Effects of Environmental Lead Pollution on Blood Lead and Sex Hormone Levels among Occupationally Exposed Group in An E-waste Dismantling Area

Objective To study the effects of environmental multi-media lead pollution on blood lead and sex hormone levels among lead exposed males engaged in E-waste dismantling, and the correlation between confounding factors and sex hormone levels. Methods An E-waste dismantling area in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province was selected as the research site. One hundred and fifty two samples were collected from the groundwater, soil, rice, corn, chicken, and pork in the dismantling area. The effects of the multi-media lead pollution on the male blood lead and sex hormone levels of FSH, LH, and T, as well as the correlation with confounding factors, were studied. Results The blood lead concentrations in the males aged under 31, from 31 to 45 and from 46 to 60 were 98.55, 100.23, and 101.45 I~/L, respectively. Of all the environmental media lead exposures, the groundwater, rice and soil were main contributing factors to the lead accumulation in humans. FSH and LH levels increased with the age while the T levels decreased with the age instead. There was a significant correlation between the FSH and LH levels and wearing masks. Conclusion There was correlation between the FSH, LH, and T levels, and the mean values of lead concentrations in environmental media, and the sex hormone levels were correlated with the confounding factor of wearing masks.

Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil-Crop System from an E-Waste Dismantling Area

Soil is an essential resource for agricultural production.In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in the soil-crop system in the e-waste dismantling area,the crop and soil samples(226 pairs,including leaf vegetables,solanaceous vegetables,root vegetables,and fruits)around the e-waste dismantling area in southeastern Zhejiang Province were collected.The concentrations of Cd,Cu,Pb,and Cr were determined.The average concentrations of Cd,Cu,Pb,and Cr in soils were 0.94,107.79,80.28,and 78.14 mg kg-1,respectively,and their corresponding concentrations in crops were 0.024,0.7,0.041,and 0.06 mg kg-1,respectively.The transfer capacity of leaf vegetables was significantly higher than that of non-leaf vegetables,and the accumulation of four heavy metals in crops tended to be Cd>Cu>Cr/Pb.The pollution index’s results revealed that the soil pollution degree under different land uses ranked as root vegetables soil>leaf vegetables soil>solanaceous vegetables soil>fruit soil.The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metal exposure were ranked as food intake>accidental ingestion>dermal contact>inhalation.The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk was ranked as Cr>Cd>Pb/Cu.Our results could be used to provide useful information for further crop cultivation layout in the study area,which can guarantee the local residents’health and food safety.

Colloid-facilitated release of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at an e-waste recycling site: evidence from undisturbed soil core leaching experiments

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a class of persistent organic pollutants, have been frequently detected in soil at e-waste recycling sites. However, the key factors controlling the transport of PBDEs from surface soil to the vadose zone and groundwater are unclear. Here, colloid-enhanced leaching of PBDEs from undisturbed soil cores collected at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China, is reported. Spatially heterogeneous release of colloids and PBDEs was observed in all the tested soil cores under chemical and hydrodynamic perturbations, indicating the presence of preferential flow paths. Colloid concentration in the effluent significantly increased as ionic strength decreased (from 10 to 0.01 mmol/L), probably due to the stronger electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles and the soil matrix at lower ionic strength. In contrast, colloid mobilization was not significantly affected by the changes in pH of the influent (from 4.0 to 10.0) and flow rate (from a Darcy velocity of 1.5 to 6.0 cm/h). The concentrations of 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), the predominant PBDE congener at the site, detected in the leachate (ranging from 1.09 to 3.43 ng/L) were much lower than previously reported results from packed column leaching tests, and were positively correlated with colloid concentrations. This indicates that remobilization of colloids at e-waste recycling sites can promote the leaching and downward migration of PBDEs from surface soil. The findings highlight the potential risk of surface soil PBDE contamination to groundwater quality and call for further understanding of colloid-facilitated transport for predicting the fate of PBDEs at e-waste recycling sites.

Evaluation of nest site preferences of a nest dismantler,the Hair-crested Drongo(Dicrurus hottentottus) in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve of central China

Background:The Hair-crested Drongo(Dicrurus hottentottus) exhibits a unique nest-dismantling behavior after the fledging of the young.One hypothesis explaining this behavior is dismantling one's own nest may reduce potential competition for nest sites in the following breeding season because suitable breeding habitat might be limited,and sites are often reused.Methods:By comparing the habitat features at nest and random locations,we determined the nest habitat preference of the Hair-crested Drongo within Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan,China.We also compared habitat features with nesting success to determine if any trends could be detected.Results:We found that nest tree height,diameter at breast height,live crown ratio,tree rank,and presence of overstory were significantly higher at nesting locations than random locations;slope,leaf litter cover percentage and depth,presence of understory and midstory,and number of trees per hectare were significantly lower at nest sites than random sites.Drongos preferred to use some tree species,such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides,Castanea mollissima,and Pterocarya stenoptera for nesting.Failed nests were often associated with habitat with higher percentage of leaf litter on the ground.Conclusion:Our data support that selection of nest sites does occur for this species at this site and therefore support the hypothesis that breeding habitat limitation could be one of the driving forces for the development of the nestdismantling behavior in this species.

