Influence of crustal layering and thickness on co-seismic effects of Wenchuan earthquake

Using the PSGRN/PSCMP software and the fault model offered by USGS and on the basis of finite rectangular dislocation theory and the local layered wave velocity structures of the crust-upper-mantle, the in- fluences of crustal layering and thickness on co-seismic gravity changes and deformation of Wenchuan earthquake have been simulated. The results indicate that： the influences have a relationship with the attitude of faults and the relative position between calculated points and fault. The difference distribution form of simula- ted results between the two models is similar to that of co-seismic effect. For the per centum distribution, it＇ s restricted by the zero line of the co-seismic effects obviously. Its positive is far away from the zero line. For the crustal thickness, the effect is about 10% -20%. The negative and the effect over 30% focus around the zero line. The average influences of crustal layering and thickness for the E-W displacement, N-S displacement, vertical displacement and gravity changes are 18.4 % , 18.0% , 15.8 % and 16.2% respectively, When the crustal thickness is 40 km, they are 4.6% ,5.3% ,3.8% and 3.8%. Then the crustal thickness is 70 kin, the average influences are 3.5%, 4. 6% ,3.0% and 2.5% respectively.

The earthquake distribution and the resistivity structure in the Chinese mainland（Ⅰ）

This paper is the first one of a series of three papers on the fluid evolution of the crust-upper mantle and the causes of earthquakes. Their relationship between the deep-seated fluids and the seismic activities are discussed from aspects of their macoscopic scale, microscopic mechanism and dynamic behaviors in the three papers respectively. Based on magnetotelluric sounding (MT) measurements conducted by Chinese geophysicists in more than 20 years, the maps of the upper mantle conductive layer (MCL) with a buried depth of>50 km and the crustal conductive layer (CCL) with a buried depth of >15 km in the Chinese mainland are Presented in this paper. The resistivity structure, the causes of conductive layers in crust-mantle and the relationships between earthquake distribution and conductive layers are discussed.

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

2023年甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震震害异常的启示

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生Ms6.2(Mw5.9)级地震,震源深度10 km。此次地震造成大量的人员伤亡、房屋倒塌和地质灾害。为了对该次地震的震害有初步认识,基于已有文献资料、高精度遥感数据和野外调查数据,本文尝试对该次地震的灾害特征展开分析。结果表明:该次地震为逆冲型事件,发震断裂为拉脊山北缘断裂东段;震源浅叠加松散覆盖层产生了明显的地震波放大效应,使得极震区的地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)异常高,强震动使得房屋大量倒塌;而位于断裂上盘的积石山崩塌及滑坡地质灾害相对不发育,仅在黄土覆盖的官亭盆地产生了数百处小型滑坡和中川乡一处较大规模的地震液化滑坡泥流。

Torsional effect of space structure in frequent earthquakes

Taking a concrete frame supporting space structure as the research object,we systematically studied its lateral-torsion coupling effect of reverse problems in consistent earthquake excitation.Firstly,based on its reverse forms and features,we put forward a mechanical analysis model(flexibility layer model) and a calculation method using the response spectrum method and the weighted average method,and verified their validity and feasibility using case analysis.The result shows that the translation displacement change trend of the space structure is basically the same whether reverse exists in the supporting structure or not,but the supporting structure torsion has an effect on the displacement with a relative increase of 10%.

On Estimating Magnitude of a Maximum Sequent Earthquake by Viscoelastic Coulomb Stress Change and a Discussion of the Relationship between the M_S7.3 Earthquakes in Yutian 2008 and 2014

