Climatic Signals in the Last 200 Years from Stable Isotope Record in the Shells of Freshwater Snails in Lake Xingcuo, Eastern Tibet Plateau, China

Lake Xingcuo is a small closed, hard\|water lake, situated on eastern Tibet Plateau. Stable isotope data (\{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} and \{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\}) from the freshwater snail Gyraulus sibirica (Dunker) in a 34 cm long, radioactive isotope\|dated sediment core represent the last 200 years of Lake Xingcuo environmental history. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the shells of the freshwater snail bear information on the isotopic composition of the water in which the shells were formed, which in turn characterizes the climatic conditions prevailing during the snail’s life span. Whole\|shell and incremental growth data were collected from modern and fossil shells from Lake Xingcuo. The \{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} values of modern shells from Lake Xingcuo are in equilibrium with those of modern waters, while \{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\} values are indicative of snail dietary carbon and a lake with high \{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\}\-\{TDIC\}. By calibrating \{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} and \{δ\{\}\+\{13\}C\} in the shell Gyraulus sibirica (Dunker) with instrument\|measured data for the period 1954-1992, we found that the \{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} of the snail shells is an efficient indicator to reveal air temperature in the warmer half year instead of that around the whole year, and that there is a certain positive correlation between index\{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} and the running average temperature in the warmer half\|year period. Climatic variability on eastern Tibet Plateau, for the last two centuries, has been successfully inferred from the\{δ\{\}\+\{18\}O\} record in freshwater snails in the sediments of Lake Xingcuo. As such, the last 200 years of palaeoclimatic record for this region can be separated into three periods representing oscillations between warming and cooling, which are confirmed by the Guliya ice record on the Tibet Plateau.

Lithosphere density structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas derived from GOCE gradients data

A three-dimensional density model of the crust and uppermost mantle is determined by the inversion of a set of GOCE gravity and gradients residual anomalies beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. In our work, we choose five independent gravity gradients （Txx, Tzz, Txy, Txz, Tyz） to perform density inversion. Objective function is given based on Tikhonov regularization theory. Seismic S-wave velocities play the role of initial constraint for the inversion based on a relationship between density and S-wave velocity. Damped Least Square method is used during the inversion. The final density results offer some insights into understanding the underlying geodynamic processes： （1） Low densities in the margin of the Tibet, along with low wave velocity and resistivity results, yield conversions from soft and weak Tibet to the hard and rigid cratons. （2）The lowest densities are found in the boundary of the plateau, instead of the whole Tibet indicates that the effects of extrusion stress environment in the margin affect the changes of the substance there. The substances and environments conditioning for the earthquake preparations and strong deformation in this transitional zone. （3） Evident low-D anomaly in the upper and middle crust in the Lasha terrane and Songpan-Ganzi terrane illustrated the eastward sub-ducted of southeastern Tibet, which could be accounts for the frequent volcano and earthouakes there.

Characteristics of Permafrost along Highway G214 in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The characteristics of the permafrost along National Highway No. 214(G214) in Qinghai province(between kilometer markers K310 and K670),including the distribution patterns of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground(SFG), ground ice content and mean annual ground temperature(MAGT), were analyzed using a large quantity of drilling and measured ground temperature data. Three topographic units can be distinguished along the highway: the northern mountains, including Ela Mountain and Longstone Mountain; the medial alluvial plain and the southern Bayan Har Mountains.The horizontal distribution patterns of permafrost can be divided into four sections, from north to south: the northern continuous permafrost zone(K310-K460),the island permafrost zone(K460-K560), the southern continuous permafrost zone(K560-K630),and the discontinuous permafrost zone(K630-K670).Vertically, the permafrost lower limits(PLLs) of the discontinuous zone were 4200/4325 m, 4230/4350 m,and 4350/4450 m on the north-facing/south-facing slopes of Ela Mountain, Longstone Mountain and Bayan Har Mountains, respectively. The permafrost was generally warm, with MAGTs between-1.0°C and0°C in the northern continuous permafrost zone,approximately-0.5°C in the island permafrost zone,between-1.5°C and 0°C in the southern continuous permafrost zone, and higher than-0.5°C in the discontinuous permafrost zone. In contrast, the spatial variations in ground ice content were mainly controlled by the local soil water content and lithology.The relationships between the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) and the PLLs indicated that the PLLs varied between-3.3°C and-4.1°C for the northern Ela and Longstone Mountains and between-4.1°C and-4.6°C in the southern Bayan Har Mountains.

