Temporal-spatial Distribution and Short-range Prediction Indicators of Hail Weather in East Central Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the temporal-spatial distribution and short-range prediction indicators of hail weather in east central Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province. [Method] Using hail data of six stations in east central Haixi Prefecture from 1960 to 2010, the temporal and spatial distribution of hail weather was analyzed firstly. Afterwards, based on the high-altitude factual data of 30 case studies of hail during 2006 -2010, its high-altitude and ground weather situation and physical quantity field were studied to summarize short-term circulation pattern and shod- range prediction characteristics of hail weather. [ Result] In east central Haixi, hail appeared from April to September, and it was most frequently from May to August. Meanwhile, hail was frequent from 14：00 to 20：00. Among the six stations, hail was most frequent in Tianjun but least frequent in Wulan. Moreover, hail disaster mainly occurred in Wulan and Tianjun. In addition, there were three typos of circulation pattern of hail weather at 500 hPa. Hail mainly occurred under the effect of northwest airflow, and it had shortwave trough, cold center or trough, jet stream core or one of the three. Hail appeared frequently under the situation of upper-level divergence and low-level convergence, and abundant water vapor and water vapor flux convergence at low levels were important conditions for hailing. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for improving the accuracy of hail forecast.

海西东部及环青海湖地区40多年的气候变化研究

利用1961～2004年地面观测资料,分析了海西东部及环青海湖地区年、季气候变化的特征和规律。结果表明,海西东部及环青海湖40多年来年季平均气温平均增温幅度为0.3～0.6℃,平均最低和最高气温多数季节增温具有非对称性,并且20世纪90年代四季增暖最为明显。夏季和冬季降水略有增加,而过渡季节降水变化基本呈减少趋势。年均和秋、冬、春、夏四季的气温变化倾向率均为正值,分别为0.48、0.57、0.692、0.337、0.373℃/10a。冬、夏季降水变化的倾向率为0.442、4.672mm/10a;而秋、春季了水变化的倾向率为-2.304、-0.022mm/10a。冬季降水量和累计积雪量的缓慢增加容易导致该地区地表积雪的积累,极易形成雪灾或低温冻害。春季气温升高、降水减少,干旱发生的频次将增加;秋、冬季气温上升幅度比较大,将有利于病虫害的越冬、繁殖,加重病虫害对农牧业生产的危害程度。

青海省海西州中东部冰雹天气时空分布特征及短临预报指标

[目的]研究海西州中东部冰雹天气时空分布特征和短临预报指标。[方法]利用1960～2010年海西中东部6个气象站的冰雹资料,分析冰雹天气的时空分布特征;基于2006～2010年30次冰雹个例的高空实况资料,利用统计学和天气学方法,分析该区冰雹天气的高空天气形势、地面天气形势和物理量场特征,归纳出冰雹天气形成的短期环流形势和短临预报特征。[结果]海西中东部冰雹天气出现在4～9月,5～8月最多,主要集中在14:00～20:00。天峻地区降雹次数最多,乌兰最少。冰雹灾害主要发生在乌兰和天峻地区。冰雹天气的500 hPa环流形势有3个类型,其中西北气流冷温槽型最多,新疆东移小槽型次之,蒙古低槽型最少。冰雹一般发生在西北气流下,且短波槽、冷中心或冷温槽、急流核三者必居其一。冰雹多产生于高层辐散、低层辐合相配置的形势下,低层充沛的水汽和水汽通量的辐合是形成冰雹的重要条件。[结论]该研究为冰雹天气预报准确率的提高提供了一定参考。