On the basis of the previous studies of the layered crustal model in the Yutian area,combined with the field GPS continuous observation data,we roughly estimate the viscous coefficient of each layer. With the viscoelastic horizontal layer model,we calculate the viscoelastic co-seismic Coulomb stress change caused by the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes 2008 and 2014 respectively. Based on the Coulomb stress change,using the calculation method of "direct "aftershock frequency,we come up with the theoretical earthquake frequency directly related to the mainshock and the co-seismic Coulomb stress change in the study area. Then we put forward a method,based on the comparison of theoretical and actual earthquake frequency or the comparison between theoretical and practical earthquake frequency-distance decay curve fitting residuals,to estimate the magnitude of a maximum sequent earthquake,directly related to the mainshock co-seismic Coulomb stress change. Results calculated by different methods show that the maximum follow-up earthquake magnitude caused by the coseismic Coulomb stress change lies from M_S7. 2 to M_S7. 5 following Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2008; but that of the 2014 Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake is M_S6. 3. The former is very close to the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2014.Because of the same magnitude,relatively close spatial distance,short time interval,the same region of the external force,the strong correlation between two seismic tectonic and a clear stress interaction,we thus consider that the two Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 constitute a pair of generalized double shock type earthquake. This is consistent with the sequence type characteristic of past "double shock"earthquakes in the region. In this paper,the influence of the magnitude lower limit and the b-value in the relationship of G-R on the results is discussed. As a result,when the viscoelastic coseismic Coulomb stress variation is determined,the lower limit of magnitude has little effect on the maximum sequent earthquake magnitude estimation,but b-value of G-R has a greater impact on the results.

On the Diurnal Dependence of <i>f_bE_s</i>-Variations Due to Earthquakes

In the present work, disturbances of the half-transparency frequency fbEs of the ionospheric sporadic E-layer are investigated in connection with earthquakes. The fbEs-frequency is proportional to the square root of the maximum ionisation density of the sporadic E-layer. In this work, it is shown that in 2/3 of the cases, two days before a seismic shock with magnitude M > 5.5 and on the day of the shock, an increase of the fbEs-frequency is obtained at sunset hours at distances from the epicenter R km. In contrast, before sunrise, the fbEs-value decreases. The data analysed are obtained by the three vertical ionospheric sounding stations“Kokubunji”, “Yamagawa”, and “Wakkanai” during some tens of years.

Growth and Inhibition of Equatorial Anomaly Prior to an Earthquake (EQ): Case Studies with Total Electron Content (TEC) Data for Major EQs of Japan 2011 and Indonesia 2012

The processes leading to the growth and inhibition of equatorial anomaly before major earthquake (EQ) were viewed in this paper by examining global Total Electron Content (TEC) that contoured over longitude sectors covering Africa to Pacific, in association with EQ events of Japan (M = 9) that occurred at 135°E to 145°E and 35°N to 40°N, on March 9 and 11, 2011 and of Indonesia (M = 8.6) that took place at 2.311°N, 93°E, in April 11, 2012. The paper focuses on the development of abnormal increase in density in the night sector around—10° latitude zone prior to the two major EQ events, though their epicenters are separated widely from the anomaly region. The F-layer density variations from relevant locations and TEC features obtained from GPS at Appleton anomaly crest station are utilized as supporting inputs. The possible sources leading to the anomalous development in density are discussed in the frame of EQ time consequences of lithospheric-atmospheric processes between the equator and beyond. The role of electric field generated by pre EQ preparatory activities and dynamical coupling modes through seismic fault line are brought in to the ambit of discussion.

Stress and Strain Accumulation Due to a Long Dip-Slip Fault Movement in an Elastic-Layer over a Viscoelastic Half Space Model of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System

Most of the earthquake faults in North-East India, China, mid Atlantic-ridge, the Pacific seismic belt and Japan are found to be predominantly dip-slip in nature. In the present paper a dip-slip fault is taken situated in an elastic layer over a viscoelastic half space representing the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. A movement of the dip-slip nature across the fault occurs when the accumulated stress due to various tectonic reasons e.g. mantle convection etc., exceeds the local friction and cohesive forces across the fault. The movement is assumed to be slipping in nature, expressions for displacements, stresses and strains are obtained by solving associated boundary value problem with the help of integral transformation and Green’s function method and a suitable numerical methods is used for computation. A detailed study of these expressions may give some ideas about the nature of stress accumulation in the system, which in turn will be helpful in formulating an earthquake prediction programme.