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:40Ar/39Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shear- zone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new 40Ar/39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained 40Ar/39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonic- magmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in large- scale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN EASTERN REGION OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

A geophysical survey including Magnetotelluric sounding(MT), gravity and geomagnetism was carried out in eastern region of Qinghai—Tibet plateau in 1998. It is to be known from tectonic map that study area was divided into four blocks by three large sutures, but we have very little information on deep\|seated structure which have close relationship with evolution of Tibet plateau, our purpose is to find some deep crustal structure evidences of the blocks and sutures for understanding deep tectonic feature in this region. The geophysical survey region is located in about 97～98°E and 35～26°N, the profile with the length of 760km runs through Bayanhar, Qingtang and Gandise block in NS direction, 349 gravity and geomagnetic data were acquired simultaneously, and 31 MT sites are be placed along the profile with about 18km\|interval to detect electrical conductive feature.

青藏高原东构造结林芝地热田浅部典型电性结构及热储关系

约40 Ma以来,受控于印度板块的俯冲及后期演化,青藏高原喜马拉雅山系东构造结成为了板块活动最强烈的地区之一;由于深部动力学过程中的浅表响应,该地区地热资源极为丰富。笔者等通过对两条音频大地电磁(AMT)测线进行数据处理与分析,查明了测点覆盖区域范围内二维电性结构及主要存在的深大断裂。依据电性结构推测研究区地下1 km深度范围内可分为4层,浅部低阻层为松散砂泥卵石层,下伏的中阻为砾卵石层,其下的低阻为砂岩、板岩、页岩强风化层,最底部的中高阻层推测为古元古界林芝岩群真巴岩组以片岩、花岗岩为主的地层。结合以往大地电磁测深及地震研究发现的地下10~20 km存在大规模近东西向展布且向上延伸熔融流变导致的低速高导体,推测可能是该地区深部热源所在。进一步通过对深部及浅部电阻率模型的综合对比研究,基于地热地质背景、电性结构特征,探讨了该地区的深部热源及热储关系。

青藏高原东部大中型兽类多样性及时空分布格局

物种多样性动态变化及种群现状评估对于物种的科学保护至关重要。青藏高原东部属我国西南山地生物多样性热点地区,具有重要科研价值与保护地位。为了有效评估青藏高原东部地区大中型兽类多样性现状与分布格局,以该地区最具代表性的新龙县为主要研究区域,系统收集了2013年以来该区域已发表的红外相机相关文献和数据资料,并于2019年12月—2020年10月开展了红外相机调查。结果表明,目前新龙县至少分布有5目14科36种野生兽类,包括7种猫科动物以及7种国家Ⅰ级和16种国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的有2种、易危(VU)7种、近危(NT)6种。历年监测研究中,食肉目和鲸偶蹄目物种均较为丰富,7种猫科动物在间隔近3个年度仍被记录。豹(Panthera pardus)的相对多度指数(RAI)和网格占有率(GO)位于前10位。7种猫科动物的RAI以及GO的大小关系为:豹>豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)>猞猁(Lynx lynx)>雪豹(Panthera uncia)>金猫(Catopuma temminckii)>荒漠猫(Felis bieti)=兔狲(Felis manul)。研究发现不同季节下不同生境和不同海拔段均有多种猫科动物与多种主要猎物分布,除了荒漠猫和兔狲外的5种猫科动物与主要猎物和干扰因子在不同季节下均存在不同程度的重叠关系。结果反映出青藏高原东部新龙县猫科动物整体种群现状良好,食物资源较丰富,整个生态系统呈现出健康的状态,但后续需进一步加强猫科动物主要分布区干扰因子的科学管控。同时还指出了新龙县以猫科动物为代表的珍稀濒危野生动物保护工作面临的困境并提出了后续的保护工作建议,以供参考。

