Changes in Runout Distances of Debris Flows over Time in the Wenchuan Earthquake Zone

A large number of debris flows occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake zone after the 12 May 2008 earthquake.The risks posed by these debris flows were rather high.An appropriate model is required to predict the possible runout distance and impacted area.This paper describes a study on the runout characteristics of the debris flows that occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake zone over the past four years.A total of 120 debris flows are analyzed.Separate multivariate regression models are established for the runout distances of hill-slope debris flows and channelized debris flows.The control variables include type of debris flow,debris flow volume,and elevation difference.Comparison of the debris flows occurring before and after the earthquake shows that the runout distance increased after the earthquake due to sufficient material supply and increased mobility of the source materials.In addition,the runout distances of annual debris flow events in 2008,2010 and 2011 are analyzed and compared.There is a tendency that the runout distance decreases over time due to the decreasing source material volume and possible changes of debris flow type.Comparison between the debris flows in the earthquake zone and the debris flows in Swiss Alps,Canada,Austria,and Japan shows that the former have a smaller mobility.

Slope Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Area

Avalanches and landslides,induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12,2008,resulted in a lot of disaggregated,solid material on slopes that could be readily mobilized as source material for debris flows.Rainstorms triggered numerous slope debris flows with great damage to highways and rivers over the subsequent two years.Slope debris flows(as opposed to channelized debris flows) are defined as phenomena in which high-concentration mixtures of debris and water flow down slopes for short distances to highways and river banks.Based on field investigations and measurements of 19 slope debris flows,their main characteristics and potential mitigation strategies were studied.High rainfall intensity is the main triggering factor.Critical rainfall intensities for simultaneous occurrence of single,several and numerous slope debris flow events were 20 mm/day,30mm/day,and 90 mm/day,respectively.Field investigations also revealed that slope debris flows consist of high concentrations of cobbles,boulders and gravel.They are two-phase debris flows.The liquid phase plays the role of lubrication instead of transporting medium.Solid particles collide with each other and consume a lot of energy.The velocities of slope debris flows are very low,and their transport distances are only several tens of meters.Slope debris flows may be controlled by construction of drainage systems and by reforestation.

Identification and distribution of 13003 landslides in the northwest margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on human-computer interaction remote sensing interpretation

The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.

The formation of the Wulipo landslide and the resulting debris flow in Dujiangyan City, China

The Wulipo landslide, triggered by heavy rainfall on July 10, 2013, transformed into debris flow,resulted in the destruction of 12 houses, 44 deaths, and 117 missing. Our systematic investigation has led to the following results and to a new understanding about the formation and evolution process of this hazard. The fundamental factors of the formation of the landslide are a high-steep free surface at the front of the slide mass and the sandstone-mudstone mixed stratum structure of the slope. The inducing factor of the landslide is hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure change caused by heavy continuous rainfall. The geological mechanical model of the landslide can be summarized as "instability-translational slide-tension fracture-collapse" and the formation mechanism as "translational landslide induced by heavy rainfall". The total volume of the landslide is 124.6×104 m3, and 16.3% of the sliding mass was dropped down from the cliff and transformed into debris flow during the sliding process, which enlarged 46.7% of the original sliding deposit area. The final accumulation area is found to be 9.2×104 m2. The hazard is a typical example of a disaster chain involving landslide and its induced debris flow. The concealment and disaster chain effect is the main reason for the heavy damage. In future risk assessment, it is suggested to enhance the research onpotential landslide identification for weakly intercalated slopes. By considering the influence of the behaviors of landslide-induced debris flow, the disaster area could be determined more reasonably.

Recent catastrophic landslides and mitigation in China

Increasing population density and development of mountainous terrain have brought human settlements within reach of landslide hazards.In recent years,due to the shortening of return period for severe natural events such as heavy rainfall,snowline retreating,great earthquake together with human activities,catastrophic landslides happened more frequently than before,resulting in large-scale casualties due to the increasing occurrences of rapid long-runout rock avalanches,especially in China.This paper presents some typical case histories related to the catastrophic landslides,including the Guanling rock avalanche,the Yigong rockslide-debris avalanche,the Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides and the Danba landslide.They occurred in the last decade.Moreover,taking the Jiweishan catastrophic rockslide-fragment flow and the Yuhuangge landslide located in the new Wushan Town for examples,early-warning system and risk management on landslides are discussed in detail.

