Impact of climate change and human activities on the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province, China

Understanding the dynamics of surface water area and their drivers is crucial for human survival and ecosystem stability in inland arid and semi-arid areas.This study took Gansu Province,China,a typical area with complex terrain and variable climate,as the research subject.Based on Google Earth Engine,we used Landsat data and the Open-surface Water Detection Method with Enhanced Impurity Control method to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province from 1985 to 2022,and quantitatively analyzed the main causes of regional differences in surface water area.The findings revealed that surface water area in Gansu Province expanded by 406.88 km2 from 1985 to 2022.Seasonal surface water area exhibited significant fluctuations,while permanent surface water area showed a steady increase.Notably,terrestrial water storage exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,correlated with the dynamics of surface water area.Climate change and human activities jointly affected surface hydrological processes,with the impact of climate change being slightly higher than that of human activities.Spatially,climate change affected the'source'of surface water to a greater extent,while human activities tended to affect the'destination'of surface water.Challenges of surface water resources faced by inland arid and semi-arid areas like Gansu Province are multifaceted.Therefore,we summarized the surface hydrology patterns typical in inland arid and semi-arid areas and tailored surface water'supply-demand'balance strategies.The study not only sheds light on the dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province,but also offers valuable insights for ecological protection and surface water resource management in inland arid and semi-arid areas facing water scarcity.

Relationships between Earth’s Rotation or Revolution and Geographical Extent of the Global Surface Monsoons

Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that Coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between Coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITCZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?

Earth’s Atmosphere Prevailing Surface Winds Based on Effectiveness of Mbane Biouele Formula Derived in 2009

Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.

Identification and Interpretation of Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamics’ and Thermodynamics’ Similarities between Rogue Waves and Oceans’ Surface Geostrophic Wind

In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. Conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.

Evaluation of Tribological Performance of PTFE Composite Filled with Rare Earths Treated Carbon Fibers under Water-Lubricated Condition

Carbon fibers （CFs） were surface treated with air-oxidation, rare earths （RE） after air-oxidation, and rare earths, respectively. Erichsen test was conducted to study the interfacial adhesion of PTFE composites filled with carbon fibers treated with different treatment methods. Tribological properties of the PTFE composites, sliding against GCr15 steel under water-lubricated condition, were investigated on a reciprocating ball-on-disk UMT-2MT tribometer. The worn surfaces of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results reveal that RE treatment is superior to air oxidation in promoting tribological properties of CF reinforced PTFE （CF/PTFE） composite. The friction and wear properties of PTFE composite filled with RE treated CF are the best of the PTFE composites. RE treatment is more effective than air oxidation to improve the tribological properties of CF/PTFE composite owing to the effective improvement of interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and PTFE matrix.

From Where Did the Water Come That Filled the Earth’s Oceans? A Widely Overlooked Redox Reaction

Though two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, measurements of hydroxyl concentrations in upper mantle minerals, specifically in olivine, reportedly provide surprisingly low values. This has been interpreted to mean that there is little dissolved H2O in the Earth’s mantle. By inference, when Earth formed, there might not have been able enough water to fill the oceans through volcanic degassing. It has therefore been proposed that the missing water was delivered to Earth from space, through comets and other impacting bodies. However, the reported low hydroxyl concentrations in olivine and similar mineralsis probably based on a profound misunderstanding of a solid state reaction that converts hydroxyls into something more difficult to detect. There is indeed a redox reaction that converts, during cooling, solute hydroxyls in the matrix of minerals into peroxy plus H2. This widely overlooked redox conversion takes place under thermodynamic non-equilibrium conditions. Its significance is that any mineral and any rock available for collection at the Earth surface has gone through a process that causes hydroxyls, the telltale sign of dissolved H2O, to change into peroxyplusH2. The H2 molecules are diffusively mobile and may leave even structurally dense mineral grains. The remaining peroxy thus become the memory of the “true” solute H2O content, besides a few residual hydroxyls. Though first described over 30 years ago, this redox conversion has been largely ignored. As a result it is unknown how much H2O is contained in the Earth’s upper mantle but it is certainly much more than has been assumed until now on the basis of analysis of residual hydroxyls.

Atypical Variations of Water Conductivity Prior to Tectonic Earthquakes

Within the framework of precursor events related to earthquakes, this paper analyzes the possible effect on the aquatic environment of the surrounding energy that accompanies earthquakes, particularly in the area where oceanic and continental plates collide (Cocos Plate and North American Plate, south of Mexico). As a preamble, the types of precursor events, characteristics, and their possible origin are described. A project was designed under the assumption that in areas with high frequency and intensity seismicity there is an electrical and electromagnetic potential promoter which is detectable and assessable indirectly by measuring water conductivity behavior, which also may have atypical variations of data;the outcome of intensive conductivity monitoring in different settings, natural as well as manmade (wellsprings, artesian well and a cistern), are presented herein. The results of the conductivity monitoring for seven months, highlight two patterns in data behavior: one pattern shows the subtle dependence of data behavior on the geographic location of data monitoring instruments, revealing that could have a slight relationship between areas with increased seismic frequency and intensity and the presence of atypical conductivity variations. Another pattern reveals the possible relationship between atypical variations in conductivity and subsequent earthquake events;a total of 241 seismic events were analyzed and 59 of them are provided as evidence related with patterns mentioned.

