Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use conversion in the eastern coastal China during 1996-2005

Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transformational development and investigations on the spot,this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable land loss and land for construction occupation in the coastal area of China over the last decade,with the aid of GIS technology.Conclusions of the research are summarized as follows：（1）the arable land had been continuously decreasing from 1996 to 2005,with a loss of 1,708,700 hm^2 and an average decrement of 170,900 hm^2 per year;（2）land for construction increased 1,373,700 hm^2 ,with an average increment of 153,200 hm^2 per year;（3）total area of encroachment on arable land for construction between 1996 and 2005 was 1,053,100 hm^2 ,accounting for 34.03%of the arable land loss in the same period,the percentages of which used for industrial land（INL）,transportation land（TRL）,rural construction land（RUL）and town construction land（TOL）are 45.03%,15.8%,15.47%and 11.5%,respectively;and（4）the fluctuation of the increase of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the nation＇s macroscopic land-use policies and development level of regional economy.The growth of population and advancement of technology promoted the rapid industrialization, construction of transportation infrastructures,rural urbanization and expansion of rural settlements in the eastern coastal area,and therefore were the primary driving forces of land-use conversion.

Spatio-temporal Dynamic Patterns of Rural Area Development in Eastern Coastal China

The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of rural area development at the county level in the eastern coastal China. An evaluation index system including 18 factors was developed, and a rural development index (RDI) was constructed to evaluate rural development state in 2000, 2004, and 2008. The quantitative evaluation indicated the following results. 1) This study derived four dominating components by means of principal component analysis, which can explain 78.2% of the total information, namely agricultural production input, the basic condition of agriculture, the comparative effectiveness of grain production, and the household′s own basic conditions. 2) Since the turn of the new millennium, the rural area in the eastern coastal China has experienced a rapid development in general. Well developed, developed, moderately developed and undeveloped rural areas respectively occupied 29.32%, 22.33%, 21.91%, and 10.51% in 2008. 3) The countryside had maintained a sound momentum of developing trend between 2000 and 2008, while the rural development in the eastern coastal China lacked sustainability. And 4) industrialization, urbanization, original economic basis, and location are four major driving forces of the disparity of rural area development in the eastern coastal China. Given these results, the strategies and policies for the improvement of each rural group were put forward.

Regional diversity of peasant household response to new countryside construction based on field survey in eastern coastal China

To tackle the issues concerning agriculture,farmers,and rural areas,the central government of China initiated a new strategy called ＇new countryside construction＇ in 2005.For better understanding its actual effect,this paper analyzes the regional diversity of peasant household response to this new countryside construction strategy based on Kruskal-Wallis H test and sampling survey data from 586 households in the Bohai Rim Region （BRR）,Yangtze River Delta Region （YDR）,and Pan Pearl River Delta Region （PPR）.The result indicates that regional diversity in eastern coastal China （ECC） does exist in the form of recognized priority sequence,policy requirements,expected policy effects,and behavior response.As a result of the deviation between local policy practice and households＇ inherent demand,peasants fulfill their de facto demand via individual effort instead of government aid,and therefore the new countryside construction fails to carry out the expected target.It thus needs to shift the current policy priority,ensure the peasants＇ mainstay role,and formulate scientific ＇Rules for new countryside construction＇.

Appraisal of typical rural development models during rapid urbanization in the eastern coastal region of China

The sustainability of regional rural development depends on the integrated status and the coordination between rural resources-environment conditions and rural socioeco- nomic development. In this paper a diagnostic indicator system is proposed to appraise four representative rural development models such as Mentougou model, Taicang model, Yueqing model and Qionghai model in the eastern coastal region of China from the integrated perspective of population, resources, environment, and development. In conclusion, the formation and evolution of these diverse rural deveJopment models are the direct response to the very different characteristics in the environment, market demand, and regional culture. These models are common in that their sustainability depends on the scientific guidance of the regional development functional positioning, strong intra-regional interactions, and self-adaptability to the external conditions.