TECTONIC FEATURES AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN QAIDAM BASIN

Qaidam Basin, situated in the northeastern Qinghai\|Tibet plateau of western China at 35°55′～39°10′N and 90°～98°20′E, is surrounded by thrusts or folded belts. It is adjacent to the Qilian Mountains on the north and northeast and to the Kunlun Mountains on the south, and to the Altun Mountains on the northwest. Qaidam plate is attributed to carbonate platform and non\|marine basin. The first stage is plate\|form from Sinian to Triassic, and the second is basin\|form in intraplate during non\|marine depositional period in Mesozoic and Cenozoic. 1 Tectonic feature The main structural elements of the eastern Qaidam basin, which the west border line is Germ and Dunhuang highway, include the Huobuxun depression, the Tin\|Iron Mountains ridge and Delingha depression as the secondary tectonic unit. These depressions extend along the northeastern edge of the Qinghai\|Tibet plateau, and form above a zone of Paleozoic pericraton subsidence at the north edge of the Qaidam plate during intracontinental orogenic phase in the Indosinian.

青藏高原东缘地质环境对植被覆盖度的影响研究:以冕宁县为例

研究地质环境对植被覆盖度的影响,有利于认识地质本底对生态环境的影响,促进生态保护与修复。本文选择2003-2018年的MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)与增强型植被指数(EVI)的多年平均值与年际变化率作为植被覆盖度的静态和动态刻画指标,应用Pearson相关性统计揭示地质因素、地形因素、气象因素和人类活动因素对植被指数的静态相关影响,使用地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析影响因子与植被覆盖度在空间尺度的回归关系。研究结果表明:高程、年均气温和年蒸散发在Pearson分析中对NDVI/EVI平均值有较强相关性,而起伏度、年均气温、年蒸散发和地质复杂度等因子对NDVI/EVI年际变化率有较好的解释作用;GWR分析显示,靠近断层的位置有利于植被发育和改善;当地质复杂度处于中等水平时,更易形成中高植被覆盖,同时利于植被覆盖度提高,当地质复杂度过高时植被覆盖度更易出现中低值;海拔较低、地势平坦和阴坡等地形条件利于植被发育和植被覆盖度升高。

青藏高原东缘应力场及地下工程灾害风险研究

青藏高原东缘广泛发育着深大活动断裂带,强烈控制着高原东缘区域应力场。本文基于收集的178个点位1181组原位应力数据,通过数值模拟反演得出青藏高原东缘活动断裂影响下青藏高原东缘地应力场,结果表明,青藏高原地应力场呈现出明显的非均匀性特征,应力量值由西向东逐渐减小。然后,利用ArcGIS分析青藏高原东缘埋深100~2000 m岩爆及大变形趋势,岩爆集中产生于次级板块内部,岩爆范围基本不随深度变化;而大变形产生于次级板块边界,并随深度增加面积逐渐向板块内部扩大;岩爆及大变形风险等级随埋深呈现规律性变化。最后,通过二郎山隧道隧址区以及双江口水电站两个工程实例探讨了本研究在工程建设中对岩爆及大变形趋势预测的适用性,结果表明,本文给出的青藏高原东缘地下工程灾害趋势与基于强度应力比方法获得的岩爆倾向性以及工程实例中岩爆现象基本一致。

Isotopic characteristics of shoshonitic rocks in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Petrogenesis and its tectonic implication

