An Alternative to Dark Matter? Part 1: The Early Universe (<i>t_p</i>to 10^-9s), Energy Creation the Alphaton, Baryogenesis

A cosmological model was developed using the equation of state of photon gas, as well as cosmic time. The primary objective of this model is to see if determining the observed rotation speed of galactic matter is possible, without using dark matter (halo) as a parameter. To do so, a numerical application of the evolution of variables in accordance with cosmic time and a new state equation was developed to determine precise, realistic values for a number of cosmological parameters, such as the energy of the universe U, cosmological constant Λ, the curvature of space k, energy density ρΛe, age of the universe tΩ etc. The development of the state equation highlights the importance of not neglecting any of the differential terms given the very large amounts in play that can counterbalance the infinitesimals. Some assumptions were put forth in order to solve these equations. The current version of the model partially explains several of the observed phenomena that raise questions. Numerical application of the model has yielded the following results, among others: Initially, during the Planck era, at the very beginning of Planck time, tp, the universe contained a single photon at Planck temperature TP, almost Planck energy EP in the Planck volume. During the photon inflation phase (before characteristic time ~10-9 [s]), the number of original photons (alphatons) increased at each unit of Planck time tp and geometrical progression~n3, where n is the quotient of cosmic time over Planck time t/tp. Then, the primordial number of photons reached a maximum of N~1089, where it remained constant. These primordial photons (alphatons) are still present today and represent the essential of the energy contained in the universe via the cosmological constant expressed in the form of energy EΛ. Such geometric growth in the number of photons can bring a solution to the horizon problem through γγ exchange and a photon energy volume that is in phase with that of the volume energy of the universe. The predicted total mass (p, n, e, and ν), based on the Maxwell-Juttner relativistic statistical distribution, is ~7 × 1050 [kg]. The predicted cosmic neutrino mass is ≤8.69 × 10-32 [kg] (≤48.7 [keV·c-2]) if based on observations of SN1987A. The temperature variation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), as measured by Planck, can be said to be partially due to energy variations in the universe (ΔU/U) during the primordial baryon synthesis (energy jump from the creation of protons and neutrons).

Bianchi-V string cosmological model and late time acceleration

We have searched for the existence of the late time acceleration of the universe with string fluid as the source of matter in Bianchi-V space-time. To derive a deterministic solution, we choose the scale factor to be an increasing function of time that yields a time dependent deceleration parameter, representing a model which generates a universe showing a transition from an early decelerating phase to a recent accelerating phase. The study reveals that strings dominate the early universe and eventually disappear from the universe for sufficiently large times, i.e. in the present epoch. This picture is consistent with current astronomical observations. The physical behavior of the universe is discussed in detail.

Estimation of spectrum and parameters of relic gravitational waves using space-borne interferometers

We present a study of spectrum estimation of relic gravitational waves(RGWs) as a Gaussian stochastic background from output signals of future space-borne interferometers, like LISA and ASTROD.As the target of detection, the analytical spectrum of RGWs generated during inflation is described by three parameters: the tensor-scalar ratio, the spectral index and the running index. The Michelson interferometer is shown to have a better sensitivity than Sagnac and symmetrized Sagnac. For RGW detection, we analyze the auto-correlated signals for a single interferometer, and the cross-correlated, integrated as well as unintegrated signals for a pair of interferometers, and give the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) for RGW, and obtain lower limits of the RGW parameters that can be detected. By suppressing noise level, a pair has a sensitivity2 orders better than a single for one year observation. SNR of LISA will be 4–5 orders higher than that of Advanced LIGO for the default RGW. To estimate the spectrum, we adopt the maximum likelihood(ML)estimation, calculate the mean and covariance of signals, obtain the Gaussian probability density function(PDF) and the likelihood function, and derive expressions for the Fisher matrix and the equation of the ML estimate for the spectrum. The Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the equation by iteration. When the noise is dominantly large, a single LISA is not effective for estimating the RGW spectrum as the actual noise in signals is not known accurately. For cross-correlating a pair, the spectrum cannot be estimated from the integrated output signals either, and only one parameter can be estimated with the other two being either fixed or marginalized. We use the ensemble averaging method to estimate the RGW spectrum from the un-integrated output signals. We also adopt a correlation of un-integrated signals to estimate the spectrum and three parameters of RGW in a Bayesian approach. For all three methods, we provide simulations to illustrate their feasibility.

