Reservoir characteristics and formation model of Upper Carboniferous bauxite series in eastern Ordos Basin,NW China

Through core observation,thin section identification,X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and isothermal adsorption experiments,the lithology and pore characteristics of the Upper Carboniferous bauxite series in eastern Ordos Basin were analyzed to reveal the formation and evolution process of the bauxite reservoirs.A petrological nomenclature and classification scheme for bauxitic rocks based on three units(aluminum hydroxides,iron minerals and clay minerals)is proposed.It is found that bauxitic mudstone is in the form of dense massive and clastic structures,while the(clayey)bauxite is of dense massive,pisolite,oolite,porous soil and clastic structures.Both bauxitic mudstone and bauxite reservoirs develop dissolution pores,intercrystalline pores,and microfractures as the dominant gas storage space,with the porosity less than 10% and mesopores in dominance.The bauxite series in the North China Craton can be divided into five sections,i.e.,ferrilite(Shanxi-style iron ore,section A),bauxitic mudstone(section B),bauxite(section C),bauxite mudstone(debris-containing,section D)and dark mudstone-coal section(section E).The burrow/funnel filling,lenticular,layered/massive bauxite deposits occur separately in the karst platforms,gentle slopes and low-lying areas.The karst platforms and gentle slopes are conducive to surface water leaching,with strong karstification,well-developed pores,large reservoir thickness and good physical properties,but poor strata continuity.The low-lying areas have poor physical properties but relatively continuous and stable reservoirs.The gas enrichment in bauxites is jointly controlled by source rock,reservoir rock and fractures.This recognition provides geological basis for the exploration and development of natural gas in the Upper Carboniferous in the study area and similar bauxite systems.

Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Controls of Reservoir Quality: A Case Study of He 8 Sandstones in the Linxing Area, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

Determining the process of densification and tectonic evolution of tight sandstone can help to understand the distribution of reservoirs and find relatively high-permeability areas.Based on integrated approaches of thin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),cathode luminescence(CL),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),N2 porosity and permeability,micro-resistivity imaging log(MIL)and three-dimensional seismic data analysis,this work discussed the reservoir characteristics of the member 8 of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation(He 8 sandstones)in the Linxing area of eastern Ordos Basin,determined the factors affecting reservoir quality,and revealed the formation mechanism of relatively high-permeability areas.The results show that the He 8 sandstones in the Linxing area are mainly composed of feldspathic litharenites,and are typical tight sandstones(with porosity<10%and permeability<1 mD accounting for 80.3%of the total samples).Rapid burial is the main reason for reservoir densification,which resulted in 61%loss of the primary porosity.In this process,quartz protected the original porosity by resisting compaction.The cementation(including carbonate,clay mineral and siliceous cementation)further densified the sandstone reservoirs,reducing the primary porosity with an average value of 28%.The calcite formed in the eodiagenesis occupied intergranular pores and affected the formation of the secondary pores by preventing the later fluid intrusion,and the Fe-calcite formed in the mesodiagenetic stage densified the sandstones further by filling the residual intergranular pores.The clay minerals show negative effects on reservoir quality,however,the chlorite coatings protected the original porosity by preventing the overgrowth of quartz.The dissolution of feldspars provides extensive intergranular pores which constitute the main pore type,and improves the reservoir quality.The tectonic movements play an important role in improving the reservoir quality.The current tectonic traces of the study area are mainly controlled by the Himalayan movement,and the high-permeability reservoirs are mainly distributed in the anticline areas.Additionally,the improvement degree(by tectonic movements)of reservoir quality is partly controlled by the original composition of the sandstones.Thus,the selection of potential tight gas well locations in the study area should be focused on the anticline areas with relatively good original reservoir quality.And the phenomena can be referenced for other fluvial tight sandstone basins worldwide.

Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China

The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.

Coal reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin in China

In the eastern Ordos basin, due to the diversity of the tectonic setting, coal rank, gas content and permeability, coal reservoirs have differing characteristics. In this paper, based on coal reservoir geometry, gas content, adsorption capacity, pores and fissures developments and permeability data, the coalbed methane(CBM) reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin is discussed. The results show that, due to undergoing different paleo-temperatures in the geological history,coal rank has a higher trend from the north part to the south and from the shallow part to the inward basin, which determines CBM distribution and recoverability. In the north, although having large coal thickness and high permeability, Zhungeer-Xingxian coal rank is low, and gas content is small. In the central part, with medium rank, higher gas content and relatively high permeability, and the Wubao-Liulin area is the most favorable area in the eastern Ordos basin. In the southern part, medium and high metamorphism coal occurs, and although having the highest gas content, the permeability in the Hancheng area is low due to the development of sheared coal.

