Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Countermeasures and Prevention of Railway Traffic Accidents in the Early Days of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

70 Years of China’s Finance:History,Contributions and Prospects

Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced six stages of development,namely,inception and consolidation,arduous growth,exploration and restructuring,segmentation,fictitious economy orientation,and real economy promotion and risk prevention.The tremendous success and useful experience made during this period have largely bolstered the prosperity and stability of the Chinese economy,improved Chinese people’s living standards,and exerted a profound impact on China’s economy and society.Based on its development pattern,the Chinese financial sector will expect further openingup at home and abroad and a growing capacity in serving the real economy,while new business forms and models will emerge rapidly and stronger preventive measures against financial risks will be needed.In response to the financial development in the new era,proactive and pragmatic measures need to be in place to safeguard the stable and sound development of the financial industry.

History of the PRC’s Participation in International Human Rights Affairs and Its Contribution to the Cause of International Human Rights

The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stages with typical events after the launch of reform and opening-up.Since the adoption and implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970 s china has witnessed the active participation and fruitful achievements of china in bilateral and multilateral human rights cooperation and communication,as well as making important contributions to the international human rights cause.

Between Tradition and Modernity:The Re-trial System of the Beiyang Period in the Early Republic of China(1912-1928)

During the Beiyang period of the early Republic of China,the re-trial system 覆判 referred to the practice where cases considered by the county magistrate had to be sent to the provincial high court for re-trial to ensure that the case facts were true,the law was correctly applied,and the penalties were appropriate.The scope of the re-trial cases continuously expanded from 1912 to 1922 and,finally,the Amendment to the Statutes on the Re-trial System in 1922 stipulated that all cases under the jurisdiction of the district courts where county magistrates tried,whether through appeal or re-trial,had to be re-tried by the high court or its branches.The adjustment of the scope of the re-trial cases was closely related to the extent to which the county magistrates'judicial discretion was restricted.During the Beiyang period,due to the failure to establish fornial courts of the first instance in counties throughout the country,the county magistrates concurrently handled judicial affairs,which inevitably caused the magistrates’judicial discretion.The re-trial system was originally designed to compensate for the drawbacks of county magistrates managing judicial affairs and to facilitate the transition within the judicial system.However,the interpretation of the role of the re-trial system should not be limited to reconciliation and adaptation of the old and new judicial systems in the Beiyang period but also to compensate for the deficiencies of county magistrates,judgments by continuously improving the re-trial procedure and to ensure the fairness of justice through restrictions on the judicial discretion of county magistrates,the enjoyment of equality of procedures,and the establishment of supervision procedures.

“林译小说”的现代阅读及其意义——以民初教育部褒奖小说为例

清末民初,“林译小说”影响很大,其中十几种为民初教育部所褒奖,以利于通俗教育。这十几种褒奖小说为国民所普遍阅读,其中首推《黑奴吁天录》,其“阅读”焦点在于借黑奴悲黄种人,体现出浓厚的启蒙色彩。对三种伦理小说的阅读,反映了读者对传统伦理的重视,尤其是通过西方小说发现中西在人伦上的相通之处,从而更加坚定了维护“伦理”的信念。对四种社会小说的阅读,体现了读者关注下层人民的悲悯情怀,更肯定了西方社会小说与我国古文在叙事技法上惊人的相似之处。对其他几种小说的阅读,各有侧重。对这些褒奖小说的阅读反映了读者思想观念的深刻变化。此外,考证与品评、批评这两种广义的“阅读”方式则大力促进了近代翻译小说批评的发展。

慢熟的土地:清末到民国的云南话剧文学(1913—1949年)

云南话剧文学的发展起步很早,经历了从萌芽到潮起、寂寞呐喊和学步模仿再到激情怒火中的爆发几个阶段,有学生的集体创作,也有个人的苦闷绝叫,还有时代催生的民族激情,更有民主大潮中的社会呐喊。云南话剧文学创作演出的构成分为本土剧作家的本土创作演出和外来剧作家在云南的“在地”创作演出。在这一时期里,云南现代话剧文学创作蹒跚地走向初步成型,耕耘中,远远守望着姗姗来迟的成熟。

“史实”的考证与呈现——评赵盼超著作《民国初期(1912-1928)北京地区中国画研究》

民国初期(1912-1928)即“北洋时代”北京地区的美术史研究,以往未得到学界足够的重视,近些年来成了一个热点并诞生了很多新的成果,赵盼超新著《民国初期(1912-1928)北京地区中国画研究》即是其中之一。笔者认为,该著作有三个特点,首先是该书结构及行文清晰,以史料的客观性为基础展开论述,同时注重问题意识;其次是注重以“社会身份”的视角来对所论及人物进行讨论,将“人”放到政府、社团、学院等社会网络中来进行考察;再次是注重将艺术创作放到艺术传播的视角来进行考察。这部专著在具体的研究中将更多的重心倾注于影响制约艺术创作与艺术观念的诸多社会因素,从而提供给读者一个更为完整的艺术场域,以便更为全面地了解这一时期北京的美术状况。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

清末民初讽喻联的“言文合一”趋向及意义

清末民初的讽喻性楹联在中国古代讽喻传统的基础上,与白话运动相结合,在音韵、句式、技巧等方面出现不同程度的新变。平仄规则的自由化、句式词汇的白话化、修辞技巧的谐趣化,使得清末民初讽喻联在“形”与“神”双重层面契合了“言文合一”理念,成为“我手写我口”的实践性文体。清末民初讽喻联最直接且最真实地反应了民众的心声,作为强有力的“战斗武器”,于嬉笑怒骂之中,剖析黑暗惨痛之现实。