The Cenozoic magmatic rocks of shoshonitic series in the easternQinghai-Tibet Plateau include potassic alkaline plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, lamprophyres and acidic porphyries. Analytical results show that these different lithological rocks are extremely similar in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions with the range of 0.705 187-0.707 254 for 87Sr/86Sr, 0.512 305-0.512 630 for 143Nd/144Nd, 18.53-18.97 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.51-15.72 for 207Pb/204Pb and 38.38-39.24 for 208Pb/204Pb. They are isotopically similar to the EMII end-member. This indicates that mantle metasomatism must have taken place in their source region. The formation of these particular rocks is related to crustal thinning and mantle upwelling in a large-scale strike-slip and pull-apart fault zone at about 40 Ma in northern and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

青藏高原东缘城市绿地表层土壤汞污染现状及风险评估

为了解青藏高原东缘城市绿地表层土壤的汞污染水平及其潜在生态风险,在四川和云南不同海拔的8个城市使用五点采样法采集土壤样品并测定其总汞含量。分别采用地累积指数、单因子指数、潜在生态危害指数等方法对土壤汞的污染程度、潜在生态风险进行评估,并使用健康风险模型进行风险计算和评价。结果表明:各城市土壤汞浓度的几何平均数为:平武县(0.113 mg·kg^(-1))>九寨沟县(0.101 mg·kg^(-1))>康定市(0.090 mg·kg^(-1))>玉龙县(0.073 mg·kg^(-1))>永仁县(0.052 mg·kg^(-1))>绥江县(0.050 mg·kg^(-1))>甘孜县(0.042 mg·kg^(-1))>元谋县(0.029 mg·kg^(-1));所有土壤样本没有受到污染或污染程度较低;潜在风险以轻微和中等生态风险等级为主,占比分别为53.1%和31.3%;8个城市的土壤汞的总非致癌危险指数均低于1,说明对人体均不存在非致癌风险。

青藏高原东部及周边现时地壳运动

通过1991—2001年期间在青藏高原东部及周边地区的GPS测量,获得该地区不同参考框架下的地壳运动速度场,其测量的速度精度高于2mm/yr。印度板块与华北地块之间的地壳形变分为喜马拉雅及高原南部、高原中部(拉萨—格尔木)和高原北部(格尔木—金塔)三部分,它们分别吸收了印度板块与欧亚板块汇聚速率的43%、24%和32%。在欧亚框架下和相对于成都,印度板块和华南地块之间存在着以东喜马拉雅构造结为轴心的顺时针巨型涡旋构造———滇藏涡旋构造,运动速度分别为26～6mm/yr和24～7mm/yr,总体上从北东方向转变为南东和南西方向,有别于青藏高原中部的北东方向。滇藏涡旋和东喜马拉雅构造结的形成与南迦巴瓦 阿萨姆"犄角"的楔入作用有关。

川西巴塘断裂带地质灾害效应与典型滑坡发育特征

【研究目的】川西巴塘断裂带地质背景复杂,研究地质灾害发育特征,有利于揭示活动断裂带的地质灾害效应。【研究方法】本文在巴塘断裂带地质灾害成灾背景分析和野外调查研究的基础上,剖析了区域地质灾害分布规律与典型滑坡发育特征,探讨了巴塘断裂带的地质灾害效应。【研究结果】研究认为:(1)巴塘断裂带附近碎裂岩体结构为地质灾害孕育提供了物质基础,断裂剧烈活动(地震)或蠕滑直接诱发地质灾害,断裂带强烈地质灾害效应主要发生在断裂两侧3000 m范围以内;(2)巴塘断裂带地质灾害具有点多面广、分布不均、局部集中等特点,金沙江干流沿岸深切峡谷区发育大量蠕滑型滑坡和历史地震堵江滑坡;(3)巴塘断裂带地震滑坡和古滑坡发育,部分滑坡直接跨越断层,受断裂、降雨和人类工程等内外动力作用的综合影响,局部复活明显。【结论】巴塘断裂带对区域地质灾害发育分布具有显著的控制作用,巴塘断裂带部分居民点和公路存在地质灾害风险,城镇规划区应远离河谷岸坡和泥石流堆积扇等易受地质灾害影响区域。研究成果对于认识青藏高原东缘活动断裂带地质灾害效应和防灾减灾具有重要的科学意义。

