Study on evaluation of cities' ability reducing earthquake disasters

Cities ability reducing earthquake disasters is a complex system involving numerous factors, moreover the re-search on evaluating cities ability reducing earthquake disasters relates to multi-subject, such as earthquake sci-ence, social science, economical science and so on. In this paper, firstly, the conception of cities ability reducing earthquake disasters is presented, and the ability could be evaluated with three basic elements the possible seis-mic casualty and economic loss during the future earthquakes that are likely to occur in the city and its surround-ings and time required for recovery after earthquake; based upon these three basic elements, a framework, which consists of six main components, for evaluating citys ability reducing earthquake disasters is proposed; then the statistical relations between the index system and the ratio of seismic casualty, the ratio of economic loss and re-covery time are gained utilizing the cities prediction results of earthquake disasters which were made during the ninth five-year plan; at last, the method defining the comprehensive index of cities ability reducing earthquake disasters is presented. Thus the relatively comprehensive theory frame is set up. The frame can evaluate cities ability reducing earthquake disasters absolutely and quantitatively and consequently instruct the decision-making on reducing cities earthquake disasters loss.

Performance of the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake disaster in different geomorphic units in Yunnan

An M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi,Yunnan province,on May 21,2021.According to related investigations,the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County,and the seismogenic structure is the NW-trending Weixi-Qiaohou fault.The earthquake area is located in the hinterland of the Hengduan Mountains in the northwest of Yunnan Province,a region dominated by high and medium-high mountains,with deep canyons and tectonic basins in between.Various geomorphic features are derived from drastic topographic changes and huge geological differences in the earthquake area.There are a variety of buildings in the earthquake-affected zone,including civil and brick-wood structures ones with weak seismic performance,as well as brick-concrete and frame ones with better seismic performance.This paper summarizes and analyzes different characteristics of the earthquake in different geomorphic units through field investigations of different buildings and geological disasters in the affected area.The results show that under the same earthquake intensity,the damage to most buildings(located in slope areas or rooted in weak strata)is amplified by the earthquake.The earthquake has exerted an obvious propagation effect along the direction of the seismogenic structure.Moreover,local ground fissures will aggravate the damage to the buildings even without surface dislocation.Thus,we suggest that attention should be paid to the ground fissures caused by the slope effect.The fissure areas may also be the disaster spot of collapses and landslides in case of a high-magnitude earthquake.

Redevelopment of Daqing Oil Field distributed earthquake disaster reduction system skeleton

Through investigation on the international development trend of earthquake disaster reduction system(EDRS)researches,a well finished Daqing Oilfield EDRS is introduced.Based on the PC System,redevelopment of the EDRS skeleton is well discussed,including the technical skeleton,function composition,structures of software and hardware,redevelopment languages,database,and remote linking and calling of analysis modules.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that extending and utilizing the function of remote sensing information on the basis of the current distributed EDRS skeleton will become another study direction of EDRS.

The housing loss assessment of rural villages caused by earthquake disaster in Yunnan Province

Based on the assessment report of destructive housings caused by more than 20 earthquakes occurred in Yunnan Province in 1990~2004, the vulnerability models of 4 types housings of rural residents in Yunnan Province are setup. The scenario earthquake disaster loss model is used to simulate the housing loss if the historical earthquakes that occurred since A.D. 886 in Yunnan Province reoccur in 2002. The analyses show the simulation deviation of the usual earthquakes is less than 30% and the method is of high practicality. Meanwhile, the simulation result of 398 historical earthquakes in Yunnan Province shows that the annual economic loss caused by the earthquakes is about RMB 410 million Yuan that accounts for 0.18% of GDP of Yunnan Province for the year. Because the per capita living area and the price of the housing increases year by year, if the historical destructive earthquake reoc- curs today, the loss of Yunnan Province will be greater than in those years.

