This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics t...This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.展开更多
The difference in link condition of broadcast/ multicast users and the limitation of uplink resource, make it difficult to utilize adaptive modulation and coding （AMC） in the enhanced multimedia broadcast and multic...The difference in link condition of broadcast/ multicast users and the limitation of uplink resource, make it difficult to utilize adaptive modulation and coding （AMC） in the enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service （E-MBMS） network. To obtain the improvement of system throughput, this study proposes an adaptive modulation and coding scheme based on partial feedback, by which only partial users whose channel qualities are lower than the system threshold need to make a response to the modulation coding scheme （MCS） adaptation procedure. By this investigation, an adaptive scheme can be introduced in the E-MBMS network. Both the theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed strategy, in which the performance is close to the ideal one and has a significant throughput improvement when compared with that of the fixed MCS transmission scheme.展开更多
广泛有效的体外感染模型的缺乏限制了抗戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)抗体及血清定量化中和效价的评估,从而阻碍了对HEV相关抗体应答及免疫机制的深入研究。本研究首先通过在HEV低效复制细胞系HepG2肝癌细胞株上进行了HEV感染细...广泛有效的体外感染模型的缺乏限制了抗戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)抗体及血清定量化中和效价的评估,从而阻碍了对HEV相关抗体应答及免疫机制的深入研究。本研究首先通过在HEV低效复制细胞系HepG2肝癌细胞株上进行了HEV感染细胞后的连续监测,直到第13d到达病毒载量的检测下限,验证了该细胞系建立感染模型的可行性,进一步采用96孔多通道平行感染、核酸提取及实时荧光定量PCR对五株抗HEV的鼠源单克隆抗体及四位戊肝疫苗接种者的接种前、后血清样本进行了细胞中和试验。结果显示应用该模型能够实现对不同中和能力的单抗及接种疫苗前后的血清进行中和效价的定量化评估。表明本研究已成功建立了HEV体外高通量中和评价模型,同时也显示出该模型在HEV疫苗及抗体应答表位研究中所具有的潜在价值。展开更多
文摘This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others;even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China（60572120）the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China（2006AA01 Z257）.
文摘The difference in link condition of broadcast/ multicast users and the limitation of uplink resource, make it difficult to utilize adaptive modulation and coding （AMC） in the enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service （E-MBMS） network. To obtain the improvement of system throughput, this study proposes an adaptive modulation and coding scheme based on partial feedback, by which only partial users whose channel qualities are lower than the system threshold need to make a response to the modulation coding scheme （MCS） adaptation procedure. By this investigation, an adaptive scheme can be introduced in the E-MBMS network. Both the theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed strategy, in which the performance is close to the ideal one and has a significant throughput improvement when compared with that of the fixed MCS transmission scheme.
文摘广泛有效的体外感染模型的缺乏限制了抗戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)抗体及血清定量化中和效价的评估,从而阻碍了对HEV相关抗体应答及免疫机制的深入研究。本研究首先通过在HEV低效复制细胞系HepG2肝癌细胞株上进行了HEV感染细胞后的连续监测,直到第13d到达病毒载量的检测下限,验证了该细胞系建立感染模型的可行性,进一步采用96孔多通道平行感染、核酸提取及实时荧光定量PCR对五株抗HEV的鼠源单克隆抗体及四位戊肝疫苗接种者的接种前、后血清样本进行了细胞中和试验。结果显示应用该模型能够实现对不同中和能力的单抗及接种疫苗前后的血清进行中和效价的定量化评估。表明本研究已成功建立了HEV体外高通量中和评价模型,同时也显示出该模型在HEV疫苗及抗体应答表位研究中所具有的潜在价值。