Causes of rockfalls in Al-Huwayshah area,Yemen

According to topography of Yemen,most areas and villages are located at obligated crest,toe of mountain and under cliffs.Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90° in some areas.This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs.This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints as well as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area.And there are some fractures and joints on the surface of the areas due to tectonic movement associated with opening the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.The rainfalls,fractures,joints,earthquakes,gravity,vegetations,temperatures and human activities play a big role in the processes of rockfalls and landslides in this area.All those factors are considered as the basic causes and catalyzed factors for occurrence of rockfall in the studide area.In addition,the authors carried out laboratory test for many rock samples to get the physical properties of the rocks.

Stability and deformation of Xiaozhuang landslide: A large-scale creeping landslide in Gansu, China

Information about the long-term spatiotemporal evolution of landslides can improve our understanding of the landslide development process and can help prevent landslide disasters.This paper describes the Xiaozhuang landslide triggered by a historical earthquake and rainfall in Tianshui,Northwest China.The landslide is dominated by rotational-sliding movement.Several new failures and many fissures formed in the landslide area as a result of the 2013 Ms 6.6 Minxian earthquake and rainfall.Accordingly,field investigations,borehole drilling,geotechnical laboratory tests,and numerical calculations were conducted to study the mechanism of the landslide and to forecast its stability.A triaxial creep test of the slip soil indicates that the axial deformation of the mudstone increases with increasing water content.Numerical simulations suggest that failure is prone to occur within the deep part of the landslide under earthquake conditions.If the input seismic acceleration exceeds 0.2 g,the landslide will become unstable.Furthermore,the horizontal peak ground acceleration near the surface of the landslide is greater than that at depth.During a strong earthquake,the unstable regions are primarily located in the middle of the landslide and at its crest.When the rainfall intensity rate is 200 mm/d,the factor of safety is 1.319 and a dangerous zone appears in the lower and middle parts of the landslide.

Rapid assessment of seismic landslide zones

In the feasibility stage of the transport route selection, large-scale geological investigations are advised before the route is determined. Therefore, rapid assessment of seismic landslide zones can be completed by the second development of the ArcGIS program. A large amount of geological information can be obtained by this method which is based on existing remote sensing image data. The integrated data can then be used to guide route location selection. This method assesses the angle between the main axis of the slope and the axis of the route and produces a zoning map that identifies slopes that threaten the route by combining with other characteristics including the climate in the study area, and the lithology and seismic structure of the near-field region. A hazard-zone map showing the degree of earthquake-induced landslide can be quickly generated by the comprehensive index method. The seis- mic landslide zone map was verified by comparison with the findings of a geological engineering survey conducted in the study area.

地震及降雨交互作用下典型路堑滑坡特征及其诱发机制——以云南漾濞6.4级地震为例

以在建大理-漾濞-云耳高速公路工程为背景,针对2021年6.4级漾濞地震下典型路堑滑坡,采用电测量及无人机航测等方法对路堑滑坡灾害特征开展现场调查及测试;结合室内模拟试验建立的土体电参数与损伤因子的相关性,通过关系映射评估路堑边坡损伤演化规律,探究地震典型路堑滑坡特征及其诱发机制。结果表明:开挖扰动会增加地震滑坡风险,地震作用下路堑边坡开挖面的顶部形成贯通主裂缝,最大宽度及深度可达3~4 m;路堑滑坡致灾程度受到地震烈度及支护措施的影响,随地震烈度的降低,裂缝宽度及深度呈减小趋势,支护措施的增加可显著降低边坡的滑移风险;震损边坡在降雨渗流作用下,沿裂缝深度方向土体损伤度进一步升高,后缘面区域损伤因子大于0.36,裂缝宽度从2.9 m快速增至8.0 m。综上,支护不足、地震烈度与边坡受损程度呈正相关,未支护边坡受到地震的影响较大;地震与降雨作用之间存在互促效应,降雨会极大影响震损边坡的稳定性。

滑坡灾害的成因机制及其特征分析

较为详细地分析了安县大光包巨型滑坡、云南德昌滑坡和宝兴县省道S210沿线滑坡的成因机制及特征,搜集总结了20世纪以来的重大滑坡事件,并对滑坡的类型、地质条件、诱因等进行了分析与归类。分析结果表明:(1)大部分边坡发生滑坡现象是内因和外因的共同作用导致的,即边坡本身岩土体性质的弱化以及外部所施加的荷载;(2)影响边坡稳定性的所有外部因素中,降雨、地震首当其冲;(3)对于二元结构或者含有软夹层的边坡来说,当地质条件恶劣时,在降雨、地震等外因的激发下,极其容易发生滑坡;(4)含软夹层的边坡发生滑坡时,滑动带多是由软夹层演化而成的。

