Design of AI-Enhanced and Hardware-Supported Multimodal E-Skin for Environmental Object Recognition and Wireless Toxic Gas Alarm

Post-earthquake rescue missions are full of challenges due to the unstable structure of ruins and successive aftershocks.Most of the current rescue robots lack the ability to interact with environments,leading to low rescue efficiency.The multimodal electronic skin(e-skin)proposed not only reproduces the pressure,temperature,and humidity sensing capabilities of natural skin but also develops sensing functions beyond it—perceiving object proximity and NO2 gas.Its multilayer stacked structure based on Ecoflex and organohydrogel endows the e-skin with mechanical properties similar to natural skin.Rescue robots integrated with multimodal e-skin and artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms show strong environmental perception capabilities and can accurately distinguish objects and identify human limbs through grasping,laying the foundation for automated post-earthquake rescue.Besides,the combination of e-skin and NO2 wireless alarm circuits allows robots to sense toxic gases in the environment in real time,thereby adopting appropriate measures to protect trapped people from the toxic environment.Multimodal e-skin powered by AI algorithms and hardware circuits exhibits powerful environmental perception and information processing capabilities,which,as an interface for interaction with the physical world,dramatically expands intelligent robots’application scenarios.

Biocompatible Multifunctional E-Skins with Excellent Self-Healing Ability Enabled by Clean and Scalable Fabrication

Electronic skins(e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades.However,wearability,biocompatibility,environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However,self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here,cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol)(CNF/PVA),a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite,was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration,and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process,which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between di erent external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics,data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.

Tactile and temperature sensors based on organic transistors:Towards e-skin fabrication

Tactile and temperature sensors are the key components for e-skin fabrication.Organic transistors,a kind of intrinsic logic devices with diverse internal configurations,offer a wide range of options for sensor design and have played a vital role in the fabrication of e-skin-oriented tactile and temperature sensors.This research field has attained tremendous advancements,both in terms of materials design and device architecture,thereby leading to excellent performance of resulting tactile/temperature sensors.Herein,a systematic review of organic transistor-based tactile and temperature sensors is presented to summarize the latest progress in these devices.Particularly,we focus on spotlighting various device structures,underlying mechanisms and their performance.Lastly,an outlook for the future development of these devices is briefly discussed.We anticipate that this review will provide a quick overview of such a rapidly emerging research direction and attract more dedicated efforts for the development of next-generation sensing devices towards e-skin fabrication.

Recent advances in ultrathin materials and their applications in e-skin

Intelligent technologies based on artificial intelligence and big data hold great potential for health monitoring and human–machine capability enhancement.However,electronics must be connected to the human body to realize this vision.Thus,tissue or skin-like electronics with high stretchability and low stiffness mechanical properties are highly desirable.Ultrathin materials have attracted significant attention from the research community and the industry because of their high performance and flexibility.Over the past few years,considerable progress has been made in flexible ultrathin sensors and devices based on ultrathin materials.Here,we review the developments in this area and examine representative research progress in ultrathin materials fabrication and device construction.Strategies for the fabrication of stretchable ultrathin materials and devices are considered.The relationship between the thin-film structure and performance is emphasized and highlighted.Finally,the current capabilities and limitations of ultrathin devices were explored.

Ultra-robust stretchable electrode for e-skin:In situ assembly using a nanofiber scaffold and liquid metal to mimic water-to-net interaction

The development of stretchable electronics could enhance novel interface structures to solve the stretchability-conductivity dilemma,which remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a nano-liquid metal(LM)-based highly robust stretchable electrode(NHSE)with a self-adaptable interface that mimics water-tonet interaction.Based on the in situ assembly of electrospun elastic nanofiber scaffolds and electrosprayed LM nanoparticles,the NHSE exhibits an extremely low sheet resistance of 52 mΩsq^(-1).It is not only insensitive to a large degree of mechanical stretching(i.e.,350%electrical resistance change upon 570%elongation)but also immune to cyclic deformation(i.e.,5%electrical resistance increases after 330000 stretching cycles with 100%elongation).These key properties are far superior to those of the state-of-the-art reports.Its robustness and stability are verified under diverse circumstances,including long-term exposure to air(420 days),cyclic submersion(30000 times),and resilience against mechanical damages.The combination of conductivity,stretchability,and durability makes the NHSE a promising conductor/electrode solution for flexible/stretchable electronics for applications such as wearable on-body physiological signal detection,human-machine interaction,and heating e-skin.