川西南冲断带深层地质构造与潜在油气勘探领域

应用地质、地震及钻井等资料,对川西南冲断带深层地质结构、构造演化和变形过程进行系统研究,探讨四川盆地西南(简称川西南)地区深层潜在的油气勘探领域。川西南冲断带在关键地质历史时期发育特征性的地层分布及构造变形结构,主要包括前震旦纪多个近南北向的裂谷构造、震旦系灯影组阶梯状台地-台缘构造、晚古生代早期的西部古隆起、晚古生代—中三叠世碳酸盐台地、晚三叠世至白垩纪的前陆斜坡和前缘隆起构造以及新生代多期多向再生前陆冲断构造等。现今川西南冲断带整体上表现为受中三叠统雷口坡组内盐层和基底拆离层控制的双层冲断变形几何学结构,浅变形层发育构造位移远距离传播的北东—南西走向的滑脱冲断构造;而深变形层则发育基底卷入的近南北走向的基底褶皱,并改造了上部早期形成的滑脱冲断构造,改造强度南强北弱。川西南冲断带南部地区以晚期基底冲断褶皱构造为特征,而中—北部地区则以浅层滑脱冲断为主。靠近山前的雾中山构造带呈现滑脱推覆结构特征,上盘推覆构造为复杂化的断层转折褶皱核部和前翼,深层则发育稳定的隐伏原地构造。从构造变形结构分析,区域盐滑脱层上、下的构造变形层中都发育了有利的勘探层系和区带,各变形层中多排显性背斜构造带是重点领域。而雾中山构造带深层原地隐伏的震旦系和二叠系、深层隐伏的前震旦纪裂谷层序及相关构造、震旦系灯影组台地-台缘带以及龙泉山构造东侧的印支期古隆起等是川西南冲断带潜在油气勘探领域。

亚高山森林自然与人工恢复对土壤涵水能力的影响

西南亚高山原始针叶林被大规模采伐后,在皆伐迹地上营造了大量云杉林进行人工恢复。但关于这些人工林的土壤涵水能力如何,一直没有系统深入的研究与评价。选择川西米亚罗林区系列不同林龄云杉人工林(20 a、30 a、40 a、70 a)为对象,以相邻同龄自然更新恢复的针阔混交林为对照,比较人工林土壤涵水能力随着演替进程的动态及其与自然恢复次生林之间的差异,结合人工与自然恢复后的林地特征(如细根生物量、凋落物储量和土壤有机碳等)和土壤物理结构参数等差异,阐释自然与人工恢复后土壤涵水能力差异的影响因素。结果显示:随着人工林演替,土壤0—40 cm层最大持水量随林龄的增加而降低,但变化不显著,从20年的2200 t/hm^2下降到70年的2138 t/hm^2,年平均下降速率为1.24 t/hm^2;然而在自然次生林中,土壤最大持水量随着林龄的增加呈现出波动式变化,从20年的2142 t/hm^2增加到40年的2565 t/hm^2,到70年又下降为2302 t/hm^2。通过土壤持水特性与林地凋落物贮量、细根生物量和土壤物理结构参数的相关分析表明,由不同恢复途径导致的林地土壤有机碳含量、凋落物特性及细根差异,进而改变土壤物理结构是影响土壤持水性能差异的主要因素。这些结果说明,从土壤持水量角度考虑,在对采伐迹地进行造林恢复时,应尽量避免营造结构单一、高密度的人工纯林,应选择营造针阔混交林的模式进行恢复。