我国电子废物拆解场地土壤新污染物研究进展

电子废物拆解过程中会排放大量的新污染物,对拆解场地土壤环境易造成污染。本文识别了电子废物拆解场地新污染物的种类,分析了场地土壤中新污染物的污染程度及空间分布特征,综述了新污染物对人体健康风险和生态风险的研究进展,以期为我国电子废物拆解场地土壤中新污染物研究和风险管控提供参考。

渤海绥中X油田修井机升级改造设计及现场应用

渤海油田开发进入中后期,部分老油田需要设计实施调整井来挖潜剩余油。绥中X油田F平台由于HXJ60修井机能力不足且服役时间较长,不能满足侧钻作业的要求,需升级改造为HXJ180修井机。经论证,确定了修井机升级改造采纳置换、回迁方案,改造设计中主要包括对原修井机实施拆卸回收,对新修井机实施安装调试等方案内容。现场应用表明,升级改造后的HXJ180修井机验收合格,各项性能指标均能达到相关标准,具备了实施调整井作业的能力,为油藏后期开发提供了保障。

轨道交通工程基于REVIT模型的风管优化碰撞-BIM智能拆模施工技术

本文依托广州市轨道交通工程三号线,为优化BIM模型对现场施工的指导作用和准确性,提出以高精度三维激光扫描技术获得站内三维点云坐标信息,辅以精准建模重构出毫米级误差的REVIT文件,运用轨道交通工程基于REVIT模型的风管优化碰撞-BIM智能拆模施工技术,其核心复式权重框架性奖励机制处理后形成可直接送至工厂加工和指导现场施工的分段模型及其属性参数的BIM模型,通过实测数据分析BIM智能拆模施工技术对于施工工期质量效率的影响。研究结果表明:1)采用BIM智能拆模施工技术替代传统工法可将原本两星期的拆模作业工期缩短至两天;2)形成的模型可直接导出数据和参数用于工厂加工装配式建筑;3)对于现场具有先一步谋划优化碰撞和美观设计的作用;4)利用可视化的优势,经验证可大幅度提高合格率和缩短工期。

Atmospheric levels and distribution of Dechlorane Plus in an E-waste dismantling region of East China

Atmospheric concentrations of Dechlorane Plus(DP)were investigated in Taizhou,an electronic-waste(E-waste)dismantling region in East China.Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam(PUF)disks were deployed every three months during the sampling period of September 2009-August 2010.The total DP(syn-and anti-DP)concentrations in air ranged from not detected to 277 pg/m^3,with a mean concentration of 53.9 pg/m^3.A generally declining trend of DP levels was found from the E-waste dismantling region to the peripheral areas.The median values of total DP concentrations in autumn,winter,spring and summer were 52.2,28.8,39.7 and 30.1 pg/m^3,respectively.The seasonal variations of DP concentrations were mainly associated with the intensity of E-waste dismantling activities and meteorological conditions.The mean value of anti-DP fractional abundance(f_(anti))was 0.74±0.08,which was consistent with those in the commercial DP products.This study confirmed a significant emission source related to the distribution of atmospheric DP in the E-waste dismantling area and supplied information for the seasonal variation of DP in the atmosphere.

海外总承包项目的“拆包运拼装”界面管理研究

企业在承揽海外总承包项目时,由于海外环境差异对工程建设的影响,国内现场的一般问题在海外可能就是难题,特别是设计、采购和施工环节的界面问题,会导致设计图纸、到场设备质量以及施工效率的降低,进而影响现场试运行进度,给项目的实施带来一系列的困难和挑战。通过对海外项目界面进行梳理,贯穿设备制造至安装全过程,将设计-采购-施工有机结合起来,提出了一种普遍适用的“拆包运拼装”界面管理方法。该方法不仅有利于在项目实施过程中及时有效规避技术质量问题,更有助于梳理项目管理思路,明晰管理责任,改革管理模式,提高现场施工效率,更好地为企业海外项目保驾护航。