The origin mechanism of coalbed methane in the eastern edge of Ordos Basin

In the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin,the coalbed methane(CBM)development has not made substantial progress in the past20 years,and the origin of gas can be used to guide the CBM block-selecting and development.Based on the 37 sets of carbon isotope data,the origin of the gas was determined and the origin mechanism was studied in this work.The 13CPDB of methane ranges from 70.5‰to 36.19‰in the eastern edge in the Ordos Basin and the value becomes heavier from the north to the south.The secondary biogenic gas and the thermogenic gas are mixed in the shallow area and the thermogenic gas occurs in the medium and deep levels.The phenomenon is controlled mainly by the distribution of coal rank and hydrodynamics.Firstly,based on the relationship between China coal rank and methane 13CPDB,the medium rank coal is dominant in the eastern edge of the Ordos Basin,and the mixture of the secondary biogenic gas and the thermogenic gas is formed in the coal of vitrinite reflectant ratio(Rmax)between 0.5%and 2.0%if there is appropriate hydrodynamics;at the same time,because of the shallow burial depth,and the well-developed coal outcrop,meteoric water and other surface water carrying bacteria recharge the coal reservoir,metabolize the organic compounds at a relatively low temperature,and generate methane and carbon dioxide.Wherever the trapping mechanisms occur in the coal,such as Liulin and Hancheng,modern gas content should be high.

Palynology of Yanchang Formation of Middle and Late Triassic in Eastern Gansu Province and Its Paleoclimatic Significance

Xifeng （西峰） oilfield was recently found in the southwest of the Ordos basin. The oil source rocks are the Chang 7 Section of Yanchang （延长） Formation. In order to study the paleoclimate that controlled the formation of source rocks, a systemically palynological research on related beds in Yanchang Formation has been carried out. The core samples were analyzed with classical palynological techniques and the organic-walled sporomorphs from these samples were observed, identified and photographed under a light microscopy and a fluorescence microscopy. Abundant sporopollen were found in drilling cores from Chang 8 and Chang 7 sections, and two assemblages were distinguished： the Aratisporites-Punctatisporites assemblage and the Asseretospora-Walchiites assemblage. Their characteristics are similar to those of the assemblage of Tongchuan （铜川 ） Formation and the assemblage of Yanchang Formation in southeast Ordos basin, respectively. Their geological times are Ladinian of late Middle Triassic and Carnian of early Late Triassic, respectively. The correlation of palynoflora with their parent plants suggests the paleoclimate of eastern Gansu （甘肃） Province in the Middle and Late Triassic was warm and rainy with prosperous vegetation. The palynoflora indicated the area was in a temperate to subtropical zone then. Both the ecological types and differentiation degree curves of sporopollen indicated the period during Chang 8 and Chang 7 sections was warm and wet, and the phase accorded with large-scale lake transgression in Chang 8 Section and the largest lake area in Chang 7 Section. North China in Middle and Late Triassic was located in a warm and rainy, temperate and subtropi- cal zone. The palynofloras in Chang 8 and Chang 7 sections have the characteristics of North China flora, however they also indicate wetter and warmer climate due to their proximity to the large lakes. The period of Chang 8 to Chang 7 sections is the climax of the expansion of the lake, and the bloom of fresh algae during the period, which helped form the high-quality source rocks in Chang 7 Section.