地震作用下含弱层顺向坡响应规律分析

以抚顺西露天矿南帮含弱层顺向坡作为参考原型,利用FLAC3D软件模拟实际地震动及地震动输入、斜坡模型的边界条件、岩体参数以及网格模型划分,对含弱层顺向坡进行数值模拟计算,通过监测点的加速度和速度探讨含弱层顺向坡在地震作用下的响应规律。研究结果表明:(1)地震作用下对于含单一弱层斜坡响应特征起到决定性的影响因素是弱层的厚度,在地震荷载作用下影响斜坡的稳定程度要大于单一弱层倾角的影响。(2)通过弱层与斜坡坡面的相交部位监测点2#在水平方向速度可以得出,厚度对于X方向的速度大小影响程度较大。(3)对于地震作用下双弱层特性斜坡的响应规律分析时,弱层与斜坡相交部位的破坏响应规律会随着坡高的增大而有所变化,双弱层监测点3#的加速度幅值变化及速度变化程度均比双弱层监测点2#明显。地震作用下顺向坡的响应规律与含有弱层的倾角、厚度和弱层的数量位置有关,在对斜坡的治理与防护的过程中应当充分考虑地震与弱层特性的耦合作用对斜坡稳定性的影响。

基于HVSR方法的上海市典型场地特征研究

上海市强震台网获取了2020年5月3日日本九州6.0级地震等多次强震记录。通过对地震记录进行分析处理,分别计算了每个强震台站的H/V谱比曲线,结合上海市地质调查研究院的基岩埋深分布图,得到了每个台站的基阶共振频率与沉积层厚度。结果表明:H/V谱比曲线峰值与沉积层厚度存在明显相关性,并且通过数据拟合建立了上海市沉积层厚度与基阶共振频率的经验公式,绘制了上海市场地基本周期分布图,可以为上海市抗震设防提供一定的参考;厚沉积层场地上地震记录的谱比曲线会出现多个峰值,第二个峰值代表了沉积层的高阶共振频率;通过数据拟合得到上海地区剪切波速与沉积层厚度的经验公式。

地震多发区居民风险感知对巨灾保险需求影响研究

地震巨灾保险一直是我国地震灾害风险共担体系的重要组成部分。本文基于2023年1月26日四川泸定5.6级地震问卷调查数据,探索居民风险感知对巨灾保险需求的影响,以期改善地震巨灾保险具体推广路径。实证分析结果表明,存在地震经历、心理恐慌程度、地震保险认知这三种风险感知因子对地震巨灾保险需求产生正向影响。此外,附加政府补贴政策的巨灾保险产品,更容易得到居民的认可。因此,我国巨灾保险的推广,尤其是在地震多发区,要坚持长期普及和灾时宣传相结合的策略。在当前的地震保险推广过程中,仍然需要继续实行附加政府补贴的政策,将有利于我国巨灾保险的健康发展。

地震易发区传统村落空间分布特征及灾害韧性评价

在全球气候变化背景下,我国地震易发区的传统村落正面临来自地震、气象和地质等多维灾害的侵扰。选择四川省地震易发区内179个传统村落为研究对象,围绕灾害韧性理论,从宏观、中观和微观3个尺度构建涵盖了社会、文化、环境、生态、建筑和区位6个维度的传统村落灾害韧性评价框架和指标体系,定量评价了研究区传统村落在不同空间分布下的灾害韧性水平。研究区内传统村落主要沿河(沟)谷地带分布,按地形特征,可分为高原山地区和平原丘陵地区传统村落,两者在地理区位、地形起伏度及集聚程度上皆表现出较大的差异;研究区传统村落灾害韧性整体偏低,且空间差异性显著。高原山地区约83.33%的传统村落处于低或较低的灾害韧性等级,仅在文化和建筑2个维度上的韧性水平高于平原丘陵地区,而平原丘陵地区传统村落在社会、环境、生态和区位4个维度上的韧性水平均高于高原山地区。研究构建了一套针对地震灾害易发区的传统村落灾害韧性评价指标体系,以期为提升传统村落综合防灾减灾能力提供参考。