A Cosmological Model without Singularity Based on RW Metric (1)

A new conjecture is proposed that there are two sorts of matter called s-matter and v-matter which are symmetric, whose masses are positive, but whose gravitational masses are opposite to each other. Based on the conjecture and the SUS(5) × SUV(5) gauge group, a cosmological model has been constructed and the following inferences have been derived. There are two sorts of symmetry breaking called V-breaking and S-breaking. In theV-breaking, SUV(5) breaks finally to SUV(3) × UV(1) so that v-particles get their masses and form v-atoms andv-galaxies etc., while SUS(5) still holds so that s-fermions and s-gauge bosons are massless and form SUS(5)color-singlets. There is no interaction among the SUS(5) color-singlets except gravitation so that they distribute loosely in space, cannot be observed, and cause space to expand with an acceleration. Evolution of the universe is explained. There is no space-time singularity. There are the highest temperature and the least scale in the universe. It is impossible that the Plank temperature and length are arrived. A formula is obtained which describes the relation between a luminous distance and its redshift. A huge void is not empty, and is equivalent to a huge concave lens. The densities of hydrogen in the huge voids must be much less than that predicted by the conventional theory. The gravitation between two galaxies whose distance is long enough will be less than that predicted by the conventional theory. A black hole with its big enough mass will transform into a white hole.

Cosmological perturbations in a noncommutative braneworld inflation

We use the smeared, coherent state picture of noncommutativity to study evolution of perturbations in a noncommutative braneworld scenario. Within the stan- dard procedure of studying braneworld cosmological perturbations, we study the evo- lution of the Bardeen metric potential and curvature perturbations in this model. We show that in this setup, the early stage of the universe＇s evolution has a transient phan- tom evolution with imaginary effective sound speed.

C-field cosmological models:revisited

We investigate plane symmetric spacetime filled with perfect fluid in the C-field cosmology of Hoyle and Narlikar. A new class of exact solutions has been obtained by considering the creation field C as a function of time only. To get the deterministic solution, it has been assumed that the rate of creation of matter-energy density is proportional to the strength of the existing C-field energy density. Several physical aspects and geometrical properties of the models are discussed in detail, especially showing that some of our solutions of C-field cosmology are free from singularity in contrast to the Big Bang cosmology. A comparative study has been carried out between two models, one singular and the other nonsingular, by contrasting the behaviour of the physical parameters. We note that the model in a unique way represents both the features of the accelerating as well as decelerating universe depending on the parameters and thus seems to provide glimpses of the oscillating or cyclic model of the universe without invoking any other agent or theory in allowing cyclicity.

An Alternative to the Dark Matter? Part 2: A Close Universe (10^-9s to 3 Gy), Galaxies and Structures Formation

A cosmological model was developed using the equation of state of photon gas, as well as cosmic time. The primary objective of this model is to see if determining the observed rotation speed of galactic matter is possible, without using dark matter (halo) as a parameter. To do so, a numerical application of the evolution of variables in accordance with cosmic time and a new state equation was developed to determine precise, realistic values for a number of cosmological parameters, such as the energy of the universe U, cosmological constant Λ, the curvature of space k, energy density ρΛe (part 1). The age of the universe in cosmic time that is in line with positive energy conservation (in terms of conventional thermodynamics) and the creation of proton, neutron, electron, and neutrino masses, is ~76 [Gy] (observed ~ 70 [km · s-1 · Mpc-1]). In this model, what is usually referred to as dark energy actually corresponds to the energy of the universe that has not been converted to mass, and which acts on the mass created by the energy-mass equivalence principle and the cosmological gravity field, FΛ, associated with the cosmological constant, which is high during the primordial formation of the galaxies (<1 [Gy]). A look at the Casimir effect makes it possible to estimate a minimum Casimir pressure Pc0 and thus determine our possible relative position in the universe at cosmic time 0.1813 (t0/tΩ = 13.8[Gy]/76.1[Gy]). Therefore, from the observed age of 13.8 [Gy], we can derive a possible cosmic age of ~76.1 [Gy]. That energy of the universe, when taken into consideration during the formation of the first galaxies (<1 [Gy]), provides a relatively adequate explanation of the non-Keplerian rotation of galactic masses.

JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant [1], and later added notion of Continuous Creation of Matter in the World [2]. Developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing different mechanism of Matter creation. Most direct observational evidence of validity of WUM are: 1) Microwave Background Radiation and Intergalactic Plasma speak in favor of existence of Medium;2) Laniakea Supercluster with binding mass ~1017M⊙ is home to Milky Way (MW) galaxy and ~105 other nearby galaxies, which did not start their movement from Initial Singularity (see Figure 1);3) MW is gravitationally bounded with Virgo Supercluster (VSC) and has Orbital Angular Momentum calculated based on distance of 65 Mly from VSC and orbital speed of ~400 km·s-1, which far exceeds rotational angular momentum of MW;4) Mass-to-light ratio of VSC is ~300 times larger than that of Solar ratio. Similar ratios are obtained for other superclusters (see Figure 2). These ratios are main arguments in favor of the presence of tremendous amounts of Dark Matter (DM) in the World. JWST discoveries confirm the most important predictions of WUM in 2018: 1) Absolute Age of World is 14.22 Gyr;2) Dark Epoch (spanning for Laniakea Supercluster (LSC) from the Beginning of World for 0.45 Gyr) when only DM Macroobjects (MOs) form and evolve;3) Luminous Epoch (ever since, 13.77 Gyr for LSC) when Luminous MOs (superclusters, galaxies, extrasolar systems, etc.) emerge;4) Transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch is due to Explosive Rotational Fission of Overspinning (surface speed at equator exceeding escape velocity) DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DM Particles (DMPs);5) MOs of World form from top (Superclusters) down to Galaxies and Extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different DMPs;6) 3D Finite Boundless World presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters, which emerged in different places of World at different Cosmological times.

A new interpretation of zero Lyapunov exponents in BKL time for Mixmaster cosmology

A global relationship between cosmological time and Belinskii-Khalatnikov -Lifshitz （BKL） time during the entire evolution of the Mixmaster Bianchi IX universe is used to explain why all the Lyapunov exponents are zero at the BKL time. The actual reason is that the domain of the cosmological time is finite as the BKL time runs from minus infinity to infinity.

Predicting Dark Energy Survey Results Using the Flat Space Cosmology Model

The Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model is utilized to show how this model predicts the value of the Hubble parameter at each epoch of cosmic expansion. Specific attention in this paper is given to correlating the observable galactic redshifts since the beginning of the “cosmic dawn” reionization epoch. A graph of the log of the Hubble parameter as a function of redshift z is presented as the FSC prediction of the pending Dark Energy Survey results. In the process, it is discovered that the obvious tension between the SHOES local Hubble constant value and the 2018 Planck Survey and the 2018 Dark Energy Survey global Hubble constant values may be explained by a time-variable, scalar, Hubble parameter acting in accordance with the FSC model.

