Laboratory-scale investigation of the material distribution characteristics of landslide dams in U-shaped valleys

Material distribution characteristics during sliding and depositing is particularly significative to investigate the internal structure and spatial variation of landslide dams,which are fundamentally determining the mechanical and hydraulic behavior and the susceptibility to cause dam failure.However,limited by longevity shortages and special geographic environments,the material distribution characteristics and their formation mechanisms are difficult to observe in the field.Therefore,an experimental apparatus modeling a landslide dam was developed in this paper,designing three sampling methods with two valley states.The internal deposit characteristics,void ratio variation and relative content of the particle size range(PSR)were analyzed,and the mechanics of deposit structure were also delicately ascertained.The results indicate that granular material deposited in valley shows a structure of inverse grain size accumulation in both vertical and horizontal directions,exhibiting spatial variability of particle gradation and void ratio.The characteristic PSR decreases from 22-30 mm in the two-dimensional state to 10-14 mm in the threedimensional state.Vibration excitation and vibration sieve are the intrinsic mechanisms of granular flow segregation,intrinsically inducing the formation of inverse grading deposit structures.Consequently,spatial variability in size is mainly trig gered by segregation,whereas coarse particle content and deposition boundaries merely exacerbate the difference degree.

Emerging and Innovative Materials for Hydropower Engineering Applications:Turbines,Bearings,Sealing,Dams and Waterways,and Ocean Power

The hydropower sector is currently experiencing several technological developments.New technologies and practices are emerging to make hydropower more flexible and more sustainable.Novel materials have also been recently developed to increase performance,durability,and reliability;however,no systematic discussions can be found in the literature.Therefore,in this paper,novel materials for hydropower applications are presented,and their performance,advantages,and limitations are discussed.For example,composites can reduce the weight of steel equipment by 50%to 80%,polymers and superhydrophobic materials can reduce head losses by 4%to 20%,and novel bearing materials can reduce bearing wear by 6%.These improvements determine higher efficiencies,longer life span,waste reduction,and maintenance needs,although the initial cost of some materials is not yet competitive with respect to the costs of traditional materials.The novel materials are described here based on the following categories:novel materials for turbines,dams and waterways,bearings,seals,and ocean hydropower.

Packing,compressibility,and crushability of rockfill materials with polydisperse particle size distributions and implications for dam engineering

In rockfill dam engineering,particle breakage of rockfill materials is one of the major factors resulting in dam settlement.In this study,one-dimensional compression tests on a series of coarse granular materials with artificially-graded particle size distributions(PSDs)were carried out.The tests focused on understanding the role of initial PSDs in the dense packing density,compressibility and crushability of coarse granular materials.The effects of fractal dimension(D)and size polydispersity(θ)of PSDs were quantitatively analyzed.Two different loading stages were identified from the logarithms of the stress-strain relationships,with the turning point marked as the yield stress.A similar effect of initial PSDs was observed on the packing density and low-pressure modulus of coarse granular materials.The packing density and low-pressure modulus increased monotonically withθ,and their peak values were attained at a D value of approximately 2.2.However,there was no unique correspondence between the dense packing density and low-pressure modulus.The particle breakage was influenced differently by the initial PSDs,and it decreased with the values of D andθ.The emergence of the unique ultimate state was also identified from both the compression curves and PSDs of the samples after the tests.The potential implications of the test results in the design of both low and high rockfill dams were also demonstrated.

Effect of Seismic Permanent Deformation on Safety and Stability of Earth-Rock Dam Slope

In order to study the effect of seismic permanent deformation on the safety and stability of earth-rock dam, the permanent deformation is considered as the non-design permanent load, and the stress-strain hysteresis curve is also considered when the earth is under cyclic load. The research work can make the calculation results of plastic collapse more accurate by including the effect of the post-earthquake degree of plastic deformation on the stability of the earth-rock dam, and the dam safety factor decreases from 2.50 to 1.90 after the magnitude-8 earthquake. Moreover, the research work will also improve the design of the earth-rock dam under abnormal operating conditions.

Dynamic Risk Assessment Index System for Earth-Rock Dam during Construction

During the construction of earth-rock dam,mutual exclusive construction goals such as quality,safety,progress and cost all have influences on each other,with risk factors being everchanging as the construction progresses.Accurate identification of the risk factors,as well as clearing any possible effect that any risk factors might have on the construction project is the key and foundation to our cooperative control of the construction goals.According to the construction planning of earth-rock dam,the hall3 D structure was used to identify the potential changes of risk factors,and the possible means of any risk factors to interfere with the construction goals.The dynamic risk assessment index system is established by deploying the WBS-RBS(work breakdown structurerisk breakdown structure)method,aiming at the construction goals of earth-rock dam.The case study shows that the index system is very effective at risk management of earth-rock dam during construction,and relatively practicable.