贵屿电子废弃物拆解地及周边地区表层土壤中多溴联苯醚的分布趋势

自2005年以来对电子垃圾拆解地广东贵屿地区多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染状况的研究主要集中在垃圾场源区,已不能代表PBDEs对其周边大范围地区的污染现状。为了评价贵屿镇及周边大范围不同土地利用类型的PBDEs污染情况,本文采用网格采样、索氏抽提、复合硅胶/氧化铝层析柱分离纯化、气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了贵屿拆解场地及其周边72 km2地区表层土壤中8种PBDEs的含量及分布特征。结果显示,与2005年文献数据对比,贵屿镇水库周边土壤的PBDEs污染并无缓解趋势且仍在持续,水稻田土壤中污染有所降低;所有化合物中以十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)占主导,主要分布在贵屿镇及附近的电子垃圾拆解区,含量范围为0.4～720.9 ng/g(干重),是除BDE 209之外的7种化合物总量(变幅为nd～83 ng/g)的10倍以上。PBDEs各化合物的地理分布情况受拆解地区和化合物蒸气压、水溶性等物化性质的影响而显示出显著的差异性:分子量较大的化合物分布在贵屿镇及紧邻村落电子废弃物拆解的主要源区;分子量居中的化合物的分布与特定地点有关;分子量较小的化合物以贵屿镇为中心向四周均匀扩散;且PBDEs从污染源向清洁地区扩散的途中发生了化合物分馏现象。

台州水系表层沉积物典型POPs污染现状及生态风险

为探讨典型废物拆解地工业结构转型期环境POPs(persistent organic pollutants,持久性有机污染物)污染特征变化情况,使用气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定了台州水系表层沉积物中PCDD/Fs(二英类)、dl-PCBs(共平面多氯联苯)和PBDEs(多溴联苯醚),并利用主因子分析等手段分析了其来源.结果表明,台州椒江和金清闸海湾2387-PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(以WHO2005-TEQ计,下同)中位值分别为3.18和1.91 ng/kg,dl-PCBs毒性当量浓度分别为0.26和0.62 ng/kg,w(∑PBDEs)分别为22.5和19.7μg/kg,处于我国和全球河流(海湾)表层沉积物POPs污染的中等水平,低于其他电子废物拆解地等严重污染区.台州河流(海湾)表层沉积物PCDD/Fs主要来源于燃煤,dl-PCBs主要来源于历史上多氯联苯的使用或电子废物拆解活动,PBDEs主要来源于相关阻燃剂的使用和电子废物拆解活动.位于化工园区排水口的YTZ采样点PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的毒性当量浓度分别达到6.54×104和7.84×103ng/kg,污染可能来源于化工废料加工和再生金属生产,表明台州在工业结构转型期出现的新POPs污染源,应引起重视.台州部分表层沉积物样品中的PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的总毒性当量浓度超过美国和加拿大的沉积物质量指导值,存在一定的生态风险.

纳米羟基磷灰石对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤Pb生物可利用性的影响

为了研究钝化剂对电子垃圾拆解地农田土壤中重金属Pb生物可利用性的影响,采用盆栽试验,在种植油菜和白菜的土壤中加入不同质量比的纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HAP）,研究Pb形态、油菜和白菜生物量、油菜和白菜中Pb的累积量,评价纳米羟基磷灰石对Pb生物可利用性的影响。结果表明,加入5 g/kg、10 g/kg、15 g/kg、20 g/kg和25 g/kg纳米羟基磷灰石后,油菜和白菜生物量增加,且油菜生物量大于白菜生物量;油菜内Pb累积量小于白菜内Pb累积量;土壤中残渣态Pb质量比增加,可交换态Pb质量比减少,有效态Pb质量比与Pb生物可利用性显著降低（p〈0.05）,与对照组相比,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了25.53%~82.77%和45.79%~71.68%。当纳米羟基磷灰石质量比为20 g/kg时,油菜和白菜生物量较大,而且对Pb的累积量最低,种植油菜和白菜土壤中Pb的生物可利用性分别降低了81.84%和70.89%。研究表明,纳米羟基磷灰石的适宜投加量为20 g/kg,而油菜为理想植物。

房屋拆迁补偿与公民财产权的宪法保护

房屋拆迁是对公民重大财产的剥夺,不仅涉及到公民财产所有权等民事权利的保护,更涉及到公民私有财产的宪法保护。我国宪法对公民财产权保护的制度性的不足,是导致房屋拆迁实践中种种问题的渊薮。尤其是此次修宪对“公共利益”的定义,和对征收、征用私有财产的补偿原则的缺失,使公民财产权利保护的原则在宪法层面上缺乏依据。在房屋拆迁方面,上述不足将公民房屋拆迁及其补偿造成至为不利的影响。因此,严格规制公共利益和公平补偿应当是对私有财产保护的宪法原则,也应当是房屋拆迁补偿中的核心原则。其中,拆迁补偿方式中, 原址产权调换在体现公平补偿原则方面具有特殊的重要意义。笔者认为,以原址产权调换为原则,来确定拆迁补偿方式或金额,并以此为房屋产权人户提供多种安置补偿方式,是当前解决拆迁纠纷的现实之举。