Monitoring Soil Salt Content Using HJ-1A Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of Coastal Areas in Rudong County, Eastern China

Hyperspectral data are an important source for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale. However, in previous studies, barriers such as interference due to the presence of vegetation restricted the precision of mapping soil salt content. This study tested a new method for predicting soil salt content with improved precision by using Chinese hyperspectral data, Huan Jing-Hyper Spectral Imager(HJ-HSI), in the coastal area of Rudong County, Eastern China. The vegetation-covered area and coastal bare flat area were distinguished by using the normalized differential vegetation index at the band length of 705 nm(NDVI705). The soil salt content of each area was predicted by various algorithms. A Normal Soil Salt Content Response Index(NSSRI) was constructed from continuum-removed reflectance(CR-reflectance) at wavelengths of 908.95 nm and 687.41 nm to predict the soil salt content in the coastal bare flat area(NDVI705 < 0.2). The soil adjusted salinity index(SAVI) was applied to predict the soil salt content in the vegetation-covered area(NDVI705 ≥ 0.2). The results demonstrate that 1) the new method significantly improves the accuracy of soil salt content mapping(R2 = 0.6396, RMSE = 0.3591), and 2) HJ-HSI data can be used to map soil salt content precisely and are suitable for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale.

Monitoring Crustal Movement of the Coastal Zone in Eastern China with GPS Technique

In this paper, various dominating factors affecting crustal movement of the coastal zone in eastern China are analyzed, and major characteristics of crustal movement are summarized. Subduction of the pacific plate and Philippine plate and southeastward "escape" of Qinghai-Tibet plateau are believed to be dominating factors affecting crustal movement of that zone. Undoubtedly, it is a best way to monitor this kind of large-scale crustal movement with GPS technique. The feasibility of monitoring crustal m...

Modern sea level changes of the Eastern China Seas and their influences on coastal areas

The statistics of tidal gauging records showed that the mean sea level of the China Seas has risen for 14 cm in past 100 years. The annual mean sea levels of the Eastern China Seas have been rising at a speed of about 0.21 -0.23 cm/a since 1960. The annual mean sea levels of the Eastern China Seas in 1989 were 1.45 cm higher than that in 1988 on average.The sea level rise may cause the damage of the dynamical balance of the natural environments in the coastal area? and form or strengthen many coastal disasters, such as storm-tide catastrophic events, sea water invasion landward, soil salinization in coastal lowland and plains, and beach erosion retreat.

Spatial characteristics of development efficiency for urban tourism in eastern China： A case study of six coastal urban agglomerations

The traditional data envelopment analysis（DEA）, bootstrap-DEA and Malmquist models are employed to measure different tourism efficiencies and their spatial characteristics of 61 cities in six coastal urban agglomerations in eastern China. The following conclusions are drawn.（1） The comprehensive efficiency（CE） of urban tourism using the bootstrap-DEA model is lower than the CE level using the DEA-CRS model, which confirms the significant tendency of the DEA-CRS model to overestimate results.（2） The geometric CE averages of urban tourism in the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） and the Pearl River Delta（PRD） have changed from ineffective to effective since 2000, the averages in the Beijing-TianjinHebei（BTH） and the Shandong Peninsula（SDP） have changed from ineffective to moderately effective since 2000, and those in the Central and Southern Liaoning（CSL） and the West Bank of Taiwan Strait（WBTS） have been ineffective since 2000.（3） The CE values of urban tourism in the PRD, the YRD, the BTH and the SDP have been slightly affected by the pure technical efficiency（PTE）, whereas the CE values in the CSL and the WBTS have been slightly affected by the scale efficiency（SE） since 2000.（4） Spatially, the range of geometric averages of the total factor productivity（TFP） for the PRD, the YRD, the BTH, the SDP, the WBTS and the CSL has decreased sequentially, while the one for most cities in six urban agglomerations has exhibited a downward trend since 2000.（5） Collectively, the natural conditions, the economic policies and the tourism capital drive the SE change of urban tourism of the CSL and the WBTS. The tourism enterprises for increasing returns to scale and imitating innovative technology have an effect on the CE change of urban tourism in the BTH and the SDP. The tourism market competition drives the PTE change of urban tourism in the PRD and the YRD. Although the PTE and the SE of urban tourism in six coastal urban agglomerations suffer from uncertain events, the CE maintained overall sound momentum since 2000.