Use of Affordable Materials to Improve Water Quality in Peri-Urban Settlements in Windhoek, Namibia

Water samples from Daan Viljoen dam, Avis dam and Goreangab dam were collected and filtered with burlap, cotton and polyester. The water samples were analyzed for the presence of total coliform, Escherichia coli, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), somatic coliphage, Clostridium perfringens, turbidity and conductivity. The bacteriological analysis was carried out by membrane filtration and pour plate techniques. The water from the three dams was found to contain high levels of microorganisms which indicated that it was not safe for human consumption. Turbidity was improved after filtration. Cotton filtered out the most microorganisms (p < 0.05) in all dams compared with the other two types of cloths.

考虑材料老化的加高重力坝地震动力响应分析

混凝土坝的动力响应随着混凝土龄期的增加、性能的退化会发生显著变化,而加高重力坝还受到新老混凝土材料差异的影响。为研究重力坝运行期材料老化和加高重力坝新老混凝土性能差异对地震作用下动力响应特性的影响,以加高的丹江口重力坝为例,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件进行地震动力响应分析。同时,对比加高重力坝、拆除重建重力坝(即材料全新工况)以及按加高高度建造重力坝(即材料全老工况)3种工况下的地震响应情况,分析加高重力坝在地震动力下随着混凝土材料性能老化的坝顶位移、关键点应力和塑性损伤的响应。研究结果表明:随着混凝土材料老化程度增加,加高重力坝坝体的动力响应总体优于材料全老工况,同时劣于材料全新工况;其中坝体损伤呈经老坝折坡处后向新老混凝土结合面向下延伸的趋势。加高重力坝可适应结构变化后的受力和变形,同时兼具损伤破坏指标低、抗滑稳定性系数高的特点,坝体综合抗震性能得到提高。

基于物质点法的白格滑坡堰塞坝形成过程数值模拟

为准确模拟堰塞坝的形成过程,在物质点方法中引入了滑动速度依赖型的摩擦系数模型,实现了滑面接触算法的求解,并与试验结果对比验证方法的可靠性。在此基础上,反演了白格滑坡堰塞坝的形成过程,探讨了滑床底摩擦对堰塞坝成坝模式的影响规律。研究结果表明:白格滑坡堰塞坝形成过程可分为滑坡体加速运动、河谷制动和堆积成坝三阶段。白格滑坡速度最大达到45 m/s且最大速度位于滑坡体后缘,而滑坡体前缘受到河床底部摩擦影响,速度不稳定,变化幅度大且比滑坡体后缘早20 s制动。不同滑面接触模式决定了滑坡最终堆积成坝的状态:若采用滑动速度依赖型的摩擦系数模型模拟,则能够真实反映白格滑坡堰塞坝堆积状态;采用滑面的峰值摩擦系数计算,则导致计算的白格滑坡运动距离减小了32%,不能形成完全堵塞金沙江的堰塞坝;而采用残余摩擦系数计算,则导致计算的白格滑坡运动距离增大了12%。研究成果对加深堰塞坝成坝模式的认识具有意义,对于滑坡堰塞坝链生灾害预测及防灾减灾应急抢险处置具有一定的参考价值。

筑坝堆石料颗粒破碎及分形特性试验研究

为探究筑坝堆石料颗粒破碎现象,选取不同粗粒含量和含水量的堆石料作为研究对象,开展室内击实试验,分析土体的压实特性、颗粒破碎特性及分形特征,并揭示其力学响应机理。试验结果表明:随含水量的增加,堆石料的干密度先增大后减小。而最大干密度和最优含水量分别与粗粒含量呈现正相关和负相关。堆石料中出现明显的颗粒破碎现象,随粗粒含量和含水量的增加其颗粒破碎率随之增大。粗粒含量与含水量分别与分形维数成反比和正比关系,相较于含水量,粗粒含量对分形维数的影响更显著。

面板堆石坝含特细砂砂砾石填筑料碾压特性研究

阿尔塔什水利枢纽工程大坝主堆石区填筑料以砂砾石料为主,该地区河滩砂砾石料颗粒级配中的砂为特细砂,其在砂的级配中缺少中粗砂、级配不连续、保水性较差等特殊性级配料的特点导致其在施工过程中势必会影响到碾压的压实效果,给施工过程的质量控制带来很大难度。阐述了施工中通过对含特细砂砂砾石填筑料进行的不同加水量、不同厚度、不同碾压遍数及碾压机械等不同的碾压工艺参数进行试验检测、综合统计分析研究,探索出适合该工程的相关碾压施工参数标准,优化了施工碾压参数,提升了施工现场试验检测控制的时效性,为大坝填筑建设提供了稳定、可靠的施工参数,增强了坝体整体填筑的可靠性,为减小坝体沉降变形、提高大坝抗震安全储备和控制大坝施工质量等提供了有利条件。