鄂尔多斯盆地神木–佳县区块深部煤层气地质特征及勘探开发潜力

我国深部(以下均指埋深大于2000 m)煤层气资源丰富,勘探开发潜力巨大。与中浅部相比,深部煤层气在富集成藏规律与开发方式方面均具有显著的差异性,急需针对重点区块开展解剖性分析研究。神木–佳县区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,目前尚处于深部煤层气勘探的起步阶段,深部煤层气富集特征及开发潜力等尚不明确。基于研究区近期实施的地震资料、300余口井的测井资料和4口取心井的参数资料等,系统分析煤储层基础地质特征,总结煤层气富集主控因素与富集规律,类比剖析研究区深部煤层气勘探开发潜力。研究区深8号煤的镜质体反射率介于0.7%~1.8%,大部分区域煤层演化已处于热解生气高峰,区域上煤层净煤厚度高达7~8 m,煤层发育稳定,构造相对简单、水动力封闭性较强、顶底板封盖条件较好,为煤层气大面积连续成藏提供了优越条件,其中佳县南区的煤层气资源条件最好。与鄂尔多斯盆地东部其他区块深部煤层相比,研究区煤层中游离气占比明显更高(15.21%~46.47%),煤层中吸附气主要受吸附压力封存控制,而游离气受毛管力封闭与浮力重力分异双重控制,两种封存机制共同决定了深部煤层含气量的垂向分带与平面分区,以佳县南部为例总结了吸附气吸附压力主控、游离气毛管压力封闭与重力分异耦合控制的典型深部煤层气富集模式。与临兴区块和大宁–吉县区块类比分析结果表明,神木–佳县区块具有较好的煤层气资源基础、储层改造条件和高产潜力,预示了此区块深部煤层气规模化开发的美好前景。此外,大宁–吉县区块深部属典型的高煤阶煤,而神木–佳县深部为中煤阶煤,因此,该研究认识进一步丰富完善了深部煤层气富集理论,对于全国深部煤层气勘探开发实践有重要指示意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系储集层特征及形成模式

基于岩心观察、岩石薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、低温气体吸附和等温吸附等实验,分析鄂尔多斯盆地东部上石炭统铝土岩系岩性和孔隙特征,以揭示铝土岩系储集层形成演化过程。研究表明:(1)提出以铝的氢氧化物、铁矿物和黏土矿物三单元的铝土岩系岩石学命名分类方案;(2)铝质泥岩产状主要为致密块状和碎屑状,(泥质)铝土岩多呈致密块状、豆状、鲕状、多孔土状和碎屑状,溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝是主要储气空间,孔隙度一般小于10%,以介孔为主;(3)华北地区铝土岩系纵向上总体上可分为5段,即铁岩(山西式铁矿,A段)、铝质泥岩(B段)、铝土岩(C段)、铝质泥岩(含碎屑)(D段)和暗色泥岩-煤岩段(E段);(4)在岩溶平台、缓坡和洼地分别发育潜穴/漏斗状、透镜状、层状/块状铝土岩沉积,岩溶平台及缓坡处有利于地表水淋滤,岩溶改造作用强,孔隙发育,储集层厚度大且物性好,但连贯性差,低洼处物性较差但储集层相对连续稳定。铝土岩天然气富集受源岩-储集层-裂缝综合控制,相关认识可为该层段和类似铝土岩系天然气勘探开发提供地质依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘奥陶纪马家沟期边界断层的新认识及其对成钾凹陷的控制

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组具备良好的成钾潜力,然而,当前仅勘探到薄钾石盐矿层和厚层钾石盐矿化段,大规模钾盐矿尚未发现。通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地东缘地震剖面的构造特征,认为盆地东缘晋西挠褶带西部马五6亚段沉积期存在活动边界正断层。在该断层作用下,形成东断西超的活动同沉积凹陷,富钾卤水大量汇聚于此。在持续干旱的强蒸发环境下,卤水持续浓缩,成钾窗口出现,钾石盐大规模析出,进而形成整装海相优质固体钾石盐矿床。侏罗纪末期,挤压应力导致成钾凹陷抬升,形成古凹今隆的格局,钾盐层抬升至较浅部位,有利于水溶法经济开采。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘山西组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律研究