中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价

在界定农业主导、工业主导、商旅服务和均衡发展四个乡村发展类型的基础上,对中国东部沿海地区的乡村发展类型进行了划分。基于乡村对社会具有的功能构建了乡村性指数(RI)以刻划不同发展类型的乡村性强弱,并对东部沿海地区各发展类型的乡村性进行了评价。结果表明:东部沿海地区57.6%的县市一、二、三产业得到均衡发展;农业主导、工业主导和商旅服务业主导的发展地域类型分别占总面积的18.64%、11.99%和11.75%;农业主导乡村发展类型中乡村性较强(RI>0.5)的地域占到59.1%;工业主导乡村发展类型中乡村性弱(RI<0.4)和居中(0.4<RI<0.5)的地域分别占到33.4%和42.8%;商旅服务业为主导的乡村发展类型中,大部分地域(42.7%)乡村性弱,乡村性强和居中的地域分别占到27.3%和30.0%;均衡发展类型中乡村性弱的地域占17.2%,乡村性较强的地域占到37%,接近半数(45.8%)的均衡发展类型其乡村性居中。并指出,当今全球化和社会经济重构背景下乡村的多功能性发展和立足当地(Place-Based)的乡村发展模式,使得某些县域的乡村性指数值与其他同类地区差异较大,以及同一乡村性指数值可能对应不同的乡村发展类型。最后提出了中国农业与乡村地理学科领域亟需加强研究的方向和内容。

东部沿海国内旅游发展的动态实证研究

以1995年-2008年国内旅游客流量和旅游收入为指标,分析了东部沿海10个省市国内旅游动态发展状况,即旅游发展的时间同步性及区域响应。结果显示:东部沿海10省区国内旅游发展具有较高的时间同步性,国内旅游波动周期"同涨同落";依据增长指数和相关系数的差异,将东部沿海10省区划分为两种类型。然而由于政策推进、资源开发、交通区位等因素的差异,各省区国内旅游的发展具有不同的区域响应,分两个时段分别统计各省区国内旅游的基期值和平均增长率,依据各阶段的基期值和平均增长率的差异,划分出国内旅游发展的地区响应类型。

东部沿海地区农业结构变动特征及区域差异分析

2005年东部沿海地区农、林、牧、渔产值比重是49.5︰3.2︰29.7︰17.6,农业结构逐步得到优化。本文分析了农业结构系数与农民人均纯收入、人均GDP的关系,揭示了经济发达地区农业结构变动特征及其地域差异性,发现差异性主要表现在农业部门的变动趋势和农业结构的变化率;并根据比较优势理论,分析了地区间农业部门的比较优势,这也是未来区域农业结构优化布局的主要依据。

1998～2008年中国东部沿海植被覆盖变化特征

基于1998～2008年的SPOT-VGT数据,利用CVA、一元线性回归、Hurst指数等方法分析中国东部沿海植被覆盖变化特征及趋势,并编制植被覆盖退化特征图谱。研究表明:植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,高变化和中变化区比例合计达26.23%;与此同时,退化区也大量分布;植被覆盖变化的自相似性和长程依赖性突出,区域尺度Hurst指数高达0.84,增长趋势可持续,像元尺度Hurst指数普遍较高,但空间格局比较复杂;未来植被覆盖趋于恶化的面积约占10.58%,三大都市圈及部分海岸带区域严重退化并将持续退化,众多中小城市周边中度退化并将持续退化。