考虑混凝土强度随机不均匀分布的重力坝动力损伤研究

重力坝所采用的大体积混凝土受到其固有特性、浇筑时的施工质量等影响容易导致强度的不均匀性。在目前的混凝土坝抗震分析中,一般将混凝土看成是一种强度分布均匀的材料,对于强度的不均匀性对大坝动力损伤的影响研究不多。基于混凝土塑性损伤理论及Weibull概率分布模型,采用Python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发。在考虑混凝土塑性损伤的前提下,研究了混凝土强度随机不均匀分布对重力坝坝体和基岩损伤的影响。在计算中综合考虑了坝体和基岩的动力损伤、大坝与库水相互作用、无限地基辐射阻尼等,对比分析了坝体和基岩整体在各个不均匀度下震后损伤区域分布、坝体损伤面积比和损伤耗散能等动力响应,揭示了混凝土强度不均匀程度对大坝及基岩地震损伤的影响规律,研究结果可为重力坝相关的设计和施工提供参考。

高海拔地区宽级配泥石流冲击拦砂坝试验研究

在高海拔地区,由于山高谷深,坡表物质受物理风化严重,物源级配宽度范围大,泥石流的发育频率高,冲击力大,导致拦砂坝损毁严重。为研究高海拔地区宽级配泥石流对拦砂坝的冲击规律,以西藏地区发育的泥石流为原型,建立宽级配泥石流冲击拦砂坝的物理试验模型,选取泥石流容重、水槽坡度与泥石流固相最大粒径为变量,进行27组水槽试验,研究冲击力特征。结果表明:(1)宽级配泥石流在冲击拦砂坝过程中经历“冲击爬高、旋滚回流、堆积回淤”3个接触演化阶段,泥石流容重越小,爬高越大,冲淤过程的阶段性表现越明显;(2)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随宽级配泥石流容重的增大而减小,在相同坡度和级配的条件下,容重越大,水流携带固体物源运动越困难,泥石流流速降低,泥石流的冲击力减小;(3)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随沟槽坡度增大而增大,沟槽坡度越大,宽级配泥石流的流速和流深越大,泥石流冲击力就越大,并且泥石流固相粒径越大,坡度对冲击力的影响效果越明显;(4)拦砂坝的坝前冲击力随宽级配泥石流固相最大粒径增大而增大,且变化趋势较泥石流容重及沟槽坡度条件改变时更加显著,最大粒径与泥石流流速、流深没有明显规律关系。研究成果将为宽级配泥石流防治和研究提供一定的数据参考。

材料参数对高拱坝动力响应影响研究

高坝系统运行环境复杂,与设计状态往往有比较大的差异。以溪洛渡拱坝为例,首先采用三维有限元模型基于现场实测资料反演坝体与地基材料参数,然后对比设计参数和反演参数条件下坝体的动力响应。研究结果表明,材料参数的选取对坝体-地基系统动力响应影响明显,与采用反演参数的拱坝动力响应相比,采用设计参数时坝体的动相对位移明显增加,坝肩位置横缝开度增加但中部横缝开度减小,建基面、孔口及坝踵位置损伤增加。建议对拱坝进行抗震安全性分析时采用设计参数。

某水电站土石坝筑坝材料土工试验研究

以某水电站沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝河口料场为依托,对料场堆石料进行一系列的物理、力学性质试验,研究检测级配组成下的物理性质,复核在填筑设计包络线范围内的力学性质。试验各项指标可为坝体沉降、稳定分析提供计算依据,同时为确定坝体填筑标准提供科学依据。

浅析土石坝水库填筑黏土料压实度超百现象

本文针对土石坝水库安全鉴定和除险加固工程勘察中出现的坝体填筑黏土料的压实度超过100%的现象,结合大量工程案例,从水库建设、运行、勘察检测手段和室内试验等多方面进行原因分析和评价,为处理土石坝水库在设计、建设以及安全鉴定和除险加固中遇到的填筑黏土料压实度问题提供参考。

水电站大坝混凝土施工及裂缝防渗处理研究

在开展水电站大坝施工阶段,缺乏对混凝土工程的系统化研究,导致透水率难以达到施工要求,基于此,提出水电站大坝混凝土施工及裂缝防渗处理施工技术研究。将普通硅酸盐水泥P·O42.5作为主要材料,从性能角度出发,对大坝混凝土施工材料进行设计,采用多个单元墙段逐个施工的方式对大坝结构浇筑。对于大坝混凝土结构存在的裂缝问题,结合裂缝的具体状态设计了结构表面修补法和内部填充法两种防渗处理施工方式。从测试结果可以看出,施工大坝的透水率始终稳定在1.50 Lu以内,达到了施工管理要求。

