Ideas of establishing the information system for emergence decisions on the protection against earthquakes and disaster reduction in cities (application of GIS)

ith urban reformation and opening becoming deeper,the work of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction would be more important.In this paper,some ideas are suggested about establishing the information system for emergency decisions on protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in cities .The information system mainly includes a subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake (which includes input of seismic information,distribution of earthquake intensity,evaluation of seismic fragility on all social factors and etc.) and a subsystem for the decisive information of seismic emergency(which mainly includes project of disaster relief,project of personnel evacuation,dangerous degree warning for the dangerous articlesstoring places and protection measures against them,assistant decision on fire due to earthquake,location of headquarter for providing disaster relief,and etc.). It is thought that the data investigation and collection about all kinds of buildings(including lifeline engineering)are the most important and difficult work as establishing this system.

Fast and robust inversion of earthquake source rupture process and its application to earthquake emergency response

Fast inversion of source rupture process for significant earthquake is introduced and applied to earthquake emergency response. We retrieve and use the apparent source time functions （ASTFs） to stabilize the rupture process inversion, aiming to get the rupture process results correctly and quickly. The applications to 22 significant earthquakes occurred between January 2009 and July 2011 show an average inversion time consumed of about four hours, suggesting a high efficiency of this method, which much improves the inversion speed of the rupture process and is helpful in earthquake disaster mitigation and relief.

A successful mountain rescue operation in Yushu Earthquake

On April 14, 2010, an earthquake reaching 7.1 Richter scale struck Jiegu Town of Yushu. More than 2 698 people were confirmed dead, and 12 135 were injured, of which 1 434 were severely injured. Rescue operation was carried out soon after the disaster; however, the rescue teams face great challenges of altitude hypoxia, freezing temperature and very bad weather. Thus, 1 434 severe injuries were rapidly transported airlifted to hospitals in Xining and neighboring provinces for effective treatment. The extremity trauma （49.9 % ） was the most common patteru of injuries. Asphyxia （40.8 % ） was by far the most important reason for death. A high incidence of acute altitude illness in the lowland rescuers was a special medical problem during the highest earthquake in Yushu. We have learned more lessons from Yushu Earthquake.

Organization and implementation of mass medical rescue after an earthquake

Over the past century, over 40 earthquakes measuring ≥7 on the Richter scale have occurred worldwide; of those, 10 took place in China and killed 600,000 people(accounting for 53% of the total number of global deaths due to earthquakes). On May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. In this disaster, 69,000 people were killed, 18,000 people were reported missing, and 37,000 people were injured, including more than 10,000 who were seriously injured. Trauma was the most commonly observed type of injury, with fractures accounting for 74% of all injury cases. On April 14, 2010, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Yushu, in Qinghai Province. In this disaster, 2,698 people were killed, 270 people were reported missing, and 11,000 people were injured, including more than 3,100 who were seriously injured. Fracture injury accounted for 58.4% of all injury cases. After each earthquake, the Chinese Army Medical Services responded promptly, according to the previously established guidelines, and sent out elite forces to the disaster areas, with the objectives of organizing, coordinating and participating in an efficient and evidence-based medical rescue effort. After the Wenchuan earthquake, 397 mobile medical service teams including 7,061 health workers were sent to the disaster areas. A total of 69,000 casualties were treated, and 22,000 surgeries were performed. After the Yushu earthquake, 25 mobile medical service teams involving 2,025 health workers were sent. They performed 1,635 surgeries and created an astounding outcome of "zero deaths" in the aftermath of the earthquake during their treatment of casualties in a high-altitude region. Within a week after each earthquake, the military teams rescued approximately 60% of the total number of rescued casualties and evacuated approximately 80% of the total number of evacuated sick or wounded victims, playing a critical role and making invaluable contributions to earthquake relief. The experience and lessons learned from the rescue efforts of the Chinese military after the two earthquakes have highlighted several key aspects in emergency medical rescue: 1) medical rescue theories must be updated; 2) military-civilian cooperation must be stressed; 3) professional rescue forces must be strengthened; 4) supporting facilities must be improved; and 5) international exchanges and cooperation must be deepened.