Robust conductive skin hydrogel e-skin constructed by top-down strategy for motion-monitoring

The construction of biomass-based conductive hydrogel e-skins with high mechanical properties is the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of biomass materials.Traditional collagen-based conductive hydrogels,constructed by the typical"bottom-up"strategy,normally have the incompatible problem between high mechanical property and high collagen content,and the extraction of collagen is often necessary.To solve these problems,inspired by the high mechanical properties and high collagen content of animal skins,this work proposed a"top-down"construction strategy,in which the extraction of collagen was unnecessary and the skin collagen skeleton(SCS)with the 3D network structure woven by natural collagen fibers in goatskin was preserved and used as the basic framework of hydrogel.Following a four-step route,namely,pretreatment→soaking in AgNPs(silver nanoparticles)solution→soaking in the mixed solution containing HEA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)and AlCl_(3)→polymerization,this work successfully achieved the fabrication of a new skin-based conductive hydrogel e-skin with high mechanical properties(tensile strength of 2.97 MPa,toughness of 6.23 MJ·m^(-3)and breaking elongation of 428%)by using goatskin as raw material.The developed skin hydrogel(called PH@Ag)possessed a unique structure with the collagen fibers encapsulated by PHEA,and exhibited satisfactory adhesion,considerable antibacterial property,cytocompatibility,conductivity(3.06 S·m^(-1))and sensing sensitivity(the maximum gauge factor of 5.51).The PH@Ag e-skin could serve as strain sensors to accurately monitor and recognize all kinds of human motions such as swallowing,frowning,walking,and so on,and thus is anticipated to have considerable application prospect in many fields including flexible wearable electronic devices,health and motion monitoring.

Recent advances and innovations in the design and fabrication of wearable flexible biosensors and human health monitoring systems based on conjugated polymers

Wearable biosensors have received great interest as patient-friendly diagnostic technologies because of their high flexibility and conformability.The growing research and utilization of novel materials in designing wearable biosensors have accelerated the development of point-of-care sensing platforms and implantable biomedical devices in human health care.Among numerous potential materials,conjugated polymers(CPs)are emerging as ideal choices for constructing high-performance wearable biosensors because of their outstanding conductive and mechanical properties.Recently,CPs have been extensively incorporated into various wearable biosensors to monitor a range of target biomolecules.However,fabricating highly reliable CP-based wearable biosensors for practical applications remains a significant challenge,necessitating novel developmental strategies for enhancing the viability of such biosensors.Accordingly,this review aims to provide consolidated scientific evidence by summarizing and evaluating recent studies focused on designing and fabricating CP-based wearable biosensors,thereby facilitating future research.Emphasizing the superior properties and benefits of CPs,this review aims to clarify their potential applicability within this field.Furthermore,the fundamentals and main components of CP-based wearable biosensors and their sensing mechanisms are discussed in detail.The recent advancements in CP nanostructures and hybridizations for improved sensing performance,along with recent innovations in next-generation wearable biosensors are highlighted.CPbased wearable biosensors have been—and will continue to be—an ideal platform for developing effective and user-friendly diagnostic technologies for human health monitoring.