宇宙微波背景辐射极化的近似解析公式

在宇宙早期的退耦过程中,光子与电子发生Thompson散射.光子气体空间分 布的各向异性通过Thompson散射而产生宇宙微波背景辐射的极化,并为最近WMAP观 测到.从光子气体的Boltzmann方程出发,采用一般的光深函数,分别积分给出原初密度 扰动和残余引力波产生的微波背景辐射极化的近似解析解,结果适用于一般的复合过程. 密度扰动FS所产生极化的近似解析解为βS≈-CFS(τd)△τd,其τd和△τd分别为退 耦时刻和退耦宽度,系数C≈(0.08-0.12),明显依赖于复合模型.残余引力波扰动FT 产生极化的积分稍微复杂,在长波近似下我们对原初扰动按波数进行幂级数展开,保留到 两项FT≈FT(1)＋FT(2),分别积分,给出近似解析解βT≈-[CFT(1)(τd)+DFT(2)(τd)]△τd. 第一项的极化与密度扰动类似,结论也相同;但第二项的系数D≈(0.22-0.32),远大于 系数C.我们的近似解析解有助于理解背景辐射的温度-极化交叉关联和检测残余引力 波对背景辐射各向异性的贡献.

Galaxy formation in the reionization epoch as hinted by WideField Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

We present a large sample of candidate galaxies at z ≈ 7 - 10, selected in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field using the new observations of the Wide Field Camera 3 that was recently installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. Our sample is composed of 20 z850-dropouts （four new discoveries）, 15 Y105-dropouts （nine new discoveries） and 20 J125-dropouts （all new discoveries）. The surface densities of the Z850-dropouts are close to what was predicted by earlier studies, however, those of the Y105- and J125-dropouts are quite unexpected. While no Y105- or J125-dropouts have been found at AB ≤ 28.0 mag, their surface densities seem to increase sharply at fainter levels. While some of these candidates seem to be close to foreground galaxies and thus could possibly be gravitationally lensed, the overall surface densities after excluding such cases are still much higher than what would be expected if the luminosity function does not evolve from z ～ 7 to 10. Motivated by such steep increases, we tentatively propose a set of Schechter function parameters to describe the luminosity functions at z ≈8 and 10. As compared to their counterpart at z ≈ 7, here L^＊ decreases by a factor of ～ 6.5 and Ф^＊ increases by a factor of 17-90. Although such parameters are not yet demanded by the existing observations, they are allowed and seem to agree with the data better than other alternatives. If these luminosity functions are still valid beyond our current detection limit, this would imply a sudden emergence of a large number of low-luminosity galaxies when looking back in time to z ≈ 10, which, while seemingly exotic, would naturally fit in the picture of the cosmic hydrogen reionization. These early galaxies could easily account for the ionizing photon budget required by the reionization, and they would imply that the global star formation rate density might start from a very high value at z ≈ 10, rapidly reach the minimum at z≈ 7, and start to rise again towards z ≈ 6. In this scenario, the majority of the stellar mass that the universe assembled through the reionization epoch seems still undetected by current observations at z ≈ 6.

Space-Time Geometry of Quark and Strange Quark Matter

We study quark and strange quark matter in the context of general relativity. For this purpose, we solve Einstein＇s field equations for quark and strange quark matter in spherical symmetric space-times. We analyze strange quark matter for the different equations of state （EOS） in the spherical symmetric space-times, thus we are able to obtain the space-time geometries of quark and strange quark matter. Also, we discuss the features of the obtained solutions. The obtained solutions are consistent with the results of Brookhaven Laboratory, i.e. the quark-gluon plasma has a vanishing shear （i.e. quark-gluon plasma is perfect）.

Mutually interacting tachyon dark energy with variable G and Λ

We consider a tachyonic scalar field as a model of dark energy with interac- tion between components in the case of variable G and A. We assume a fiat Universe with a specific form of scale factor and study cosmological parameters numerically and graphically. Statefinder analysis is also performed. For a particular choice of in- teraction parameters we succeed in obtaining an analytical expression of densities. We find that our model will be stable at the late stage but there is an instability in the early Universe, so we propose this model as a realistic model of our Universe.