目的为了解煤系页岩中孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,方法采用X射线衍射、岩石热解、扫描电镜、低压CO_(2)/N_(2)吸附和高压压汞等实验,对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘山西组煤系页岩不同岩相孔隙结构进行表征,分析成岩作用对各岩相孔隙演化的影响。结果结果表明,山西组主要发育富硅泥质页岩岩相(A-1)、泥质/硅质混合页岩岩相(M-2)和富黏土硅质页岩岩相(S-3);介孔是储层孔容的主要来源,贡献度达65%以上,微孔是储层比表面积的主要来源,贡献度达62%以上;S-3页岩总孔容和总比表面积均较大,均值分别为0.0362 cm^(3)/g,35.15 cm^(2)/g,A-1页岩总孔容和总比表面积均较小,均值分别为0.0266 cm^(3)/g,21.39 cm^(2)/g;有机质通过控制微孔发育对页岩比表面积起控制作用,另外,黏土矿物对页岩比表面积有一定促进作用,黄铁矿对M-2页岩和S-3页岩孔隙结构均有一定促进作用;A-1页岩孔隙演化受压实作用、黏土矿物转化作用最为明显,S-3页岩孔隙受胶结作用、有机质生烃作用和溶蚀作用影响均较显著,M-2页岩孔隙兼具A-1和S-3页岩的成岩演化特点。结论研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地煤系页岩孔隙结构研究提供借鉴与参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘深部煤层气开发先导试验效果与启示

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气勘探开发取得突破对煤层气产业带来重大影响,引起业内广泛关注和跟进。前期一些学者对深部煤层气勘探开发理论技术难点与对策开展了研究,但缺乏对典型气田开发先导试验系统总结。通过深入剖析深部煤层气地质特征与效益开发难点,总结大宁-吉县区块开发先导试验项目取得的进展和成效,明确开发规律并提出效益开发对策。结果表明:(1)深部煤层具有广覆式发育、含气性好、游离气含量高、保存条件好、煤体结构好、脆性指数高、顶底板封盖性强等地质特征,但微构造发育、渗透性极差、矿化度高等因素制约了深部煤层气效益开发;(2)不同地质条件下气井生产特征差异较大,通过先导试验落实气井产能和适应性开发技术对策,采用滚动开发模式可有效降低煤层强非均质性带来的开发风险;(3)开展地质-工程一体化井网优化设计,构建井网与缝网高度弥合的人造气藏,可实现资源动用和采收率最大化;(4)“长水平段+多段多簇+大砂量”的大规模、大排量极限体积压裂技术可增大有效改造体积和井控储量,大幅提高单井产量;(5)深部煤层气井具有“见气时间短、上产速度快、初期产量高、递减快”的生产特征,可实现短期快速规模上产,但气田长期稳产需持续新井投入;(6)前期开发成本偏高,实现效益开发需不断提高工程作业效率、降低开发成本。综合认为,深部煤层气资源品质好,可动用性强,具备快速推广复制条件,大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气开发实践可为国内其他区块深部煤层气规模动用提供技术借鉴,对加快深部煤层气规模勘探开发具有重要意义。

大宁–吉县区块深部煤层气多轮次转向压裂技术及应用

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气资源丰度高,煤储层天然裂缝与煤自身割理裂隙发育、煤体结构好、机械强度高、顶底板封盖能力强,为大规模体积压裂缝网的形成提供了有利条件。超大规模压裂改造工艺使深部煤层气单井产量获得重大突破,但示踪剂监测结果显示,水平井各压裂段产气效果贡献不均一、资源动用存在盲区、综合效益未达预期。指出深部煤储层形成超大规模有效缝网面临两类主要挑战:(1)深部煤层裂缝扩展规律认识不清;(2)现有压裂技术存在过度改造及改造不充分区域。基于此问题,提出适合深部煤储层改造的多轮次转向缝网弥合压裂技术。首先,分析深部煤层超大规模缝网形成的可行性;其次结合现场压裂数据与微地震监测结果,分析地层曲率、倾角等对压裂裂缝扩展的影响;最后建立应力场计算方法,以此为依据,进行多轮次转向工艺优化及现场试验。在大宁-吉县区块现场进行试验验证,井周微应力场非均匀区域水力裂缝实现了较为均匀的扩展,增大了裂缝整体改造体积,单井产气效果较周边井有明显提升,其中DJ55井5轮次压裂,储层改造体积达到243.6×10^(4)m^(3),生产340 d累产气量970.5×10^(4)m^(3),平均日产气量2.85×10^(4)m^(3),日产量和压力均保持稳定,改造效果较好,预计采收储量(EUR)大于3000×10^(4)m^(3),产气潜力较大;JS8-6P05井第1-7段采用2~3轮次压裂,压后日产气量8.59×10^(4)m^(3),相比各段均采用单轮次压裂的JS8-6P04井加砂规模降低41.9%、压裂费用降低21%,但2口井水平段千米日产气量相当。试验效果表明,多轮次压裂工艺在一定程度上解决了水平井两侧应力差异而导致的裂缝单侧扩展问题,促进井筒两侧压裂裂缝趋于均匀扩展,极大程度上保障了深部煤储层资源动用程度和压后产量,是深部煤层气压裂工艺降本增效的主要技术途径。