Recent advances and future prospects in tactile sensors for normal and shear force detection,decoupling,and applications

Human skin,through its complex mechanoreceptor system,possesses the exceptional ability to finely perceive and dif-ferentiate multimodal mechanical stimuli,forming the biological foundation for dexterous manipulation,environmental explo-ration,and tactile perception.Tactile sensors that emulate this sensory capability,particularly in the detection,decoupling,and application of normal and shear forces,have made significant strides in recent years.This review comprehensively examines the latest research advancements in tactile sensors for normal and shear force sensing,delving into the design and decoupling methods of multi-unit structures,multilayer encapsulation structures,and bionic structures.It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing principles,including piezoresistive,capacitive,and self-powered mechanisms,and evalu-ates their application potential in health monitoring,robotics,wearable devices,smart prosthetics,and human-machine interaction.By systematically summarizing current research progress and technical challenges,this review aims to provide forward-looking insights into future research directions,driving the development of electronic skin technology to ultimately achieve tactile perception capabilities comparable to human skin.

压力-温度双功能柔性传感器的构建及在生物医学中的应用

柔性可穿戴电子器件因其在人体运动检测、健康监测、人工智能和人机交互等领域的广泛应用备受关注。柔性传感器作为人体和环境交互的重要组成部分,具有良好的柔韧性和感知外部刺激的能力。外界施加的压力刺激以及人体自身或者环境温度的变化都会对个人生活产生影响。因此,目前的研究重点在于开发具有压力-温度双功能传感性能的柔性传感器。本文综述了压力-温度双功能柔性传感器最近的研究进展,包括传感机制、双功能传感器的设计和其在生物医学方面的应用。通过集成不同类型的传感器以及设计由多功能材料和微结构构成的单个双功能传感器,可实现对压力和温度的同时检测。文章最后总结了柔性压力-温度双功能传感器面临的挑战和问题,并对其未来发展进一步展望。

一种快速响应的超灵敏仿生压力电子皮肤

文章首先通过仿人体指纹脊状结构,基于改性多壁碳纳米管填充紫外固化胶制备导电复合材料,借助丝网印刷制作具有规则裂纹结构的柔性压力传感单元;然后通过仿生物体的神经元信息传输方式,设计基于异步编码的总线式电路结构;最后通过将所设计的电路系统结构与传感单元相结合,得到一种快速响应的超灵敏仿生压力电子皮肤。结果表明,通过引入仿生表皮结构,所设计的柔性压力传感单元具有高灵敏系数(1914.701)、快速响应(52 ms)和高稳定性的特点。基于异步编码设计的串行-并行信号传输模式可有效提升信息传输速度,显著提升电子皮肤信息感知的实时性,此外,仿神经元信号传输模式使得电子皮肤只要信息传输通道不受到破坏,仍能保留完整的传感功能。

南充地区变应性鼻炎人群皮肤点刺试验结果分析

目的探讨南充地区变应性鼻炎人群过敏原种类分布及流行特征,为临床诊断、治疗及预防提供依据。方法对2021年10月至2022年9月于川北医学院附属医院耳鼻咽喉科就诊的2015例具有变应性鼻炎典型症状的患者进行皮肤点刺试验,分析比较不同患者过敏原检测结果差异。结果2015例患者中,对单一过敏原过敏的有178例(8.83%),对两种过敏原过敏的有447例(22.18%),对3种过敏原过敏的有433例(21.49%),对4种过敏原过敏的有307例(15.24%),对5种过敏原过敏的有244例(12.11%),对5种以上过敏原过敏的有406例(20.15%)。单一过敏原中,过敏率最高的是圆柏花粉,最低的是豚草花粉;两种过敏原中,过敏率最高的是屋尘螨和粉尘螨;3种过敏原中,过敏率最高的是屋尘螨、粉尘螨和圆柏花粉;4种过敏原中,过敏率最高的是屋尘螨、粉尘螨、圆柏花粉和蟑螂。尘螨过敏率最高,为82.03%,其次是花粉,为72.21%,蟑螂过敏率为28.80%,宠物毛发过敏率为21.14%,真菌过敏率最低,为13.15%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=3234.89,P<0.05)。尘螨是婴幼儿期、学龄前期、学龄期、青少年期的主要过敏原。在青年期,花粉与尘螨过敏率相同,至中年期,花粉过敏率高于尘螨,成为该年龄段主要的过敏原。圆柏花粉是各个年龄期的主要过敏原,银杏花粉在各年龄期的过敏率均较低。结论南充地区变应性鼻炎患者大多合并多重过敏,以屋尘螨、粉尘螨、圆柏花粉和蟑螂过敏常见。尘螨是婴幼儿期、学龄前期、学龄期、青少年期的主要过敏原,青年期尘螨与花粉过敏率相同,中年期花粉成为主要过敏原,且以圆柏花粉过敏率最高。