Post-disaster medical rescue strategy in tropical regions

BACKGROUND:Earthquakes,floods,droughts,storms,mudslides,landslides,and forest wild fires are serious threats to human lives and properties.The present study aimed to study the environmental characteristics and pathogenic traits,recapitulate experiences,and augment applications of medical reliefs in tropical regions.METHODS:Analysis was made on work and projects of emergency medical rescue,based on information and data collected from 3 emergency medical rescue missions of China International Search and Rescue Team to overseas earthquakes and tsunamis aftermaths in tropical disaster regions — Indonesia-Aceh,Indonesia-Yogyakarta,and Haiti-Port au Prince.RESULTS:Shock,infection and heat stroke were frequently encountered in addition to outbreaks of infectious diseases,skin diseases,and diarrhea during post-disaster emergency medical rescue in tropical regions.CONCLUSIONS:High temperature,high humidity,and proliferation of microorganisms and parasites are the characteristics of tropical climate that impose strict requirements on the preparation of rescue work including selective team members suitable for a particular rescue mission and the provisioning of medical equipment and life support materials.The overseas rescue mission itself needs a scientific,efficient,simple workflow for providing efficient emergency medical assistance.Since shock and infection are major tasks in post-disaster treatment of severely injured victims in tropical regions,the prevention and diagnosis of hyperthermia,insect-borne infectious diseases,tropic skin diseases,infectious diarrhea,and pest harms of disaster victims and rescue team staff should be emphasized during the rescue operations.

Study on Optimization of Earthquake Emergency Traffic Scheduling Based on The Lifting of Cyberspace

How to improve the rescue efficiency of the network after the earthquake is the key content of emergency management decision-making, improve the efficiency of emergency rescue, and reduce the impact of emergency rescue to the non victims. Using cyberspace of lifeline network traffic and emergency transportation problem, considering the network restoration problem of disaster area, earthquake emergency supplies distribution model is established. In the model, to consider the need to repair the damaged sections and the existing emergency rescue generated traffic volume of emergency rescue network effects. And design heuristic algorithm for solving the model. Finally the example shows that in emergency rescue, emergency rescue of critical damage repair the road and traffic control of the whole lifeline network rescue efficiency highest, with the average nuisance greatly reduce, the lifeline network connectivity reliability.

Information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City──Application of GIS

For meeting the need of rapid development of economy in Shanghai and the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the mega city, it is necessary to build a information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the city. In this paper, GIS is applied to 'the information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City (Baoshan experiment region)'. We introduce to the structure and effect of each functional module in this information system. This information system consists of 7 functional modules:background information of seismology and geology, subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake, subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence, information query, maintenance and management of system, help, quit. The key parts of this information system are the subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake and the subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence. Also, this paper introduces to the application of technology of color infra-red aerial photograph remote sensing to this information system.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

Comparison of Emergency Management Strategies for Nosocomial Infections Between Two Earthquakes

Aim:Based on the experience of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake and the 8.8 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake,the emergency management strategies for nosocomial infections were compared between the two earthquakes.The experience shared in the present study provides a guideline for the emergency medical rescue of future earthquake.Methods:The patients involved in this study were those injured in the earthquake and admitted to the hospital for treatment.As an earthquake relief center,the hospital participated in the emergency rescue work of the two recent major earthquakes in western China.Review analysis was carried out in the hospital's infection control experience adopted in the two major earthquakes.It was emphasized that,targeting the characteristics and difficulties in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection,different innovative infection control emergency strategies were adopted by the frontline disaster relief hospitals,under the special circumstances and medical conditions in an earthquake disaster.Results:According to the different focus of infection control in the two earthquakes,different hospital infection control strategies were adopted,and the incidence of nosocomial infections was effectively controlled.

Analysis on Characteristics of the Hazards of the 2015 Pishan Ms 6.5 Earthquake in Xinjiang

The disaster area of the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake in 2015 is located in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin,where the natural condition are harsh,and the economy is extremely backward.Moreover,because of a large number of residential housing with poor seismic performance in the disaster area,the damage and economic losses are serious.Since the most disaster area is located in the piedmont overflow,with poor site conditions such as shallow groundwater level and soil foundation,the magnifying effect of ground motion has a significant impact on the damage.In conclusion,we believe that investment in antiearthquake housing projects should be increased in post disaster reconstruction.Furthermore,for the north of the disaster area,with the dense population,poor conditions like soft soil foundation and poor engineering geological conditions,we recommend that in the future construction of anti-earthquake housing projects,more attention should be paid to strengthen the foundation treatment and precaution measures.

