the small-size samples of granite residual soil under different cycle loading studied and the experimental results comparing with the theoretical results, it verifies the validity of the theoretical model.

Dynamic behaviour of weathered red mudstone in Sichuan(China)under triaxial cyclic loading

The construction of a high-speed railway(HSR) in Southwest China is being hindered by a severe shortage of high-quality subgrade materials. However, red mudstone is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin of China. The ability to use weathered red mudstone(WRM) to fill subgrade beds by controlling its critical stress and cumulative strain would enable substantial savings in project investments and mitigate damage to the ecological environment. To better understand the dynamic behaviour of WRM, both monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed. The evolution of the cumulative strain vs. increased loading cycles was measured. The influences of confining pressure and loading cycles on the dynamic modulus, damping ratio, critical cyclic stress ratio(CSR), and dynamic stress level(DSL) were investigated. The relationship between the CSR and loading cycles under different failure strain criteria(0.1%-1.0%) was analysed. The prediction model of cumulative strain was also evaluated. The results indicated that the shear strength of WRM sufficiently meets the static strength requirements of subgrade. The critical dynamic stress of WRM can thus satisfy the dynamic stress-bearing requirement of the HSR subgrade. The critical CSR decreases and displays a power function with increasing confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the DSL remains relatively stable, ranging between 0.153 and 0.163. Furthermore, the relationship between the dynamic strength and loading cycles required to cause failure was established. Finally, a newly developed model for determining cumulative strain was established. A prediction exercise showed that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data.

Optimization of dynamic sequential test strategy for equipment health management

Testing is the premise and foundation of realizing equipment health management （EHM）. To address the problem that the static periodic test strategy may cause deficient test or excessive test, a dynamic sequential test strategy （DSTS） for EHM is presented. Considering the situation that equipment health state is not completely observable in reality, a DSTS optimization method based on partially observable semi-Markov decision pro- cess （POSMDP） is proposed. Firstly, an equipment health state degradation model is constructed by Markov process, and the control limit maintenance policy is also introduced. Secondly, POSMDP is formulated in great detail. And then, POSMDP is converted to completely observable belief semi-Markov decision process （BSMDP） through belief state. The optimal equation and the corresponding optimal DSTS, which minimize the long-run ex- pected average cost per unit time, are obtained with BSMDP. The results of application in complex equipment show that the proposed DSTS is feasible and effective.

An Experi mental Study on Wave-Induced Dynamic Stresses in Seabed

A series of hydraulic model tests with horizontal movable seabed under regular wave actions have been carried out to investigate the dynamic interactions between water waves and seabed soil. Seabed dynamic stresses from experiments are, tound to differ from theoretical resuhs. The response of p0 in permeable seabed has a small decay and phase shift to the nonlinear wave actions, and the dynamic stresses, σs/p0, σh/p0 and u/p0, contain different phase shift characteristics. Such phenomena will strongly affect the dynamic stress path in seabed. If the phase shifts of σs. and σh are neglected, the stress path will become a straight line; otherwise, it will become an elliptical curve. In phase shift cases, the long axis of the p - q diagram will be shortened when the depth increases, and the short axis will become longer when the phase shift increases. For the p＇ - q＇ diagram, the larger the phase lag of u, the longer the short axis. Relative results offer useful information for the analysis of seabed stability.

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions is presented. This system consists of a model test tank, a refrigeration device and temperature controller, a dynamic load device, together with sensors and data loggers for detecting stress, deformation, and temperature changes. The system can accommodate soil blocks up to 3 m in length, 2.5 m in width, and 1 m in height. The lowest temperature provided by the refrigeration device is -20 ℃. The maximum load provided by the dynamic load device is 100 kN and the vibration fi＇equency of the dynamic load can range from 0.1 to 10 Hz. A number of waveforms, such as sine waves, rectangular waves, triangle waves, and other user-defined waves can be generated by the dynamic load device controller.

Undrained dynamical behavior of Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand under cyclic loading

A series of dynamic behavior tests on Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand were performed by using the WFI cyclic triaxial apparatus made in England. The dynamic behaviors of Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand under different static deviator stress levels and cyclic stress ratios were studied. Through comparing the effective stress path under cyclic loading with static loading, the processes of liquefaction of saturated Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand with development of dynamic pore-water pressure, including the initial compact state, compression state and dilative state, were investigated. The variation of the shear stiffness with the number of cycles and cyclic strain was investigated by analyzing the secant shear modulus in each unload-reload loop of dynamic stress-strain relationship. And by means of the exponential function, the empirical equations of the relationship between secant shear modulus Gsec, shear modulus ratio Gsec/Gmax and cyclic strain ε were established based on series of test results. The results show that according to different combinations of static deviator stress and cyclic stress, two kinds of failure patterns with deviator stress reversal or no deviator stress reversal are observed in the samples tested in this series, including cyclic mobility and the failure of accumulation residual strain. In addition, the degradation of dynamic shear modulus is due to the development of vibration pore-water pressure and it is observed that the shear modulus reduces with the progressive number of cycles.