一种可扩展的高灵敏电容式压力电子皮肤

文章通过无纺布倒模制备具有类金字塔形微结构的电容式传感单元,基于码分多址传输方式设计并行采集的总线式编码电路结构;将电容式传感单元与所设计的编码电路结合,得到一种可扩展的高灵敏电容式压力电子皮肤。结果表明:基于无纺布倒模的电容式传感单元具有超高的灵敏系数(1.69253 kPa-1)、快速响应时间(65 ms)和高重复性(>1250次);基于码分多址的总线式采集电路结构可以极大地提高传感系统整体采集速率,在4×4采集电路规模下是行列扫描电路采集速度的16倍,显著提升了电子皮肤信息感知的实时性;基于码分多址采集模式的电子皮肤在一定的物理损伤下仍能保留完整的传输功能。该研究为推进智能机器人的实时精确触觉感知提供了一种新的解决思路。

天沙合剂对EGFRIs致皮肤干燥大鼠水通道蛋白表达影响的实验研究

目的:探究天沙合剂通过调节水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)对表皮生长因子受体抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors,EGFRIs)造成的皮肤干燥的治疗作用机制。方法:将36只大鼠随机分为6组,分别为正常对照组、EGFRIs模型组、维生素E阳性对照组和低、中、高剂量天沙合剂组,每组6只。除正常对照组,其余5组大鼠通过连续28 d吉非替尼(37.5 mg/kg)灌胃给药构建EGFRIs诱导的背部皮肤干燥模型;从吉非替尼给药第15天开始,给予维生素E(13.5 mg/kg)或天沙合剂(8、4、2 mg/kg)干预,正常对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水。给药结束后,观察背部皮疹情况,通过测量经皮失水评估皮肤损伤情况;通过HE染色评估皮肤组织病理变化;Western blot测定皮肤组织AQP1,AQP3和AQP5表达。结果:维生素E和高、中剂量天沙合剂组大鼠背部皮疹明显改善,经皮失水较模型组降低。维生素E和3剂量天沙合剂组大鼠皮肤组织病理变化减轻,皮肤组织AQP1、AQP3和AQP5表达增加。结论:天沙合剂可减轻EGFRIs诱导的皮肤损伤,改善其造成的皮肤病理变化,调节AQPs表达是其作用途径之一。

电子皮肤触觉传感器研究进展与发展趋势

从介绍人类皮肤的触觉感知性能出发,全面综述了国际上多学科领域模拟人类皮肤的电子皮肤触觉传感器研究进展与关键技术;分析讨论了电子皮肤触觉传感器的工作原理、新型材料和结构、先进设计制作方法、触觉传感特性和性能指标等方面内容;重点总结了国内外近年来在电子皮肤阵列触觉传感器柔性化、弹性化、空间分辨率、灵敏度、快速响应、透明化、轻量化和多功能化等方面的研究进展.指出了电子皮肤触觉传感器的研究依然存在着难以兼顾高柔性和高弹性、高灵敏度电子皮肤设计制作工艺复杂,可扩展性差和成本高等技术难题.电子皮肤触觉传感器可广泛应用于机器人、医疗健康、航空航天、军事、智能制造和汽车安全等领域,正朝着高柔弹性、宽量程的高灵敏度、多功能、自愈合与自清洁、自供电与透明化等方向发展.