Characteristics and factors that influenced damage to dams in the M_s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

Based on raw data from dams damaged in the Wenchuan earthquake, including many that were severely damaged, characteristics and factors that influenced the damage are discussed in this paper. Findings from this study include： severely damaged dams were densely distributed along the seismologic fault; small dams, especially small earth-rock dams, had the most serious damage that was caused by a variety of factors; the most serious damage was caused by seismic waves; damage was aggregated by aftershocks; and the extent of the damage patterns increased with the seismic intensity. Damage patterns varied in different intensity zones and cracking was the most common type of damage. Most of the dams had a good base with relatively high bearing capacity, and the walls of the earth-rock dams were mostly of clay soil. This type of base and body material mitigated some of the damage to dams. Reservoir maintenance and other factors also have a significant impact on the seismic safety of the dam. Finally, some recommendations to reduce seismic damage to dams are proposed.

特高土心墙堆石坝坝基防渗体渗流-溶蚀特征研究

针对渗透溶蚀效应下特高土心墙堆石坝的渗流与溶蚀问题,构建了以孔隙水压力、固相钙浓度与钙离子浓度为自由度的水泥基材料渗流-溶蚀耦合模型。以长河坝工程为背景,研究了特高土心墙堆石坝的渗流溶蚀特征,探讨了渗透溶蚀效应下特高土心墙堆石坝的失效标准,预测了坝体的服役年限。渗透溶蚀效应降低了坝体的防渗能力,服役100 a后坝体浸润线逸出点将较初始时刻抬升1.95 m;随着服役年限的增加,覆盖层、副防渗墙的渗透坡降增加,心墙、主防渗墙和防渗帷幕的渗透坡降降低;水泥基材料固相钙溶蚀相对严重的区域集中在两道防渗墙中下部、固结灌浆靠下游侧及防渗帷幕,靠近复合土工膜和高塑性黏土的坝基防渗体溶蚀程度较低。从固相钙的分解率、渗透系数、渗流量、渗透坡降和边坡稳定等角度分析,认为考虑渗透溶蚀效应时长河坝的服役年限约为68.3 a,降低主防渗帷幕的初始渗透性可较为有效地延长坝体服役年限。特高土心墙堆石坝坝基水泥基结构渗透溶蚀效应不可忽视,其设计、运行及维护应充分考虑水泥基材料的渗透溶蚀效应。

砾石土心墙料的湿化变形特性试验研究

针对砾石土心墙料,采用大型应力式三轴仪开展了单线法湿化变形试验,较系统地研究了湿化应变与应力水平、围压之间的变化规律。依据试验成果,砾石土心墙料的湿化变形是明显的,且与应力水平、围压密切相关,在高围压、高应力水平条件下,外力改变了试样的饱和状态,砾石土样品逐渐从非饱和状态过渡到饱和状态,砾石土料存在应力饱和现象,导致湿化过程中没有明显的湿化变形。当围压较小时,湿化应变随应力水平的增大而增大,当围压增大到一定量值时,湿化应变反而随应力水平的增大而减小,呈现明显的分叉现象,表现出更加复杂的规律。最后提出了砾石土料湿化变形模型及模型参数,提出的砾石土料湿化模型可作为高土石坝湿化变形分析的基础。

考虑坝体材料参数随机性的拱坝易损性分析

施工过程和混凝土材料自身属性会导致拱坝坝体材料具有随机性。为了评估在强地震动作用下坝体混凝土材料随机性对拱坝抗震性能的影响,以白鹤滩拱坝为对象研究了表征混凝土非均匀程度的相关长度以及材料参数均值与拱坝损伤破坏的关系。分析中采用耐震时程法(ETA)生成人工地震动时程,假设坝体材料参数值服从特定区间内的均匀分布,同时为考虑坝体材料局部连续性,将相关长度引入到均匀分布公式中,基于协方差矩阵分解法和中心点离散技术建立了对应不同相关长度的拱坝随机场有限元模型,分析了其在地震动作用下的动力响应。选择相对位移、横缝开度和损伤体积比作为评价指标,通过概率密度演化法(PDEM)和直接概率积分法(DPIM)计算各指标的时变概率密度曲线,并计算了不同指标的失效概率曲线,以评价坝体在不同峰值加速度下的失效概率。分析结果表明:考虑坝体材料的随机性后,坝体损伤分布分散,且不同工况的分析结果离散性较大;损伤情况主要受相关长度和材料参数均值的影响,相关长度越大,坝体的抗震性能越好。