Experimental study on permanent deformation characteristics of coarse-grained soil under repeated dynamic loading

Practical assessment of subgrade settlement induced by train operation requires developing suitable models capable of describing permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade filling under repeated dynamic loading.In this paper,repeated load triaxial tests were performed on coarse-grained soil(CGS),and the axial permanent strain of CGS under different confining pressures and dynamic stress amplitudes was analysed.Permanent deformation behaviors of CGS were categorized based on the variation trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain and the shakedown theory.A prediction model of permanent deformation considering stress state and number of load cycles was established,and the ranges of parameters for different types of dynamic behaviors were also divided.The results indicated that the variational trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain can be used as a basis for classifying dynamic behaviors of CGS.The stress state(confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude)has significant effects on the permanent strain rate.The accumulative characteristics of permanent deformation of CGS with the number of load cycles can be described by a power function,and the model parameters can reflect the influence of confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude.The study’s results could help deepen understanding of the permanent deformation characteristics of CGS.

Low embankment dynamic response under vehicle traffic loads in arid-oasis areas

The use of low embankments is of significant concern for ecological protection in aridoasis areas.Based on the project of Sansha Expressway located in Kashgar City,Xinjiang,China,physical model tests were conducted in this study to investigate the dynamic response of the low embankment as per the effects of road structure,load amplitude,load frequency,load cycle,and moisture content.The dynamic stress is shown to increase with load amplitude while the dynamic elastic modulus decreases with load amplitude under short-term loading.The load frequency slightly influences the soil’s dynamic behavior;higher frequencies can improve the dynamic elastic modulus of the subgrade soil.The moisture content has greater influence on the mechanical properties of the subsoil than that of subgrade layer.The subgrade bears the majority of the traffic load as the stress dissipates to 37%of the whole value on its surface.The number of load cycles has the greatest effect on the dynamic response among the influencing factors tested.The dynamic elastic modulus with the type of long-term dynamic loading is only 40%-52%of that with static loading across the entire depth range.The dynamic stress shows significant accumulation with load cycles over the long-term dynamic loading test and becomes stable after 8×10~4 cycles of loading.An equation is established to quantify the cumulative dynamic stress in the low embankment under long-term dynamic loading conditions.

Durability of Stress Ribbon Bridge Checked during Loading Test

Stress ribbon bridges have many advantages and became recently more popular mostly because of their versatile form, slender decks giving a light aesthetic impression and durability assured by post tensioned concrete. The paper presents the first in Poland stress Ribbon Bridge constructed last year. A static and dynamic analyse of the model is presented as well as construction solutions which were used to achieve the highest durability. The bridge was checked during static and dynamic load test. The results of this prove test were compared with results obtained from examination and study of other different bridge structures. It confirmed that the bridge has good dynamic resistance and greater stiffness than assumed in the design.

Stress evolution and failure process of Brazilian disc under impact

To reveal stress distribution and crack propagation of Brazilian discs under impact loads, dynamic tests were conducted with SHPB （split Hopkinson pressure bar） device. Stress states of specimens were monitored with strain gauges on specimen surface and SHPB bars. The failure process of specimen was recorded by ultra speed camera FASTCAM SAI.1 （675 000 fps）. Stress histories from strain gauges offer comprehensive information to evaluate the stress equilibrium of specimen in time and space. When a slowly rising load （with loading rates less than 1 200 N/s for d 50 mm bar） is applied, there is usually good stress equilibrium in specimen. The stress distribution after equilibrium is similar to its static counterpart. And the first crack initiates at the disc center and propagates along the load direction. But with the front of incident wave becoming steep, it is hard for specimens to get to stress equilibrium. The first crack may appear anywhere on the specimen together with multiple randomly distributed secondary cracks. For a valid dynamic Brazil test with stress equilibrium, the specimen will break into two halves neatly. While for tests with stress disequilibrium, missing strap may be found when broken halves of specimens are put together. For those specimens broken up neatly at center but having missing wedges at the loading areas, it is usually subjected to local buckling from SHPB bars.