变应性鼻炎患者血清抗交叉反应性糖类决定簇IgE水平与血清IgE水平和皮肤点刺试验的关联性分析

目的分析变应性鼻炎患者抗交叉反应性糖类决定簇IgE（anti-CCDIgE）水平与血清IgE水平和皮肤点刺试验（SPT）的关联性。方法选取2012年1月—2013年7月北京大学第一医院确诊且符合纳入标准的变应性鼻炎患者和非变应性鼻炎患者161例为研究对象。按照患者是否为变应性鼻炎分为变应性鼻炎组（121例）和对照组（40例）。收集患者一般资料（包括性别、年龄、蜜蜂叮咬情况等）,采用斑点免疫印迹法（dot-IBT）检测血清特异性IgE（s IgE）及anti-CCDIgE表达情况,荧光酶联免疫法（FEIA）检测phadiatop、总IgE（tIgE）表达情况,并进行SPT。分析anti-CCDIgE表达情况与性别、年龄、蜜蜂叮咬情况、s IgE特应性变应原表达情况、phadiatop表达情况、tIgE表达情况、SPT吸入性变应原表达情况的关联性,SPT结果与年龄、性别、phadiatop表达情况、tIgE表达情况的关联性。结果变应性鼻炎组患者s IgE、anti-CCDIgE、phadiatop、tIgE阳性表达率、SPT阳性率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。anti-CCDIgE表达情况与性别,年龄,s IgE特应性变应原中的混合树木、葎草、艾蒿、户尘、混合尘螨、混合霉菌、蟑螂、狗毛、猫毛表达情况,phadiatop表达情况,SPT吸入性变应原中的树1、杂草、云杉属、葎草、树2、禾本科/谷、艾蒿、刺槐、松、粉尘螨、户尘螨、烟曲霉菌、白假丝酵母菌、蟑螂、禾本科、霉菌1、霉菌2、动物毛表达情况无关联性（P〉0.05）;anti-CCDIgE表达情况与蜜蜂叮咬情况,s IgE特应性变应原中的豚草表达情况,tIgE表达情况,SPT吸入性变应原中的藜、大豚草表达情况存在关联性（P〈0.05）。SPT结果与性别、tIgE表达情况无关联性（P〉0.05）;SPT结果与年龄、phadiatop表达情况存在关联性（P〈0.05）。SPT阳性率随年龄的增加而增大（χ_（趋势）^2=4.264,P=0.039）。结论变应性鼻炎患者anti-CCDIgE水平与血清IgE（s IgE、tIgE）水平、SPT结果有一定的关联性,anti-CCDIgE表达情况对确诊变应原的SPT和s IgE试验有一定干扰,在分析试验结果时应予以注意。

过敏性鼻炎皮肤点刺试验阳性界值对血清特异性IgE诊断价值的影响

目的对过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)的客观评估包括体内皮肤点刺试验(skin prick test,SPT)和体外血清特异性IgE(serum specific IgE,sIgE)检测,了解SPT、sIgE试验在诊断AR中的关系对于提高AR的诊断效率至关重要。本研究旨在评估在多过敏原导致的过敏性鼻炎中,不同的SPT阳性界值对血清sIgE诊断价值的影响。方法以SPT结合的阳性结果临床症状和体征作为诊断AR的参考标准,在85例由7种常见过敏原所致的AR患者中,评估SPT阳性界值"+"和"++"对于UniCAP系统检测血清sIgE诊断价值的影响,诊断指标包括灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和诊断效率。结果依据临床症状和体征以及SPT结果"+"作为阳性临界值诊断AR,血清sIgE检测结果良好,其灵敏性在0.50(大豚草)到0.91(屋尘螨、粉尘螨)之间,而特异性在0.93(粉尘螨)到1.00(动物毛、屋尘螨和艾蒿)之间。当SPT阳性临界值调至"++"时,sIgE的整体灵敏性提高,而其余的诊断指标,如特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和诊断效率均明显下降。结论在AR的诊断中,将SPT阳性的临界值设为"+"比"++"更有益于提高血清sIgE的诊断价值。