岷县漳县6.6级地震典型滑坡特征及其诱发机制

地震和降雨是滑坡产生的两大诱因。一般认为二者的耦合作用概率小,在现实中也较少发现有此种实例。岷县漳县6.6级地震中黄土地震滑坡广泛发生,本文通过现场调查,在相关降雨量数据、航空影像空间分析的基础上研究了两个地点(永光村滑坡和堡子村滑坡)的典型地震黄土滑坡的空间展布特征和发生、发展过程,分析了诱发机制。结果发现:(1)地震滑坡呈带状分布与地震发震构造走向一致;(2)位于极震区范围的永光村黄土滑坡具有泥流特征,土体含水量可达塑限以上,是由于过量降水和强地震动耦合作用下发生;(3)堡子村黄土地震滑坡则主要为强地震动所诱发,滑距较短,并具滞后发生特性。本结果对未来地震中滑坡的预防与防治具有借鉴意义。

汶川地震强震区地震诱发滑坡与后期降雨诱发滑坡控制因子耦合分析

本文以汶川地震强震区北川县典型研究区为例,利用高分辨率航片、SPOT5卫星图像对北川县典型研究区进行了"5.12"地震之后和"9.24"降雨之后诱发的滑坡解译,解译结果显示:"5.12"地震诱发滑坡1999个,"9.24"强降雨诱发滑坡828个,"9.24"强降雨导致原有地震滑坡面积扩大的滑坡150个。研究表明:地震和强降雨都是诱发滑坡的动力成因,"9.24"强降雨诱发的滑坡面积是"5.12"地震诱发滑坡面积的1/4倍,强降雨诱发滑坡的数量增加了41.4%;强降雨不仅诱发新的滑坡,而且促使原来地震滑坡复活,并扩大其面积,强降雨导致地震诱发的滑坡面积扩大了原面积的68.7%。同时,在遥感解译数据基础之上,开展地震诱发滑坡与降雨诱发滑坡规模对比和控制因子耦合分析及地震与降雨耦合灾害链模式研究,为进一步分析研究地震灾区滑坡的产生、发展趋势、危险性和风险评价等预测预报提供科学依据,也为汶川震区恢复重建中的减灾防灾提供决策参考。

地震与降雨耦合作用下区域滑坡灾害评价方法

基于莫尔–库仑破坏准则,通过引入地震动惯性力和地下水位系数,推导地震与降雨耦合作用下的滑坡安全系数计算公式。提出应用滑坡体物性、几何参数频度分析和蒙特卡罗模拟联合求算滑坡滑动概率的思路,建立综合坡度、土体类别、地震动强度和地下水位系数等因素的滑坡滑动概率理论判定矩阵。利用计算获得的特定研究区内不同强度地震动的重现概率,可将该矩阵转化为不同复发年限内实际地震发生条件下滑坡滑动概率的理论判定矩阵。依据2类理论判定矩阵,结合GIS技术、数字地质图和高精度DEM数据,即可实现地震与降雨耦合作用下区域滑坡灾害的概率性评价;以日本北九州市为例,给出应用该方法评价区域滑坡灾害的概率性预测结果。

舟曲泄流坡滑坡变形特征及其形成机理

以甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡的野外详细调查和变形监测资料为基础,探讨泄流坡滑坡蠕滑变形特征和形成机理。研究表明,舟曲泄流坡滑坡发育于坪定—化马断裂内,属典型的巨型断裂带滑坡。该滑坡由多个次级滑坡组成,表现为蠕滑变形特点,且一直处于不稳定状态。该滑坡是在内外动力耦合作用下形成的,断裂破碎带是泄流坡滑坡发生的充分条件,断裂活动导致坡体发生塑性流动变形;而降雨是滑坡发生大规模下滑的主要诱发因素;地震、坡脚开挖等对滑坡的发展、演化起到促进作用。因此,进一步研究断裂带滑坡的形成机理和成灾模式,对此类滑坡的防治预警有重要意义。

白龙江流域坪定—化马断裂带滑坡特征及其形成演化

沿坪定—化马断裂带发育数个大型或巨型滑坡。这些断裂带滑坡特点明显,成因类似,各滑坡一般发育多个次级滑坡体,滑坡岩土体由次生黄土、断裂带强风化带、断裂破碎带组成,具双层或三层结构。滑坡总体顺断裂走向下滑,历史上曾多次活动。近年来变形监测资料表明,断裂带滑坡目前处于匀速蠕变阶段,表现为蠕滑→拉裂(塑流拉裂)→次级滑坡体启动下滑的特征。它是在断裂活动、地震、降雨、人类工程活动等内外动力耦合作用下形成的,坪定—化马断裂的长期活动为滑坡形成提供了前提条件,断裂带的岩土体性质是滑坡长期活动的物质基础,而降雨、地震、坡脚开挖等是滑坡体失稳下滑的主要诱发因素。因而,有必要进一步研究断裂带滑坡在内外动力耦合作用下的成灾机理,为滑坡灾害防治预警提供科学依据。