东部沿海地区农村发展功能定位与生产要素整合模式探讨

东部沿海地区农业与农村发展进入了快速转型与升级的新阶段,现代农业、村庄整治、农村信息化建设成为新形势下沿海农业与农村发展的重要内容;与此同时,农业资源低效利用、农村环境污染、农村集体经济薄弱等一系列问题日益凸显。明确农村地域的粮食安全、经济安全、社会安全和生态安全功能定位,以农村生产要素整合为切入点,进而实施农村生产要素的空间整合(包括生态空间整合、生产空间整合和生活空间整合)、组织整合和产业整合,能够有效引领农村社会经济的有序健康发展。

中国东部沿海地区耕地和建设用地连通性变化——以山东省平度市为例

[目的]以中国东部沿海地区的山东省平度市为案例区,分析研究区2005—2013年耕地和建设用地的连通性及其核心斑块格局变化的特征,为有效保护区域耕地,合理规划建设用地提供科学依据。[方法]基于斑块的景观指数分析方法,构建了案例区耕地和建设用地整体连通性指数(IIC)、可能连通性指数(PC)及斑块重要值(dI),以反映区域内两种地类的连通性和各斑块重要性。[结果](1)与耕地相比较,平度市的建设用地分布格局受人类活动的影响较大;(2)建设用地的连通性显著增加,相反耕地的连通性有所下降;(3)2013年平度市耕地核心斑块的面积占耕地面积的99%,而建设用地的核心斑块面积仅占建设用地面积的79%。[结论]耕地核心斑块属于连通性好,利用效益较好的耕地分布区,其数量和质量均应得到有力保护。建设用地核心斑块具有连通性好,地理位置好的特点,应加强此类建设用地的无节制扩张控制和现有建设用地的合理规划利用,同时应不断控制建设用地的污染物排放,保持良好环境质量,避免污染附近耕地。

全球化背景下中国农地资源及其利用变化研究

围绕全球化对中国农地资源及其利用的影响这一关键问题,基于数据分析与实证调研,对中国农地资源数量和农地利用方式在经济全球化进程中的变化态势进行解析和评价,进而揭示经济全球化之于中国农地资源及其利用变化的传导机制。研究结果表明,全球化背景下中国农地资源及其利用变化主要表现为:(1)耕地资源大面积减少,建设占用是耕地减少的重要原因;(2)农地利用结构发生转变,耕地转向特色果园、苗圃和速生用材林等用地;(3)土地流转增加,农业规模经营兴起;(4)农业投入要素组合发生变化,资本替代劳动力的要素投入格局逐步形成;(5)耕地复种指数在一些地区出现下降,耕地资源利用程度有所减弱。立足全球化进程中国家资源安全和粮食安全的战略需求,提出了集约化、紧凑型工业化城市化道路和劳动力替代型现代农业经营模式的战略框架。

中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设

1978年改革开放以来,中国东部沿海地区工业化、城市化的快速发展,深刻地改变着广大农村地区,促使农村产业结构、就业结构与农业生产方式等发生巨大变化,乡村发展步入转型升级的新阶段。1978-2005年,沿海地区第一产业比重由23.3%降为7.9%,第三产业比重由19.8%升为40.5%,农业劳动力比重则由90.8%降为47.9%。模拟分析表明,沿海地区农业产值与农业就业份额仍将持续下降,2010年、2020年农业产值比重将降为8.0%和6.0%,农业劳动力比重将降为44.5%和32.2%。1990-2005年,沿海地区劳耕弹性系数为1.84,反映了农业劳动力的转移远快于耕地面积的减少,农业劳动力效益在稳步提高。同期,乡村人口由3.06亿人降为2.19亿人,而农村人均居住用地规模却在增大,未能实现农村人口转移与农村居民点的减少相挂钩。沿海地区新农村建设须遵循乡村转型发展规律,重在科学规划、分区推进,通过优化城乡用地、发展现代农业和农村特色经济,提升农村生产力,促进沿海城乡互动与协调发展。