电子废物拆解与焚烧场地多溴联苯醚污染特征

为了解不同类型电子废物场地土壤PBDEs污染的差异，对典型电子废物拆解和焚烧场地土壤中PBDEs的污染特征进行了比较研究。结果表明，拆解场地土壤中∑2。PBDEs含量为28．19-23517．27ng／g（dw），平均为5812．90ng／g（dw）；焚烧场地土壤中∑mPBDEs含量为5．27-22108．39ng／g（dw），平均为2282．98ng／g（dw）。2种类型污染场地土壤中PBDEs含量均较高，以拆解场地污染更为严重；2种场地均主要表现出十溴联苯醚工业品使用的污染特征，而焚烧场地还表现出了一定的八溴联苯醚工业品使用的污染特征。两种类型场地土壤中污染物均发生了垂向迁移，其中拆解场地土壤中PBDEs的纵向迁移能力更强。

废旧金属拆解场地浅层地下水芘污染特征分析

在分析废旧金属拆解场地浅层地下水中芘的检出和分布特征的基础上,对地下水中芘的污染来源、污染途径和污染控制因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明,场地中心和地下水下游2km范围内芘污染明显,垂直于地下水流向芘迁移距离较小,一般小于0.5km。芘在地下水中的迁移转化受地下水中pH、Eh及DO等因素的控制,弱酸性或中性环境以及厌氧强还原条件下,芘易于检出和迁移,一般难以生物降解。

电子垃圾拆解场周边环境多氯萘污染检测

使用高分辨气相色谱质谱仪,采用同位素稀释技术对电子垃圾拆解场及其周边土壤和沉积物两种环境介质进行采样检测分析.检测结果表明：电子垃圾拆解场对周边环境有明显的多氯萘（PCNs）污染影响,周边土壤介质PCNs检出质量比为95.9~702ng·kg-1,沉积物介质PCNs检出质量比为56.2~75.0ng·kg-1;检出的PCNs同族物中,污染贡献较大的主要是MO-CNs和Di-CNs等低氯代PCNs,为58.5%,其次是Hexa-CNs,为10.5%;电子垃圾拆解场对周边环境PCNs污染主要贡献源是电子垃圾焚烧过程,污染传播的主要渠道为大气PCNs沉降作用.研究结果表明：电子垃圾拆解场对周边环境有着明显的PCNs污染影响,尤其是低氯代PCNs污染,而控制其污染的关键点是电子垃圾焚烧处置过程污染控制.

浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地多溴联苯醚浓度水平分布特征和迁移趋势

本研究分析了浙江省台州市电子垃圾拆解地及其周边表层土壤和大气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的浓度水平.结果表明,台州市峰江和滨海的拆解园区、农田和居住区土壤中∑12PBDEs含量(以dw计)范围分别为21.8~1310 ng·g^-1和6.19~220 ng·g^-1,PBDEs单体分布没有显著差异.峰江和滨海两地大气中∑12PBDEs质量浓度范围分别为262~3240 pg·m^-3和840~2990 pg·m^-3,浓度中值分别为1410 pg·m^-3和840 pg·m^-3(冬季)、1590 pg·m^-3和1960 pg·m^-3(夏季),除去BDE209外的11种PBDEs单体分布在冬夏两季呈现显著性差异.通过土-气交换逸度分析发现峰江和滨海PBDEs在土-气分布迁移趋势上呈现一定的差异性.峰江PBDEs的迁移趋势主要以土壤挥发为主,土壤是大气中3~5溴代BDEs的排放源,温度的升高可以促进这一过程,这说明峰江土壤中PBDEs已成为污染释放源,建议应对峰江电子垃圾拆解园区土壤和附近农田开展土壤修复.滨海PBDEs的迁移趋势则主要以大气沉降为主,土壤是PBDEs主要的汇,说明滨海的拆解园成为PBDEs的新排放源.

烟曲霉f4对黑麦草修复电子废物拆解场地土壤重金属的影响

为了探究烟曲霉f4对黑麦草修复电子废物拆解场地土壤重金属的影响,通过实验比较接菌处理和不接菌处理黑麦草的生物量、重金属含量、重金属形态分布、富集系数和迁移系数。结果表明:接菌处理前20 d阶段黑麦草地上部分的生物量最大,随着时间推移,地上部生物量逐渐减少;接菌处理与不接菌处理之间地下部生物量存在显著差异,接菌后,其生物量的增幅为91.27%;在接菌处理的地下部,Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的含量与不接菌处理相比,其增幅分别为484%、398%、470%、355%、531%、490%;根际土壤中重金属形态发生改变,接菌处理与不接菌处理相比,Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的弱酸可提取态占比提高了0.9%、0.8%、0.5%、0.3%、0.1%。烟曲霉f4能促进黑麦草生长,提高根际土壤中重金属的弱酸可提取态的含量,增加黑麦草对其富集,从而提高了黑麦草对重金属的修复效率。