清季民初孙中山与传统尚俭思想文化刍议

清季民初,孙中山十分青睐传统尚俭思想文化,自觉秉持其精神追求改良、革命和构建及再造共和。这大致分清季政治变革、民初构建共和与再造共和三阶段,波及范围不断拓展。其主要内涵涉及藉俭以资政来推进政治近代变革,用俭以益效推进经济近代化,用俭以良俗来改良社会风尚。他既大力提倡尚俭精神又身体力行,终成中国近代理性人格的楷模。其前后持续不断且丰富多彩的革命言行及其所彰显的注重效益至上、积极融合中西文化和追求合理中道的理论特色客观上推动着传统尚俭思想文化近代化。

舆论下的规制:清末民初法学教育的“跃进”式发展(1905—1927)

在近代“西学东渐”的历史潮流下,清末民初,社会舆论推动了西式法学教育的出现与发展,但受传统谋官心态以及逐利目的的影响,法学教育呈现“跃进”式的发展状况,致使民国初期各类法律学校数量一度激增至67所。面对此种乱象,社会舆论再度发挥监督作用,以谴责批评的方式助推政府通过教育管控、学校裁撤以及自我整改来规制此种乱象,并取得了明显效果。回顾清末民初法学教育“跃进”式发展的历史脉络,在看到其发展乱象的同时,也要认识到其在传播法律知识、培养法治理念和培育政法人才方面对近代中国的贡献。

亚当·斯密学说在民国初年的传播和影响

民国初年虽然战争不断,但是中国先进分子没有放弃对中国富强道路的追寻,以斯密为代表的西方文化仍然受到关注。孙中山、李大钊、陈独秀在介绍和宣传社会主义、马克思主义时,常引用斯密学说;斯密诞辰200周年、《国富论》出版150周年时,《东方杂志》《学艺杂志》等杂志刊文予以纪念;刘秉麟写《亚丹斯密》,系统介绍和研究斯密学说;一些学者翻译的日、英、德、法等国的文章和著作中,涉及斯密学说。民国初年,留学归国者成为斯密学说的传播主体,他们通过报刊、出版社、课堂等媒介,促进了斯密学说进一步传播。

清末民初本土科学教科书中“文化自信”的特征研究

新时代教育改革背景下,在课程与教材体系中贯穿文化自信成为教科书编写的现实需求。清末民初是中国教育新旧交替、中西文化碰撞交融的大变革时代,教科书中的文化内容也具备典型的时代特征。以清末民初商务印书馆出版的两套本土科学教科书为研究对象,从内容特征、融入方式两个维度对教科书中“文化自信”的内容进行分析,发现该时期科学教科书具有文化融入类别丰富、实用性特征突出、充分发挥文化的教育功能等特征。这一时期的科学教科书能够为当代教科书编写提供参考。

清末民初《西游记》英译研究

《西游记》是中国古典小说域外传播最为成功的作品之一,影响力甚至超过国内推崇的《红楼梦》。从英译动机、译介策略和译文特征方面入手,清末民初《西游记》英译的历史演进轨迹可划分为滥觞期(1884—1895)、开拓期(1896—1911)和发展期(1912—1930)三个阶段。译介队伍由初始的传教士拓展为作家、记者和汉学家等多元化译者;英译作品的传播经历了从报刊连载、文学史、作品集到独立发行的过程;取经前的故事内容译介频次高,反映了西方译者的翻译立场和审美价值。

“近三百年”历史叙事:民国学者的清史书写

“近三百年”是民国学者在清史书写中使用较多的一种固定表达,是在当时特定的历史环境下产生的叙事模式。梁启超先生最先对“近三百年”进行历史界定,赋予其反对封建史观、倡导思想解放、服务社会现实等内涵,试图为当时的社会发展提供借鉴与指导,深刻影响了民国时期的清史书写,是这一叙事模式的实际开创者和推动者。“近三百年”历史叙事广泛出现在当时的学术、政治、外交、宗教等诸多研究领域,建立起一种全新的史学解释体系,标志着近代中国知识分子的觉醒,带有明显的时代印记。“近三百年”叙事模式的产生,不仅受到近代西方文化强势输入及中西文化论争的影响,而且与清季民初兴起的“反满”思潮有很大关系。“近三百年”本身包含着清代历史的“前因”和“后果”,将有清一代的兴衰史迹、思想变迁拉伸、拓宽,追源竟流,消弭了朝代更迭造成的历史隔阂,较为清晰地展现了清代历史发生、发展、兴盛、衰亡的完整图景,这比以“断代”叙事脉络更为清晰。“近三百年”叙事模式以资产阶级启蒙思想反对封建史观,以“时段”理论冲击了传统的“断代”叙事,强调整体研究的方法,更加注重以史经世,反映了当时学者思考和解决中国社会历史诸问题的一种方式,代表的是一种进步的历史观。这一叙事模式虽受西方文化影响而产生,但转而以中国历史为本位,以历史主动精神反思中国学术、政治与社会,是对清史研究范式的新探索,为当代清史书写提供了理论借鉴。需要指出的是,“近三百年”的内涵随着时代发展已经发生明显变化,当代学者在使用“近三百年”论述清代历史时,有必要对其时间断限、研究范围、理论内涵等进行重新界定。