Cosmic microwave background constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio

One of the main goals of modern cosmic microwave background （CMB） missions is to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio r accurately to constrain inflation models. Due to ignorance about the reionization history Xe （z）, this analysis is usu- ally done by assuming an instantaneous reionization Xe （z） which, however, can bias the best-fit value of r. Moreover, due to the strong mixing of B-mode and E-mode polarizations in cut-sky measurements, multiplying the sky coverage fraction fsky by the full-sky likelihood would not give satisfactory results. In this work, we forecast constraints on r for the Planck mission taking into account the general reionization scenario and cut-sky effects. Our results show that by applying an N-point interpo- lation analysis to the reionization history, the bias induced by the assumption of in- stantaneous reionization is removed and the value of r is constrained within 5% error level, if the true value of r is greater than about 0.1.

Primordial black holes

Primordial black holes （PBHs） are a profound signature of primordial cosmological structures and provide a theoretical tool to study nontrivial physics of the early Universe. The mechanisms of PBH formation are discussed and observational constraints on the PBH spectrum, or effects of PBH evaporation, are shown to restrict a wide range of particle physics models, predicting an enhancement of the ultraviolet part of the spectrum of density perturbations, early dust-like stages, first order phase transitions and stages of superheavy metastable particle dominance in the early Universe. The mechanism of closed wall contraction can lead, in the inflationary Universe, to a new approach to galaxy formation, involving primordial clouds of massive BHs created around the intermediate mass or supermassive BH and playing the role of galactic seeds.

DWT Power Spectrum of the Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey

The power spectrum of the two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey （2dFGRS） sample is estimated with the discrete wavelet transform （DWT） method. The DWT power spectra within 0.035 〈 k 〈 2.2 h Mpc^-1 are measured for three volume-limited samples defined in consecutive absolute magnitude bins - 19 - - 18, - 20 - - 19 and - 21 - - 20. We show that the DWT power spectrum can effectively distinguish ACDM models of σ8 = 0.84 and σ8 = 0.74. We adopt maximum likelihood method to perform three-parameter fitting of the bias parameter b, pairwise velocity dispersion σpv and redshift distortion parameterβ = Ωm^0.6/b to the measured DWT power spectrum. The fitting results state that in a σ8 = 0.84 universe the best-fit values of Ωm given by the three samples are mutually consistent within the range 0.28 - 0.36, and the best fitted values of Opv are 398-27^＋35, 475-29^37 and 550 ± 20 km s^-1 for the three samples, respectively. In the model of σ8 = 0.74, our three samples give very different values of Ωm. We repeated the fitting using the empirical formula of redshift distortion. The result of the model of low σ8 is still poor, especially, one of the best-fit values of σpv is as large as 10^3 km s^-1. We also repeated our fitting by incorporating a scale-dependent galaxy bias. This gave a slightly lower value of Ωm. Differences between the models of σ8 = 0.84 and σ8 = 0.74 still exist in the fitting results. The power spectrum of 2dFGRS seems to disfavor models with low amplitude of density fluctuations if the bias parameter is assumed to be scale independent. For the fitting value of Ωm to be consistent with that given by WMAP3, strong scale dependence of the bias parameters is needed.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

What can we learn from the tension between PLANCK and BICEP2 data?

Recently BICEP2 collaboration has announced the detection of the primordial gravitational waves at high confidence level.In light of the results of B-modes power spectrum from BICEP2 and using the basedΛCDM,a constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r=0.20+0.07-0.05(68%C.L.)can be obtained,however,this result is in apparent tension with the limit on standard inflation models from the recent PLANCK measurement,r<0.11(95%C.L.).Herein we review the recent progress on the cosmological studies after BICEP2 and discuss on different ways of reconciling the tension between PLANCK and BICEP2 data.We will discuss possible modifications on the standard cosmological model,such as including the running of scalar spectral index or other cosmological parameters correlated with inflationary cosmological parameters,or tilting the primordial power spectrum at large scales by introducing a cut off which can be predicted by bouncing cosmology.We will also comment on another possibility of generating extra B-modes of CMB polarization,namely by a non-zero polarization rotation angle during its transferring from the last scattering surface.