地震多发区尾矿抗液化强度与动力变形特性试验

为了研究地震多发区尾矿的抗液化强度和动力变形特性,以某上游法尾矿库中尾矿为研究对象,首先探究沉积固结方式与尾矿细粒含量(FC)的关系;此外,通过开展动三轴试验研究FC对尾矿抗液化性能和动力变形特性的影响,并从尾矿的微观结构特征出发,分析FC对尾矿动力变形特性的作用机制.结果表明:上层尾矿主要经历淋滤固结和化学固结,下层尾矿主要经历自重固结,而FC随取样深度非线性增加.对数坐标下的动剪应力随动循环次数增加近似线性减小,而有效固结围压(σ′_(3c))增大使尾矿颗粒接触更加紧密,导致尾矿结构破坏需要更强的动载荷.尾矿的抗液化强度随FC增加先降低后升高,FC越小,尾矿的抗液化强度越高、循环应力比衰减越快,而FC变化对动孔隙水压比的影响较小.尾矿的动孔隙水压比–振次比曲线呈现“减速增长—稳定增长—加速增长”的3阶段发展趋势,而较大的固结压力能够在一定程度上抑制动孔隙水压增长,此外,基于三参数动孔隙水压模型,得到了适用于本文尾矿的两参数动孔隙水压简化模型.随着FC增大,尾矿的动剪切模量先减小后增大、阻尼比先增大后减小,尾矿的动力变形特性逐渐由粗颗粒控制向细颗粒控制转变,该过程细粒含量存在临界值.研究结果可为地震多发区尾矿库稳定性评价及尾矿动力分析提供理论依据.

不同透水条件下海底饱和沉积层动力响应特性分析

海床沉积层的透水条件可以直接影响其在地震中的动力响应特性,但是在现有的理论研究中,大部分都直接假设海床沉积层的底部为不透水边界。为此,基于Biot饱和多孔介质理论,通过求解沉积层瞬态响应和稳态响应的解析解或半解析解,研究了沉积层底部透水条件对其在地震中动力响应特性的影响。研究结果表明,在底部位移激励的条件下,快波和慢波经过沉积层的不透水底部边界时会产生一类压缩波,经过沉积层完全透水底部边界时会产生两类压缩波;即使在相同的激励条件下,不同透水性能的沉积层中产生的两类压缩波的振动幅值也具有非常显著的差异;沉积层底部透水条件也会影响海床的频率响应特性,低频时底部透水的沉积层的位移放大系数较大;相反,高频时底部不透水的沉积层的位移放大系数较大。

煤矿覆岩主控致灾层位危险识别及现场应用

针对煤矿地面水力压裂技术施工中工作面覆岩主控致灾层位难以准确辨识的难题,以孟村煤矿401102工作面地面水力压裂工业试验为背景,采用理论分析、微震监测、现场调研等方法,揭示了煤矿厚硬覆岩运动诱发矿震和冲击地压的动力灾害机理,分析了基于载荷三带理论的厚硬覆岩分区运动特征与诱发动力灾害之间的关系,建立了基于关键层运动状态的矿震能量预测模型与采场等效附加应力估算模型,提出了基于K-means聚类算法和肘部法则的煤矿覆岩主控致灾层位识别技术方法,确定了现场压裂施工层位并进行工业试验,根据现场微震监测数据及理论分析结果进行了效果验证,得到结论如下:孟村煤矿401102工作面致冲关键层及矿震关键层均为距离煤层66 m的安定组关键层R9,其初次破断运动采场等效附加扰动应力理论值为7.23 MPa,初次破断运动释放矿震能量理论值为6.08×105 J,致灾危险性较强;震−冲关键层压裂后,矿震能量理论值降幅94%,采场等效附加扰动应力理论值降幅76%,工作面上方5×10^(3)J大能量微震事件出现明显上移趋势,上移量约为15 m;10^(3)J及以上能级微震事件频次占比显著下降,由60.39%降至17.89%,最大微震事件能量由6.65×10^(5)J降至9.75×10^(3)J;10^(2)J及以下能级微震事件频次占比显著上升,由39.61%增至82.11%。