Research on the Regional Ecological Environment Evaluation and Application under the Influence of the Severe Earthquake Disaster

To conduct the ecological restoration and reconstruction of disaster areas after the severe earthquake, such as Wenchuan Earthquake and Lushan Earthquake, this article uses region al ecological environment evaluation and ecological footprint to construct a quantitative analysis model on the basis of ecololgical environment indexes in Mianzhu City. Through this model, resource status of the regional environment in Mianzhu is analyzed, as well as the ecological capacity and the ecological security. Based on the evaluation and analysis, this paper provides multi-path development strategies of ecological restoration and sustainable development of human settlements after the earthquake.

Remote Sensing Technology and Applications for Earthquake Disasters

Disaster warning,disaster estimation and relief depend more and more on the application of space remote sensing technologies,such as those used for optic-camera,hyperspectrum,infrared,SAR,seismo-electromagnet and gravitation measurement.On May 12,2008,a magnitude of 8.

Co-seismic Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility Mapping in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Disaster Area,China

The Ms 8.0 May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered tens of thousands of landslides.The widespread landslides have caused serious casualties and property losses,and posed a great threat to post-earthquake reconstruction.A spatial database,inventoried 43,842 landslides with a total area of 632 km 2,was developed by interpretation of multi-resolution remote sensing images.The landslides can be classified into three categories:swallow,disrupted slides and falls;deep-seated slides and falls,and rock avalanches.The correlation between landslides distribution and the influencing parameters including distance from co-seismic fault,lithology,slope gradient,elevation,peak ground acceleration(PGA) and distance from drainage were analyzed.The distance from co-seismic fault was the most significant parameter followed by slope gradient and PGA was the least significant one.A logistic regression model combined with bivariate statistical analysis(BSA) was adopted for landslide susceptibility mapping.The study area was classified into five categories of landslide susceptibility:very low,low,medium,high and very high.92.0% of the study area belongs to low and very low categories with corresponding 9.0% of the total inventoried landslides.Medium susceptible zones make up 4.2% of the area with 17.7% of the total landslides.The rest of the area was classified into high and very high categories,which makes up 3.9% of the area with corresponding 73.3% of the total landslides.Although the susceptibility map can reveal the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows,and it is helpful for the rebuilding process and future zoning issues.

Hemorrhagic gastric and duodenal ulcers after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster

AIM:To elucidate the characteristics of hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers in a post-earthquake period within one medical district.METHODS:Hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers in the Iwate Prefectural Kamaishi Hospital during the 6-mo period after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster were reviewed retrospectively.The subjects were 27patients who visited our hospital with a chief complaint of hematemesis or hemorrhagic stool and were diagnosed as having hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during a 6-mo period starting on March 11,2011.This period was divided into two phases:the acute stress phase,comprising the first month after the earthquake disaster,and the chronic stress phase,from the second through the sixth month.The following items were analyzed according to these phases:age,sex,sites and number of ulcers,peptic ulcer history,status of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,and degree of impact of the earthquake disaster.RESULTS:In the acute stress phase from 10 d to 1mo after the disaster,the number of patients increased rapidly,with a nearly equal male-to-female ratio,and the rate of multiple ulcers was significantly higher than in the previous year(88.9%vs 25%,P<0.005).In the chronic stress phase starting 1 mo after the earthquake disaster,the number of patients decreased to a level similar to that of the previous year.There were more male patients during this period,and many patients tended to have a solitary ulcer.All patients with duodenal ulcers found in the acute stress phase were negative for serum H.pylori antibodies,and this was significantly different from the previous year’s positive rate of 75%(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Severe stress caused by an earthquake disaster may have affected the characteristics of hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers.

Reduction of earthquake disasters

The article summarizes the researches on mitigating earthquake disasters of the past four years in China. The study of earthquake disasters quantification shows that the losses increase remarkably when population concentrates in urban area and social wealth increase. The article also summarizes some new trends of studying earthquake disas-ters mitigation, which are from seismic hazard to seismic risk, from engineering disaster to social disaster and introduces the community-centered approach.