中国东部沿海城市密集区效率的时空差异与收敛性分析

基于SBM-DEA模型分析了东部沿海地区的辽中南、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、海峡西岸、珠三角和北部湾城市密集区113个城市效率的空间差异,然后用Malmquist指数揭示了城市效率的全要素生产率(Total factor productivity,TFP)的动态变化,并对其做了绝对收敛性分析。结果表明:(1)中国东部沿海7大城市密集区的城市效率普遍较低,存在较大的改进空间。有效率的城市只有北京市、上海市、深圳市、广州市和东莞市5个。各城市密集区中珠三角城市密集区效率最高,其次为京津冀城市密集区,其他依次为海峡西岸、北部湾、长三角、辽中南和山东半岛城市密集区。(2)7大城市密集区都存在投入要素冗余与产出不足。其中,资本和技术要素投入产出率较低,使用方式比较粗放;相对而言,人力和土地要素的投入产出的效率高,使用方式比较集约。各城市密集区投入冗余状况比较相近,而产出不足方面则差异较大。各城市密集区在总体经济效益和社会公众收益方面,仍有较大提升空间。(3)2003年~2014年,中国东部沿海城市密集区城市效率的TFP整体上为上升趋势,技术进步对城市效率TFP提高的贡献更大。北部湾城市密集区尤其应重视生产技术水平的提高。(4)辽中南、长三角、海峡西岸和北部湾城市密集区同时存在σ收敛和绝对β收敛,存在俱乐部收敛现象。除京津冀和珠三角城市密集区外,其他城市密集区城市效率TFP差异可能会逐步自动消失。

中国沿海地区城乡发展态势与土地利用优化研究

对沿海地区2010年、2020年两个时段的经济增长、建设用地需求进行预测与分析,提出了基准增长和高增长两种情景的城乡建设用地规模。其中高增长情景下的建设用地规模:2010年为1 056.9×104hm2,2020年为1 153.4×104hm2。1996～2004年,东部沿海地区建设用地年均增量为17.45×104hm2,为了确保建设用地的最大规模不突破,需要通过盘活存量土地、加大农村宅基地整理力度,使建设用地挖潜比率2010年达到3.7%、2020年达到9.3%。最后,从保障沿海地区土地资源安全的高度,提出统筹城乡协调发展和城乡土地优化利用的具体策略。

中国东部不同特征小流域水文对比观测试验分析

为探讨中国东部地区变化环境下水循环演变机制,通过水文站网加密观测、构建不同特征试验流域等方法,揭示了不同土地利用和不同城镇化水平下水文要素分布及响应规律。结果表明:①小流域内场次极端降雨局部差异较大,主要受到微地形和风向的影响。②鄞江镇试验流域水位涨幅和单位雨量水位涨幅均高于天然画龙溪试验流域,主要受到了流域大小和城镇化率等因素的影响。③城镇用地和耕地土壤水消退过程较快,林地退水过程相对较慢;浅层10cm、20cm和40cm土壤含水率对降雨滞后响应时间分别为0~0.25h、0.25~0.75h和0.5~0.75h,而深层(60cm和80cm)土壤含水率由于受到优势流的影响,响应较为复杂,响应时间变动范围较大。④小流域地下水对降雨的响应存在滞后性,响应时间为6.5~12h。

中国东部沿海地带及邻区的环境工程地质与可持续发展研究

沿海地带是海陆交接的边缘地带 ,是一个多功能的自然综合体 ,蕴藏着丰富的自然资源 ,开发潜力很大。但沿海地带自然环境复杂多变 ,生态环境极为脆弱 ,而沿海地带的开发利用又涉及许多部门和学科 ,在开发过程中已引起若干环境工程地质问题 ,因此 ,加强沿海地带资源开发的环境工程地质研究有极为重要的意义。本文分析了我国沿海地带资源开发过程中引起的主要环境工程地质问题 ,采用BP神经网络模型对沿海地带及其邻区的工程地质环境质量进行了评价与区划。在此基础上 ,对中国沿海地带可持续发展方略进行了探讨。