汶川地震后四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟泥石流灾害调查研究

在2008年5月12日汶川地震后的地震灾区暴发了许多泥石流灾害,其中以四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟泥石流最为显著。文家沟原来不是泥石流沟,在汶川地震时由于滑坡形成的巨大的滑坡-碎屑流堆积体改变了文家沟的泥石流形成条件,在此后的3个雨季内,文家沟先后暴发了5次大规模和特大规模的泥石流灾害,其中以8.13文家沟泥石流规模和危害最大。8.13文家沟泥石流暴发时的总降雨量为227mm,泥石流持续时间约2.5h,泥石流总量约310×104m3;泥石流造成7人死亡,5人失踪,39人受伤,479户农房被掩埋,直接经济损失4.3亿元。5次大规模和特大规模的泥石流以及洪水仅带走了16%的可以很容易形成泥石流的滑坡-碎屑流堆积物,文家沟如再遭遇较大降雨还会暴发泥石流。即使在今后的雨季中暴发几次规模如8.13泥石流一样大的特大规模泥石流,文家沟在较大降雨下仍然可能暴发泥石流灾害,因此对文家沟泥石流的防治工作将是一个长期的工作。

兰州市九州石峡口滑坡形成机制与稳定性分析

基于滑坡区地质环境,通过区域地质调查、大比例尺平面图测绘、滑坡微地貌和变形破坏特征测量、扫描电镜(SEM)分析滑带土微观结构等手段,对兰州市九州石峡口滑坡的特征和形成机制进行了系统研究。结果表明,该滑坡具有显著的分级分块滑动特性,降雨、不合理的人工绿化灌溉及滑坡区高陡的地形是诱发该滑坡复活的主要因素。采用多种极限平衡计算方法并结合滑坡所处的地质环境评价该滑坡在天然、降雨、地震以及降雨和地震耦合作用下的稳定性,为该滑坡的治理提供理论指导。

四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村特大滑坡应急科学调查

2017年6月24日四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发特大高位顺层岩质滑坡,造成10人死亡,73人失踪,整个新磨村被毁的重大损失。通过对滑坡所处位置的地形、地质、降雨和历史地震综合分析,该滑坡是由历史上多次强烈地震形成的震裂山体在持续降雨作用下触发的高位坡—碎屑流—堰塞湖灾害链。强烈地震造成的山体内部损伤可持续影响数百年以上,是未来高烈度区地质灾害排查的重点。

汶川震区的坡面泥石流调查研究

汶川地震造成的大量崩塌、滑坡和颗粒侵蚀堆积体,为泥石流提供了丰富的松散物质来源。在过去的两年内暴雨引发大量的坡面泥石流,对山区公路和河流造成危害尤为严重。坡面泥石流是一种发生在有碎屑堆积物的陡坡上,由降雨引发的高浓度碎屑与水的混合物沿坡面运动的现象。本文作者通过野外调查和测量,得到19个坡面泥石流的降雨量、形成与堆积坡度、颗粒级配等数据,并估算得到坡面泥石流的行进速度。研究发现降雨是震区坡面泥石流爆发的决定性因素,当代表日降雨量超过20mm/d就可能引发坡面泥石流;当代表日降雨量超过30mm/d,坡面泥石流就可能群发;当代表日降雨量超过90mm/d,震区就会大量爆发坡面泥石流。坡面泥石流形成坡度和堆积坡度很大,构成颗粒较粗。此外,震区频发的坡面泥石流是两相泥石流,水体成稀泥浆在运动中主要是润滑体而不是承载体。坡面泥石流运动距离只有几米到几十米。由于固体颗粒运动中剧烈碰撞消耗了大部分能量,运动速度很小。建排水系统和发育植被可以最终控制坡面泥石流。

降雨和地震耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响——以甘肃西和Ⅲ号滑坡为例

以甘肃省西和县西山Ⅲ号滑坡为例分析了地震与降雨耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响。采用GEOSTUDIO软件对其进行了天然及地震降雨耦合作用两种条件下的数值模拟。通过计算结果对比可知,西山Ⅲ号滑坡在天然状态下处于稳定状态;地震降雨耦合作用对西山Ⅲ号滑坡的稳定会起到很强的削弱作用,滑坡将处于失稳状态。在此处采用的计算条件下,相同降雨量下地震与不同降雨强度的耦合作用显示,降雨强度越小雨水入渗相对越多,地震作用下超孔隙水压力影响区域越大,滑坡越不稳定。