Significance of vulnerability assessment in establishment of Hainan provincal disaster medical system

Hainan is an island province in south China with a high frequency of unconventional emergencies due to its special geographic location and national military defense role.Given the limited transportation route from Hainan to the outside world,self-rescue is more important to Hainan Province than other provinces in China and it is therefore imperative to establish an independent, scientific as well as efficient provincal disaster medical system in Hainan.The regulatory role for vulnerability analysis/assessment has been demonstrated in establisment of disaster medical system in varoius countries and or regions.In this paper,we attempt to describe/propose how to adopt vulnerability assessment through mathematical modeling of major biophysical social vulnerability factors to establish an independent,scientific,effieicnt and comprehensive provincial disaster medical system in Hainan.

Overview of Wound Features and Treatment in Wenchuan Earthquake Victims

Objective: “5.12” Wenchuan Earthquake killed 70,000 people and left more than 90,000 people injured seriously. This study was to analyze the wound features and early treatments in Wenchuan earthquake victims and investigate treatment strategies in major disasters, to provide a reference to future disaster rescue. Methods: Total of 1420 earthquake patients who were admitted to Deyang People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province from May 12-30, 2008 were enrolled in the study. The wound features and early treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Among 1420 patients, there were total 1821 injuries. In which, there were 1089 cases with single site injury (76.69%) and 331 cases with multiple injury (23.31%);injuries of limb, body surface and soft tissue were more than that of other sites;injury of single site was larger than that of multi-site (P < 0.01);most of the earthquake patients were admitted to hospital within 2 days after earthquake (68.80%), whose number was more than those at other times (P < 0.01);the number of the earthquake patients in 19 - 45 age group was more than that of other groups (P < 0.01);most of patients were treated within 12 hours after injury (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In disaster rescue, rescue speed is the key point. And the “golden time” and emphases of rescue should be within 2 days after earthquake;the principle of damage control surgery should be followed in the rescue. Enhancing mutual and self help practice and first-aid training at usual times may save more lives.

新疆乌什7.1级地震灾害及应急救援行动

介绍了2024年1月23日乌什7.1级地震基本参数、发震构造背景、余震序列和建筑工程破坏及震害特征,概述了地震发生后各级政府和部门、行业应急救援行动,讨论了新疆地震应急准备工作经验,提出了未来做好防震减灾救灾工作的启示。

Stochastic Petri Net Based Modeling of Emergency Medical Rescue Processes During Earthquakes

The post-disaster emergency medical rescue(EMR) is critical for people’s lives. This paper presents a stochastic Petri net(SPN) model based on the process of the rescue structure and a Markov chain model(MC), which is applied to the optimization of the EMR process, with the aim of identifying the key activities of EMR. An isomorphic MC model is developed for measuring and evaluating the time performance of the EMR process during earthquakes with the data of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.This paper provides a mathematical approach to simulate the process and to evaluate the efficiency of EMR. Simultaneously, the expressions of the steady state probabilities of this system under various states are obtained based on the MC, and the variations of the probabilities are analyzed by changing the firing rates for every transition. Based on the concrete data of the event, the authors find the most time consuming and critical activities for EMR decisions. The model results show that the key activities can improve the efficiency of medical rescue, providing decision-makers with rescue strategies during the large scale earthquake.

考虑暴雨灾害动态影响的城市应急车辆救援路径优化研究

近年来,极端天气事件发生频次不断增加,强度不断加大,其中,由暴雨引发的城市内涝导致交通应急事件发生概率进一步增大。为提升暴雨灾害下应急救援响应速度,本文开展应急车辆救援路径优化研究。以通行时间最短为目标,考虑路面积水对车辆通行速度的动态影响,构建应急车辆救援路径优化模型,提出动态最短路径优化算法求解模型。选取上海市长宁区东北部作为研究区域,根据SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)模拟得到的50年一遇暴雨条件下城市道路路面的积水情况,设定应急救援场景,求解应急救援路径。通过本文提出算法求解得到的路径与传统静态最短路径算法求解结果对比可知,通行用时同比减少了25.42%。同时,考虑应急物资储备情况分配应急救援任务,扩展了算法的应用场景,形成可靠和高效的应急响应方案,可为提升暴雨灾害下应急响应效率提供参考。

Focal mechanics and disaster characteristics of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Peninsula Earthquake,Japan