Mechanism of Intraplate Earthquakes and Anthropogenic Causes in USA

In this paper we carried out an investigation about the possible causes for the enhancement of earthquakes in USA the last seven years. Our statistical and physical models indicated that the increased evolution of events in the country depends from the human actions. For further analysis we divided the country into three main seismological regions: western, central and, eastern. We roughly classified the areas by their thickness of Earth’s crust in a variation 25-45-25 km. The thickest area is in the mid-continent and most of this region are part of the Great Plains. In our study we are going to investigate the reason for the Mississippi Lime in Oklahoma a very thick area, started an unusual earthquake activity since 2010, most at Oklahoma/Kansas border. In this region also there are many anthropogenic activities concerning with the waste water wells and more than 4000 of them are active in the state. Wastewater disposal wells typically operate for longer duration and inject much more fluid than hydraulic fracturing, making them more likely to induce earthquakes. Enhanced oil recovery injects fluid into rock layers where oil and gas have already been extracted, while wastewater injection often occurs in never-before-touched rocks. Therefore, wastewater injection can raise pressure levels more than enhanced oil recovery, and thus increases the likelihood of induced earthquakes. Most injection wells do not trigger felt earthquakes. A combination of many factors is necessary for injection to induce felt earthquakes. These include the injection rate and total volume injected;the presence of faults or unknown fractures that are large enough to produce felt earthquakes;stresses that are large enough to produce earthquakes;and the presence of pathways for the fluid pressure to travel from the injection point to faults. Finally other causes of human action triggering earthquakes fluid injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, mining, nuclear explosions, some of them will be mentioned and investigated in this paper. We also intend to explain why not all the waste wells are triggering earthquakes and how it would be strongly attached to the unevenness of the Earth’s crust.

Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades

According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth＇s solid surface suggests that the Earth＇s solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise（SLR） rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained.

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地表水中16种稀土元素

地表水样品经过0.45μm滤膜过滤后,加入适量的硝酸将酸度调节至pH<2,试液直接用ICP-MS测定16种稀土元素。分别选用74 Ge、115 In、185 Re为内标元素消除基体效应,选择适当的待测元素的同位素及校正方程消除质谱干扰,依据HJ 168-2020对方法的空白、检出限、线性范围、精密度、准确度等指标进行研究。结果表明,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地表水中16种稀土元素具有灵敏度高、准确度好、干扰少、检出限低、能同时进行多元素测定等优点。测定各个稀土元素方法检出限在0.01~0.05μg/L范围内,相关系数均大于0.999,相对标准偏差在0.43%~3.07%范围内,加标回收率在91.7%~101.2%范围内。

Effect of far infrared radiation ceramics containing rare earth additives on surface tension of water

A kind of far infrared radiation ceramics was prepared by using silicate minerals, calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide as main raw materials, and cerium nitrate as additive. The structure of the ceramics and far infrared radiation properties on the surface tension of water were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a tensiometer, respectively. It was showed that, after being sintered at 1160 ℃, the solid solution was formed by CeO2 and Fe2O3, thus the crystal parameters （c/a axis ratio） and interplanar spacing of Fe2O3 increased. The addition of cerium was regarded to improve the far infrared radiation of ceramics, and the maximum emissivity value in the range of 5-20 μm was 0.94. The surface tension of water gradually decreased with increasing radiation time.

广州及附近地区地表水中稀土元素空间分异的景观效应探析

景观格局与生态过程的关系一直都是地球科学研究中关注的重点,地表水中稀土元素的迁移是一种连贯的地球化学行为,也可能受到景观格局的影响。本研究基于景观视角,对广州及周边5个区域的地表水进行采样,结合土地利用数据与数字高程数据,分析各采样区地表水中稀土元素浓度分布特征,并以各采样点为中心进行不同空间尺度的缓冲区分析,计算各缓冲区内的景观格局指数,通过Spearman相关性分析与冗余分析(RDA)定量研究地表水中稀土元素浓度与地形因子以及景观格局指数的关系。结果表明:①地表水中稀土元素的空间分异程度与高程存在显著正相关关系,海拔越高,地表水中稀土元素浓度越高,而与坡度、坡向无明显相关关系。②地表水中稀土元素浓度与景观格局指数存在显著相关关系,景观异质性程度越高,地表水中稀土元素浓度越低,反之景观连接度越好,地表水中稀土元素浓度越高。③不同空间尺度下景观格局对地表水中稀土元素浓度的影响具有明显差异,多数景观格局指数与地表水中稀土元素浓度的相关性在缓冲区空间尺度达到4000 m以上时才最显著,且在4000 m缓冲区中景观格局指数对地表水中稀土元素浓度的解释度最高。若通过景观规划对区域地表水中稀土元素浓度进行有效管控,景观格局调控的空间尺度应该在4000 m以上才会取得显著的效果。

Watershed systems science—A new paradigm to understand and govern the impact of human activities on the earth's surface in the Anthropocene