Security of earthquake disaster reduction system

No matter whether a system is operated manually or automatically controlled by computer, the system’s vulnerability always exists. Earthquake Disaster Reduction System (EDRS) belongs to the category of information system. According to the features of security for EDRS, the steps and the methods on how to build the EDRS security were analyzed. The EDRS security features, security strategies and security measures were also given through a distributed EDRS skeleton that has been applied. Because there was still no appointed and authoritative agency or organization to certify and test EDRS security in China, a national information technology security certification center was introduced and suggested for the certification of the EDRS security. Finally, several discussions and tendencies for the EDRS development were presented.

Summary of Global Earthquake Disasters in 2018

According to global seismic hazards data in 2018,the paper summarizes major hazards data of the global earthquakes,describes the major seismic hazards,and analyzes the characteristics of disasters losses of hazard earthquakes in this year. Focusing on the disaster and the cause of the September 28,2018,Indonesia earthquake,and listing the major earthquakes triggered the tsunami disasters in history. Finally,giving suggestions and measures to deal with the earthquake disasters effectively.

Method study of classification and gradation of earthquake disasters

Based on data of earthquake disaster events during 1954-2005 in the Chinese mainland, the classification and gradation of earthquake disasters have been studied by multivariate statistical analysis. Three fundamental structures of earthquake disasters have been found and an FAPE （factor analysis-principal component-equamax rotation） classification model and an HCWS （hierarchical cluster-ward method-seuclid） gradation model have been constructed. Earthquake disasters are divided into eight classes and five grades respectively in the models, which give a reasonable explanation to the phenomenon of earthquake disasters.

A Preliminary Analysis of the Earthquake Disaster of Buildings during Two Destructive Earthquakes in Xinjiang

This paper introduces the characteristics of earthquake disasters in the 2013 Urumqi MS5. 1 and the 2015 Pishan MS6. 5 earthquakes,which are directly beneath the cities. Based on the discussion on regional tectonic background,site conditions,seismic fortification level of buildings,we preliminarily analyzed the causes of earthquake disaster for buildings caused by the two earthquakes. Finally,we give some advice on earthquake resistance for residential buildings and earthquake damage prevention in Xinjiang.

Maternal Anxiety 16 Months after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster Area: First Report

The Great East Japan Earthquake, a magnitude 9.0 quake that occurred on March 11, 2011, left more than 20,000 killed or missing and resulted in more than 400,000 people being displaced. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident released large amounts of radioactive material into the air. Among the victims of this combined disaster were many pregnant and parturient women, and this study aimed to determine post-disaster anxiety among this specific population and measures for the future. Participants were 259 women (mean age 33.02 ± 4.79 years) who gave birth around the time of the earthquake in Miyagi Prefecture, one of the disaster areas. Sixteen months after the earthquake, we administered survey questionnaires on anxiety. We transcribed questionnaire responses, coded raw data by context, and categorized these codes by commonality. After extracting subcategories of anxiety-related factors, we categorized them into more abstract concepts. Among the participants, 126 (48.6%) reported having no available professionals with whom they could consult about childrearing. Participants reported anxiety in the following 12 categories: “radiation,” “child’s physical and mental growth/development,” “recurrence of earthquake and tsunami,” “financial issues,” “childrearing environment,” “living environment,” “maternal employment,” “stigma,” “familial issues,” “maternal health,” “childrearing,” and “the future”. A beneficial way to reduce maternal anxiety in the 12 areas identified would be to develop support systems that provide continuous support for children’s mental health care needs, psychological guidance, community support for maternal empowerment, outreach for individual support, and professional consultation for mothers who have high anxiety about radioactivity.