On January 1,2024,a devastating M 7.6 earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula,Ishikawa Prefecture,Japan,resulting in significant casualties and property damage.Utilizing information from the first six days after the earthquake,this article analyzes the seismic source characteristics,disaster situation,and emergency response of this earthquake.The results show:1)The earthquake rupture was of the thrust type,with aftershock distribution showing a north-east-oriented belt-like feature of 150 km.2)Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)and Interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR),observations detected significant westward to north-westward co-seismic displacement near the epicenter,with the maximum horizontal displacement reaching 1.2 m and the vertical uplift displacement reaching 4 m.A two-segment fault inversion model fits the observational data well.3)Near the epicenter,large Peak Ground Velocity(PGV)and Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA)were observed,with the maxima reaching 145 cm/s and 2681 gal,respectively,and the intensity reached the highest level 7 on the Japanese(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)intensity standard,which is higher than level 10 of the United States Geological Survey(USGS)Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)standard.4)The observation of the very rare multiple strong pulse-like ground motion(PLGM)waveform poses a topic worthy of research in the field of earthquake engineering.5)As of January 7,the earthquake had left 128 deaths and 560 injuries in Ishikawa Prefecture,with 1305 buildings completely or partially destroyed,and had triggered a chain of disasters including tsunamis,fires,slope failures,and road damage.Finally,this paper summarizes the emergency rescue,information dissemination,and other disaster response and management measures taken in response to this earthquake.This work provides a reference case for carrying out effective responses,and offers lessons for handling similar events in the future.

基于“情景-任务-能力”的地震灾害应急物流能力评价

我国地震灾害频繁发生,经济、社会受到严重影响,良好的应急物流能力能够有效降低损失。通过构建基于“情景-任务-能力”的地震灾害应急物流能力评价体系,运用模糊物元法和熵权法,评价全国各省应急物流能力,从时空维度分析我国地震灾害应急物流发展水平。结果表明:(1)全国的应急物流能力水平平均值为0.33,并呈逐年稳步提升态势;(2)国内各省份物流能力存在较大差异,整体上呈现东部高于西部、南部高于北部的分布格局。

煤矿掘采空间垮塌岩体稳定性与救援通道构建

煤矿地质动力灾害发生后,往往会造成掘采空间巷道发生垮塌堵塞,严重威胁煤矿井下工作人员安全。垮塌形成的松散破碎堆积体力学结构、堆积形态十分复杂,如何快速清理垮塌堆积体并构建救援通道是亟待解决的科学问题。在分析灾变垮塌体结构运移规律及救援通道构建研究现状和问题的基础上,针对垮塌堆积体堆堵机理复杂、扰动变形规律不明的特点,首先基于颗粒流数值模拟软件构建了垮塌堆积体二维计算模型,探究了在垮塌堆积体内部构建救援通道过程中颗粒的运动特征,明晰了其掘进扰动规律;其次分析了不同区域构建救援通道条件下堆积体内应力重分布特征,优选了救援通道在垮塌堆积体中的构建位置;最后根据垮塌堆积体的力学特征及堆积形态,提出了一种新型救援通道快速构建方法。结果表明:在构建救援通道掘进扰动的影响下,垮塌堆积体的岩体均有向开挖空间运动的趋势,距离开挖位置越远的区域受到扰动影响越小;垮塌堆积体向开挖空间的二次塌落主要以垂直方向为主,水平方向次之;左下方开挖稳定后,垮塌堆积体呈"梯形",中下方开挖稳定后,垮塌堆积体呈“V”形。综合考虑救援通道构建的二次扰动影响、支护结构稳定性与垮塌堆积体物源结构,救援通道构建位置选择在垮塌堆积体中部区域为宜。

日本能登半岛7.6级地震灾害特点分析

2024年1月1日日本能登半岛发生7.6级地震,造成大量人员伤亡和严重经济损失。地震引发海啸、核电站事故及大量滑坡、滚石、崩塌等地质灾害,造成通信、道路、电力、水利等基础设施不同程度破坏。本文从地壳变化、救灾持续时间、次生灾害、救灾事故、基础设施破坏、避难场所等6个方面对此次地震的灾害特点进行了总结,同时对日本应急响应情况进行了论述,最后从提高建筑物抗震能力、加大地震风险防范和做好大震巨灾防范与应对准备三个方面提出我国应对大震巨灾的建议。

关于地震灾害应急响应级别问题的探讨

突发事件应对应当遵循分级负责、分级响应的原则。应急响应级别体现的是某一层级的责任主体在组织应对突发事件时运用应急资源的程度。通过比较分析2022年四川省甘孜州泸定县“9·5”6.8级地震和2023年甘肃省临夏州积石山“12·18”6.2级地震,不同层级的应急响应启动和升级情况,探讨当前在确定地震应急响应级别方面存在的一些问题,并提出科学判定地震灾害应急响应级别的若干建议。