光照强度对青藏高原东缘九种紫草科植物种子萌发的影响

以青藏高原东缘九种紫草科植物为对象,在100%自然全光照以及36%NS和3%NS的光照强度下,对其种子萌发特征进行了研究.选取了萌发率,萌发指数和平均萌发时间三个萌发参数,并且依据种子萌发对光响应的不同将本实验所研究的九种紫草科植物分为以下四类:1)对光照梯度无响应,即不同光照强度下GP,GI和MGT部无显著变化的有狼紫草、西藏附地菜、小花琉璃草、甘青微孔草和微孔草;2)光照减小了GP和GI,延长了MGT的有倒提壶与卵盘鹤虱;3)光照梯度对GP和GI都无影响,而延长了MGT的有小叶滇紫草;4)光照提高了GP和GI而对MGT无影响的有糙草.此九种紫草科值物可能存在两种萌发对策,即感应水分和感应光照,来选择萌发时间和萌发数量,从而在萌发行为上产生了生态位分化.

青藏高原东缘古近纪粗碎屑岩沉积学及其构造意义

青藏高原东缘古近纪盆地的填图和沉积学研究表明,在青藏高原东缘区域性走滑-挤压构造背景下形成的古近纪盆地内广泛发育厚层—巨厚层状的紫红色粗碎屑岩系。其沉积特征指示为一种近源快速堆积的泥石流和辫状河道沉积体,形成于干旱炎热气候条件下的典型陆内冲积扇环境。盆地充填序列、粗碎屑岩层序、动植物化石和盆地内岩浆岩^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar年代学等综合研究结果表明,古近纪盆地内粗碎屑岩大约形成于38～29 Ma。该时期与青藏高原东缘北段(横断山地区)古近纪盆地的形成和南段(兰坪—思茅地区)大盆地的裂解时间基本一致,这很可能预示着青藏高原在晚始新世—早渐新世期间曾发生过整体的快速构造隆升。

光照及种子大小对青藏高原东缘43种石竹目植物种子萌发特征的影响

以青藏高原东缘43种石竹目植物种子为对象,在自然光照和遮阴两种实验处理下研究了光照对种子萌发能力的影响以及不同实验处理下种子萌发能力与种子大小的关系.结果显示:整体上,全光照下的萌发开始时间和萌发持续时间显著高于遮阴下的,光照强度对萌发率和萌发速率指数没有影响;科分类水平上,不同科内萌发参数对光照强度的响应存在一定差异;相对光萌发率与种子大小呈显著负相关关系.因此,遮阴使青藏高原43种石竹目植物种子萌发时间提前,萌发持续时间缩短;随着种子大小的增加,种子萌发对光照的依赖性逐渐降低;不同科内萌发参数对光照的响应存在一定差异,这与其系统发育史相关.

冬季雪被对青藏高原东缘高海拔森林凋落叶P元素释放的影响

雪被是影响高海拔森林凋落物分解的重要生态因子,其是否影响到生长季节与非生长季节凋落物中的P元素释放,尚未量化。为了量化季节性雪被对高海拔森林凋落物分解过程中P元素释放的影响,于2010年10月至2012年10月间,在青藏高原东缘川西高海拔森林不同厚度冬季雪被斑块下,设置凋落物分解袋实验。检测该地区代表性树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)和方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)凋落叶在雪被覆盖不同关键时期(雪被形成前期、完全覆盖期和消融期)以及生长季节的P元素动态。结果表明,凋落物质量与雪被厚度均显著影响了P元素的释放过程。雪被覆盖时期凋落物P元素释放率表现为有雪被覆盖大于无雪被覆盖,而生长季节中除岷江冷杉外的其他3种凋落物P元素释放率均为无雪被覆盖下最大。相对于无雪被覆盖斑块,冬季雪被的存在提供了保护绝缘层,促进凋落物P元素释放,提高了各物种冬季P元素释放贡献率。这些结果表明,全球变化情景下的雪被减少可能减缓高海拔森林凋落物P元素的释放过程,改变森林土壤P元素水平。所以在研究高寒、高海拔地区全球气候变化下生态系统功能的工作中,应注重雪被这一异质性环境因子对生态系统功能的影响。