多工作面连续开采地表沉陷与强矿震联动响应规律

深部矿井多工作面大空间开采导致大能量强矿震事件频发,同时地表伴随剧烈的下沉变形,掌握具体地层条件下地表移动与强矿震时空分布响应规律对于深部矿井动力灾害防控意义重大。以兖州矿区东滩煤矿63_(上)04,63_(上)05,63_(上)06工作面为工程背景,基于关键层理论与复合破断原理,对东滩煤矿复杂地层进行了科学划分,现场实测了深井厚硬岩层下多工作面开采地表沉降规律及强矿震时空分布特征,分析了多工作面连续开采下关键层组运移演化规律,揭示了关键层组破断演化、地表沉陷规律与大能量强矿震分布的联动效应。研究结果表明:(1)东滩煤矿六采区地层可以划分出4个关键层组,每个关键层组包含一层关键层和若干坚硬岩层,相比单一关键层,关键层组发生复合破断时的矿震能量更高、破断步距更大,对上覆岩层的运移及地表下沉影响也更为突出。(2)地表沉陷观测结果显示,63_(上)04,63_(上)05工作面开采结束,地表下沉系数分别为0.189,0.458;63上06工作面当前已开采808.29 m,地表下沉系数为0.492,受多关键层组地质赋存特征影响,东滩煤矿六采区地表下沉系数远小于兖州矿区其他矿井平均地表下沉系数(0.75~0.85),地表未达到充分采动,下沉趋势为:无明显下沉–下沉空间显著–下沉空间逐渐增大。(3)矿震监测结果显示,63上04工作面开采时,大能量强矿震事件主要集中在低位关键层组Ⅰ,Ⅱ层位,随着多工作面连续开采,大能量强矿震逐渐向高位转移,逐渐集中至关键层组Ⅱ,Ⅲ层位。(4)由地表沉陷及大能量强矿震实测数据可知,东滩煤矿六采区多工作面连续开采下关键层组复合破断覆岩结构呈“断悬”结构–“铰接”结构交替上升,逐层演化过程验证了覆岩运动、地表沉陷及大能量强矿震3者之间存在一定的联动效应。研究成果可对类似工程地质条件下多关键层组复合破断研究及大能量强矿震预控提供一定参考。

渭南市区剪切波速与土层深度关系统计研究

基于渭南市地震小区划、区评和各类安评共260个钻孔的实测剪切波速资料,采用一次函数、二次多项式和三次多项式模型,按照场地类别对该地区常见土类剪切波速与深度之间的关系进行统计回归,通过对比拟合优度值得到最优拟合回归关系式为三次多项式模型。将预留钻孔的预测波速与实测波速进行对比验证了最优模型的预测精度,同时研究了岩土类型和场地类别对模型预测精度的影响,结果表明区分岩性和划分场地类别能在一定程度上减小预测波速的相对误差,提高模型的预测精度。以黄土、粉质粘土为例,将推荐模型和同为黄土场地的文献模型分别得到的波速预测值进行对比,表明剪切波速与土层深度统计关系模型具有明显的区域特性,岩土类型和深度对模型的区域适应性也有一定影响,实际工作中无法获取剪切波速实测资料时,应优先选用本地区的统计模型。

强震区浅埋偏压隧道洞口段减震层减震效果分析

依托某铁路隧道洞口段,利用FLAC3D软件研究隧道施设不同厚度减震层的减震效果。结果表明:(1)与不设减震层相比,施设5 cm减震层后,二衬结构最大、最小主应力分别减小了26.05%、21.57%,竖向、纵向位移分别减小了74.68%、36.13%,竖向位移差减小了0.32 mm,最小安全系数平均提高了50.46%;(2)施设10 cm减震层后,二衬结构最大主应力增大了134.45%,最小主应力减小了26.70%,竖向、纵向位移分别减小了70.80%、26.89%,竖向位移差增大了1.85 mm,最小安全系数平均提高了11.10%;(3)施设15 cm减震层后,二衬结构最大、最小主应力分别减小了45.38%、25.16%,竖向、纵向位移分别减小了70.89%、13.45%,竖向位移差增大了1.89 mm,最小安全系数平均提高了12.56%;(4)衬砌与围岩之间施设5 cm减震效果优于施设10 cm、15 cm减震层的减震效果。研究成果可为隧道洞口浅埋偏压段减震技术的发展提供参考。

地震易发区房屋抗震设防加固分析

地震易发区是开展防震减灾工作的核心区域,为做好地震灾害防范应对准备工作,论文对安顺市地震易发区各类房屋提出可供参考的抗震设防加固及施工措施建议,详细地从砖木结构房屋、砌体结构房屋、框架结构房屋、钢结构房屋四大类房屋建筑类型分析如何做好抗震设防及加固。并结合防震减灾工作实际和最新的工作要求,对地震易发区房屋进行抗震设防加固分析,以便以后健全地震易发区抗震设防加固实用技术,促进当地防震减灾工作发展。