过敏性鼻炎血清特异性IgE与皮肤点刺试验的关联性分析

目的评估血清特异性IgE检测与皮肤点刺试验在诊断过敏性鼻炎中的关联性。方法皮肤点刺试验中尘螨阳性的过敏性鼻炎患者82例,采用瑞典法玛西亚公司UniCAP100系统检测血清尘螨特异性IgE,包括屋尘螨及粉尘螨,统计分析二者的关联性。结果82例尘螨过敏患者中,55例尘螨血清特异性IgE检测结果大于或等于1级,特异性IgE水平与皮肤点刺试验结果的等级呈正相关(屋尘螨rs=0.58,粉尘螨rs=0.60)。不同年龄段患者的血清特异性IgE检测结果与皮肤点刺试验的相关系数随年龄的增长而增大,40岁以上患者二者的检测结果无相关性。结论尘螨过敏性鼻炎患者血清特异性IgE水平与皮肤点刺试验结果呈正相关,且随患者年龄变化而有所差异。诊断40岁以上患者时,推荐同时进行2种检测。

过敏性鼻炎患者主客观指标的相关性研究

目的探讨儿童过敏性鼻炎患者的血清变应原特异性lg E(slg E)水平、皮肤点刺试验(SPT)及外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数、血清嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、血清总Ig E(tlg E)与鼻部症状视觉模拟量表评分(VAS)的相关性。方法选取2013年1月至2014年4月在我科就诊的过敏性鼻炎儿童患者58例,采用VAS对患者的病情严重度进行评价;应用国际标准方法做过敏原皮肤点刺试验,对所有病例检测外周血EOS计数,采用Um CAPl00系统测定血清ECP、tlg E和slg E水平;用Pearson相关分析对结果进行分析。结果血清s Ig E和皮肤点刺试验显著正相关(r=0.532,P<0.05);EOS计数与血清slg E之间具有显著相关性(r=0.3843,P<0.05),而与皮肤点刺实验阳性强度无显著相关性(r=0.182,P>0.05)。血清ECP水平与鼻塞症状VAS评分呈正相关(r=0.196,P=0.022),但与病情总体严重程度VAS评分无相关性(P>0.05)。血清s Ig E、SPT与鼻部症状VAS总分及EOS计数均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论皮肤点刺试验、血清s Ig E水平、血清总Ig E、外周血EOS计数与病情总体严重程度VAS评分均未见相关性,但连续动态的血清s Ig E、皮肤点刺试验、ECP可作为症状体征评分的补充。

组织工程化人工皮肤的构建与应用

目的探讨组织工程化人工皮肤的构建与应用。方法无血清培养人原代表皮细胞,接种于经桂枝汤浸泡的异种真皮,进行复合移植。结果人原代表皮细胞在无血清培养下生长增殖较好;桂枝汤浸泡的异种真皮存活时间明显延长;复合移植于烧伤创面上皮片获成活。结论人表皮细胞和经桂枝汤浸泡的异种真皮复合移植可作为一种新的皮肤代用品。

聚氨酯型维生素E微胶囊的制备

针对纺织品护肤功能整理,采用界面聚合法,以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为预聚单体,研制聚氨酯型维生素E护肤微胶囊。探讨扩链反应温度、PEG分子质量、芯壁质量比对微胶囊化效果的影响。结果表明:选取60℃、PEG 400为反应单体、芯壁质量比为1∶1.25时,制备的微胶囊粒径分布窄且粒径小,具有较高的微胶囊化产率和适当的有效载量。扫描电镜和动态粒径分析表明,优选工艺下制备的微胶囊呈规则的球状,粒径分布在260～2 000 nm,平均粒径在500～600 nm,适用于纺织品护肤整理。