Dynamic strain field for granite specimen under SHPB impact tests based on stress wave propagation

The full-field strain of rock material under dynamic compression load was studied using the high-speed three dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC)method.The dynamic test was conducted on Laizhou granite using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)method.Wave propagation,dispersion and radial inertial effect on the specimen were found by DIC results.A recovery of strain in the post-peak stage was detected on the specimen by DIC,which was unrevealed in the traditional one-dimensional theory method.It can be found that the strain measured by strain gauge was a calculated average one,whereas the strain measured by 3D-DIC could reflect more variation details.Specifically,the testing principle with impact loads and rock dynamic behavior was re-examined using stress wave propagation theory.The theoretical results showed that the specimen reached equilibrium after a series of wave reflections and transmissions and its stress was infinitely close to the initial value of 109.2 MPa.Moreover,the specimen had the calculated maximum strain of 0.52% and strain rate of 15.11 s^(-1),improving the reasonable agreement with the experimental results and requirements of rock mechanical properties measured by SHPB technology.

单双向循环荷载作用下砂砾料动模量和阻尼比试验研究

通过大型振动三轴试验,研究了单双向循环荷载作用下砂砾料动弹性模量和阻尼比的变化规律,分析围压和径向循环动应力对砂砾料动力参数的影响。研究结果表明:在双向振动三轴试验中,砂砾料的轴向动应变受径向动应力的影响较小,动应变主要与施加的轴向动应力大小有关;单双向振动下砂砾料的动弹性模量均随着动应变的增大而逐渐降低,双向振动时砂砾料动弹性模量随动应变的衰减速率基本不变,在相同动应变下双向振动的动模量均低于单向振动;砂砾料在双向振动时的阻尼比大于单向振动,双向振动时消耗的动应变能更大。通过对两种试验条件下的最大动弹性模量、动模量比进行分析,建立了表述单双向试验条件下最大动弹性模量的换算关系式和双向振动试验中动模量比和动应变的修正模型。

相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂动力特性影响的试验研究

北部湾地区拥有丰富的海洋资源,海洋工程在这一地区的发展日益重要,了解海砂在不同固结应力比和密实度条件下的动力特性,对于海岸线保护、港口建设、堤防工程等都至关重要。为探究北部湾海砂的动力特性,针对北部湾海砂开展了一系列的固结不排水循环动三轴试验,分析了相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂的轴向累积应变、动弹性模量、动孔压以及滞回曲线的影响。研究表明:在相同振次水平下,随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,海砂的轴向累积应变随之减小;动孔压随着固结应力比的增大线性减小,在低相对密实度(Dr≤50%)下,动孔压随振次的增大而增大,在高相对密实度(Dr=70%)下,动孔压随振次先增后减;动弹性模量随着振次的增加出现刚度软化现象,增大相对密实度与固结应力比,较明显地减缓了动弹性模量的衰减速率;随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,滞回曲线包围的面积减小,滞回曲线由不封闭曲线转为封闭曲线。这些研究成果可以为北部湾围填海工程提供一定的参考。

细长桁架臂卸载反弹动应力分布规律及试验

为研究细长桁架臂在卸载冲击下的动态响应变化规律,提出了基于等效梁振型函数的桁架臂动应力分布计算模型。根据等效梁振型函数,探讨了卸载后桁架臂动应力分布假设,分析了影响桁架臂卸载反弹动响应的相关参数。以装备细长桁架臂的动臂塔机为对象,建立了桁架臂精细化有限元模型和起重机刚柔耦合模型,通过仿真辨识了应力分布模型的关键参数。实施了动臂塔机系列载荷卸载冲击试验,桁架臂上主弦杆的动应力试验值与理论计算结果误差小于7%,表明动应力分布理论模型与实际相符。通过理论模型预测了极限工况下桁架臂上主弦杆动应力分布状态,发现在最大载荷卸载条件下起重臂动应力峰值超过结构承载极限,为卸载条件下起重机关键结构的优化设计提供依据。

动态空心圆柱扭剪试验的离散元模拟研究

为了揭示应力主轴旋转效应对土体宏细观动力特性的影响,提出土体动态空心圆柱扭剪试验的数值模拟方法,该方法采用FDM-DEM耦合技术模拟物理试验中的完全柔性边界条件,并基于动态伺服原理实现柔性约束下循环动剪应力的精确加载。以重载列车荷载为例,建立“心形”复杂应力路径下重载铁路路基土体动态空心圆柱扭剪的数值试验模型,并通过物理试验验证数值模拟方法的正确性,分析应力主轴旋转效应对土体颗粒的运动状态、局部孔隙率、平均配位数、组构等细观特性的影响。研究结果表明,重载列车荷载引起的应力主轴旋转效应加剧了表征土体细观结构各项参数的变化程度,并加快了重载铁路路基土体竖向塑性累积变形的发展。此研究实现了复杂应力路径下空心圆柱试样的动态加载数值模拟,可为阐明土体在复杂应力路径下的宏细观动力特性演化规律提供参考。