Recent scholars’work in Vol 58 Issue 1(2015)and Cheng and Li’s paper in Vol 58 Issue 7(2015)in Science China Earth Sciences propose development of"Watershed science"by"Bridging new advances in hydrological science with good management of river basins".An analysis of the language and key concepts used in the abstracts,titles and keywords of this set of 8 papers and an editorial reveals that‘Watershed’,‘River’,‘Science’and‘System’are the

ICP-MS测定表生水体稀土过程中pH值对酸性膦萃取稀土效率的影响

针对目前最常用的液-液萃取、ICP-MS测定法检测表生水体中微量稀土元素方法,研究了不同pH值条件下,酸性膦（65%HDEHP和35%H2MEHP）自表生水体中萃取稀土元素（REEs）的回收率。结果表明,在pH1-4的范围内,不同性质的水体（湖泊、河流、地下水）有不同的REEs回收率。其中湖水在pH 1.8-3.7有90%以上的回收率,最高回收率为93.64%;河水在pH 2.1-3.5范围内有90%以上的回收率,最高回收率为95.52%;地下水仅在pH 1.3-1.5时回收率超过90%,最高回收率为97.61%。说明在萃取不同表生水体中稀土元素时,需要调到特定的pH值才能得到最好的萃取效果。

基于DEM和ArcGIS的挖填土方量计算在净水厂设计中的应用

净水厂设计过程中,对原始地表向设计地表转化这一过程进行挖填土方量计算是一项重要的工作。在对国内外各领域现有的挖填土方量计算方法分析研究的基础上,利用DEM和ArcGIS空间分析模块,提出一种可用于净水厂设计中挖填土方量计算的新方法。将其应用于一个净水厂的设计实例,结果表明,利用该方法进行挖填土方量计算是高效和可行的。

基于T-S模糊故障树理论的公路隧道冻害分析方法

提出一种新的基于故障树理论的公路隧道冻害分析方法,以隧道冻害发生为初始事件,以隧道衬砌漏水结冰、路面溢水结冰、衬砌剥落掉块为后续事件,建立隧道冻害故障树,采用T-S模糊故障树计算方法对各底事件的重要度进行分析.结果表明:防水层破损、注浆堵水层失效、地下水侵入是导致隧道衬砌漏水结冰的关键问题;围岩中地下水丰富、排水设计施工不当、排水沟结冰冻胀是造成隧道路面溢水结冰的主要原因;衬砌施工质量不合格和衬砌原材料质量不合格是造成隧道衬砌剥落掉块的重要因素.因此,在寒区公路隧道设计和施工中一定要重视防排水工作,同时需要加强对衬砌材料劣化和材料耐久性的研究.

中心组合设计优化S-Cr-TiO_2催化剂光降解工艺条件

在确定的温度和光照条件下,采用中心组合设计法研究了固相反应法合成的硫与铬共掺杂二氧化钛(S-Cr-TiO)2光催化剂与水溶苯胺蓝(ANB)可见光降解过程中的三个作用因子:催化剂的浓度、水溶苯胺蓝水溶液的pH值及其初始浓度之间的相互作用关系,得到了影响因子与降解速率之间的回归方程及因素之间相互作用的响应面图。结果表明,S-Cr-TiO2光催化剂对水溶苯胺蓝的可见光降解过程遵循一级反应动力学规律。当催化剂浓度为2.05g/L,水溶苯胺蓝的浓度为42.57mg/L、pH=6.63时,光降解速率常数为0.01432 min-1,比未优化工艺条件时所得光降解反应速率常数0.01348min-1提高了6.2%。中心组合设计对筛选光降解工艺条件,提高光降解效率是十分有效的。

龙南稀土矿区周边水体污染特征及风险评价

为研究龙南稀土矿区地表水和地下水污染物迁移规律及污染成因机制,开展了矿区周边地表水、地下水水质现状监测工作,对研究区周边地表水、地下水中pH、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮浓度进行分析测定,运用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对水体污染程度及不同年龄段人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明:地表水料坑处的综合污染指数最高,达到54.19,属于严重污染程度;关西翰岗桥处综合污染指数最低,仅为2.119,属于较清洁程度;料坑、黄沙河和临塘一处理站下游的综合污染指数均达到严重污染程度;地下水采样点综合污染指数均达标,水质清洁。健康风险评价结果表明:研究区地表水及地下水中的硝酸盐对人体造成的健康风险较大,亚硝酸盐与氨氮次之;经非致癌健康风险计算,饮用地下水和地表水对不同年龄人群的影响程度为幼儿>青年>成人,因此应对龙南稀土矿区周边0~6岁幼儿用水安全给予更多关注。

非定常Hele-Shaw流中Darcy定理的实验研究(英文)

对表面水波在 H-S槽中的传播进行了实验研究和理论分析 ,通过对水波的复波数的测量验证 Darcy定理在非定常 H-S流中的适用性。研究表明 ,水面波在 H-S槽中的传播 ,具有较强的衰减现象。同时 ,其复波数的实部与Darcy理论预测吻合 ,而其虚部与理论预测相差甚远。表明在非定常情况下 ,Darcy定理有局限性 。