Method of Searching for Earthquake Disaster Evacuation Routes Using Multi-Objective GA and GIS

This study treats the determination of routes for evacuation on foot in earthquake disasters as a multi-objective optimization problem, and aims to propose a method for quantitatively searching for evacuation routes using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (multi-objective GA) and GIS. The conclusions can be summarized in the following three points. 1) A GA was used to design and create an evacuation route search algorithm which solves the problem of the optimization of earthquake disaster evacuation routes by treating it as an optimization problem with multiple objectives, such as evacuation distance and evacuation time. 2) In this method, goodness of fit is set by using a Pareto ranking method to determine the ranking of individuals based on their relative superiorities and inferiorities. 3) In this method, searching for evacuation routes based on the information on present conditions allows evacuation routes to be derived based on present building and road locations.?Further, this method is based on publicly available information;therefore, obtaining geographic information similar to that of this study enables this method to be effective regardless of what region it is applied to, or whether the data regards the past or the future. Therefore, this method has high degree of spatial and temporal reproducibility.

New Seismic Zoning Map of Chin a and Its Application in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

The New Seismic Zoning Map of China was prepared from 1987 to 1990 and officially promulgated in 1991.In comparison with the previous two seismic zoning maps prepared in 1957 and 1977,some new methods were applied to upgrade the method currently used for seismic hazard analysis.First,a probabilistic method was used instead of the deterministic analysis was used for previous mapping.Second,by taking advantages of the long history of historical seismic data in China,the nonhomogeneity of seismicity both in space and in time has been fully considered and hence the over-and/or underestimation of seismic hazard could be avoided.Third,the results of middle-and long-term earthquake prediction based on tectonic evidence have been incorporated into seismic hazard analysis.In addition,the attenuation laws for both intensity and peak acceleration of strong motion as the mapping parameters are also presented.Finally,an evaluation of the New Seismic Map and its effect on engineering application,such as aseismic

Earthquake Science and Technology as Well as Preparedness and Reduction of Earthquake Disaster in China

This paper systematically presents the state-of-the-art of preparedness and reduction of earthquake disasters in China. It contains abundant information on the goal, policy, working links, administrative organizations, and main scientific and technological approaches for earthquake disaster reduction in this country. The focus is placed on "taking science and technology as the foundation" and "management based on legal system."

Safety Evaluation Method of Evacuation Routes in Areas in Case of Earthquake Disasters Using Ant Optimization Algorithm and Geographic Information Systems

The present study aims to propose the method for the quantitative evaluation of safety concerning evacuation routes in case of earthquake disasters in urban areas using ACO （Ant Colony Optimization） algorithm and GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Regarding the safety evaluation method, firstly, the similarity in safety was focused on while taking into consideration road blockage probability, and after classifying roads by means of the hierarchical cluster analysis, the congestion rates of evacuation routes using ACO simulations were estimated. Based on these results, the multiple evacuation routes extracted were visualized on digital maps by means of GIS, and its safety was evaluated. Furthermore, the selection of safe evacuation routes between evacuation sites, for cases when the possibility of large-scale evacuation after an earthquake disaster is high, is made possible. As the safety evaluation method is based on public information, by obtaining the same geographic information as the present study, it is effective in other areas regardless of whether the information is of the past and future. Therefore, in addition to spatial reproducibility, the safety evaluation method also has high temporal reproducibility. Because safety evaluations are conducted on evacuation routes based on quantified data, highly safe evacuation routes that are selected have been quantitatively evaluated, and thus serve as an effective indicator when selecting evacuation routes.

Safety Education for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Beijing Fuxue Primary School

From the analysis of social needs,social situation and school circumstances,the necessity of earthquake disaster reduction is shown,and try to establish the overall framework of earthquake disaster prevention education in primary schools according to the overall goal of earthquake disaster prevention education.The roles of earthquake disaster reduction education is also discussed.

The Characteristics of Earthquake Disasters and Countermeasures for Their Mitigation in Metropolitans

Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.