干砂地基初始应力对爆炸波传播影响的模型试验

为了研究砂土地基初始应力对爆炸波压力峰值、上升时间、传播速度和初始应力动态卸载等传播规律的影响,开展多组干砂地基常重力和超重力爆炸模型试验.试验结果表明,初始自重应力会抑制爆炸波近区压力峰值的增长,而对远区的影响较小.初始应力的增加使得爆炸波上升时间更长,更易由冲击波衰减为弹塑性波,并使得爆炸波波速增大.超重力试验通过还原砂土地基的原型自重应力,能够模拟爆炸荷载诱发砂土地基初始应力动态卸载的过程,形成爆炸压力和土体初始应力动态卸载拉应力的耦合波,动态卸载拉应力持续时间更长.与爆炸波压应力的比冲量相比,初始应力动态卸载拉应力的比冲量随着传播距离的增加逐渐成为爆炸能量的主要部分,其产生的破坏作用不可忽视.

土-石混合填土强夯动应力的简化与修正算法

强夯法是一种加固某些土体的施工操作较为简单的方法,合理分析其夯击作用在土体中产生的动应力是工程实践中的关键环节之一。针对成都平原地区的典型土-石混合填土,通过现场夯击试验,测得了在4000 kN·m的夯击能作用下土体中不同深度处的竖向夯击动应力,鉴于既有算法与试验值的差异,从两个方面确定了适于土-石混合填土夯击动应力的简单计算方法。一方面针对较为复杂的既有理论公式问题,采用敏感性分析与回归分析法,建立了以夯锤质量、夯锤落距、夯锤半径、土体密度、土体动力剪切模量、土体泊松比、土体阻尼比、夯锤入土的速度损失率等8个参数表征夯击点冲击应力的线性回归方程;另一方面采用竖向动应力传递指数对理想弹性静力学理论公式进行修正,得到了基于拟静力法的土体中夯击动应力计算表达式,进而可分析确定强夯有效加固深度。试验结果显示,土-石混合填土的竖向动应力传递指数约为1.67357,土-石混合填土地层的强夯有效加固深度约为8.0m。

应力路径对盐城粉质黏土动剪切模量影响试验研究

沿海地区地下土常受到地震、施工、波浪等各种动力作用的影响。为了研究应力路径对粉质黏土动力特性的影响,选取盐城地区不同深度的粉质黏土原状样进行循环应力路径下的共振柱试验。结果表明:应力历史对土动力参数响应的影响显著,加卸载路径间土的最大动剪切模量Gmax和动剪切模量G之间有明显差异;在围压0~80 kPa时,Gmax快速上升,变异性减小;地质年代和埋深对土动力学参数的变化起重要作用。随着埋深增加,各应力路径下Gmax和围压变化时G的差异不断扩大,当地质年代发生变化时,G显著增加;根据试验提出最大动剪切模量与围压间的拟合关系式并提供不同应力历史粉质黏土的拟合结果,为盐城以及相关沿海地区的工程设计和施工提供参考。

细长桁架臂卸载反弹动力学行为仿真及实验

细长桁架臂是桁架臂起重机的关键工作部件,卸载反弹冲击是威胁细长桁架臂起重机结构安全的重要工况。为研究细长桁架臂在卸载冲击下的动力学行为,采用刚柔耦合多体仿真方法和起重机卸载冲击实验方法探讨了桁架臂卸载反弹条件下动应力的变化规律,推算了细长桁架臂卸载冲击动载系数。以装备细长桁架臂的动臂塔机为对象,采用刚柔耦合方法建立了包含载荷模型和结构动态特性模型的动臂塔机精细化仿真模型,分析了桁架臂反弹振动引起的动应力变化,发现了桁架臂卸载反弹动应力的分布规律。根据不同臂长的起重机起升性能表,研究了仰角-动应力关系曲线与起升性能曲线之间的关系,发现起重臂的臂中出现最大动应力所对应的起重机突然卸载工况。根据起重机卸载冲击仿真结果,建立了基于仿真预测的起重机卸载冲击实验方法,实施了细长桁架臂系列载荷卸载反弹实验。桁架臂动应力实验值与仿真值之间的误差小于13%,证明精细化模型仿真是求解桁架臂卸载冲击响应的有效工具。通过模型仿真进一步预测了极限工况下细长桁架臂卸载冲击动载系数,发现起重机设计规范中关于卸载冲击动载系数的相关规定存在缺陷,探讨了桁架臂的长细比对卸载冲击动载系数的影响,为细长桁架臂的结构优化设计提供依据。