Paleogeomorphy evolution of the Ordovician weathering crust and its implication for reservoir development,eastern Ordos Basin

Gas reservoir development of the Ordovician weathering crust in the Ordos Basin is closely controlled by the pre-Carboniferous paleogeomorphy.Previous studies show that the paleogeomorphy is high in the west and low in the east,and the karst highland,karst slope and karst basin are developed from west to east.With further exploration in recent years,many karst breccia that represent strong karstification,are found in the east area which previously is considered to be the Ordovician karst basin.Thus,it is necessary to revaluate controlling factors of karst paleogeomorphy development from a viewpoint of the dynamic paleogeomorphy evolution,to investigate the paleogeomorphy evolution of the Ordovician weathering crust in geological history and guide further research and prediction of development law of reservoir spaces.In order to reconstruct the paleogeomorphy of the weathering crust in the top of Ordovician in the east Ordos Basin,paleogeography,thickness of residual strata and paleokarst characteristics are well studied.The result shows that a wide range of paleokarst highland occurred in the central to east part of Ordos Basin in the early period,and the karst reservoir spaces were formed;but in the late period,the east part of the basin gradually evolved into the paleokarst basin,the current pre-Carboniferous paleogeomorphy was thus formed,and the dissolution reservoir spaces formed in the early period were mostly filled,accordingly the reservoirs were tight.However fracture networks formed by cave collapse connect intercrystalline pores of dolomite,therefore,the reservoirs can still be well preserved locally and are worthy targets for hydrocarbon exploration.

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘深部煤层气高效开发理论技术体系

针对深部煤储层埋藏深、渗透率低、应力环境复杂等开发难题,总结大宁—吉县区块近5 a勘探开发取得成果,明确了资源富集条件、有效改造体积、水平段长、良好储盖组合条件是气井高产关键因素。在“人造气藏”开发理论指导下,建立了地质-工程一体化背景下的深部煤层气高效开发技术体系:(1)基于储层资源条件、构造保存条件和工程改造条件三大类11项指标,建立深部煤层气地质工程开发甜点评价标准;(2)基于微幅构造刻画、多尺度裂缝预测、三维地质模型构建等技术,形成“地质+工程”全要素定量化、可视化表征的煤储层精细评价技术;(3)按照“地质小尺度、三维地震微尺度、轨迹走靶体、少调快钻”导向思路,形成以钻前轨迹精优设计、精准入靶及靶后微调为核心的三阶段地质工程一体化导向技术;(4)按照实现资源动用和采收率最大化为目标,形成“地应力场、天然裂缝场、人工裂缝场、井型与方位、井网井距”五位一体井网优化设计技术;(5)依据深部煤层气赋存特征、渗流机理和气井生产特征,形成以产量不稳定分析法为主,经验产量递减法、数值模拟法和经验类比等多方法结合的气井产能评价及EUR预测技术;(6)遵循“四位一体”精准选段和“井间交错+段内差异化”设计原则,形成以构建人造气藏为目标的大规模体积压裂技术;(7)根据气井气水变化特征,形成全生命周期不同生产阶段排采优化控制技术;(8)结合当前AI技术进展与深部煤层气开发规律、集输等特征,探索了地质、工程、地面等多专业一体化协同环境下集输和数智化技术。在这一成果指导下,已投产29口水平井生产初期日产量5×10^(4)~16×10^(4) m^(3),平均10.2×10^(4) m^(3),区块日产气量突破300万m^(3),对加快鄂尔多斯盆地东缘深部煤层气规模上产具有重要指导意义,也为同类资源高效开发建立了参考标准。

鄂尔多斯盆地府谷地区深部煤层气富集成藏规律及有利区评价

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘神府区块是典型深部煤层气田,资源丰富且勘探开发潜力巨大。2023年10月,神府深部煤层大气田成功申报探明地质储量超1100亿m^(3)。府谷地区位于神府区块中部,是最早深部煤层气生产试验区,但目前对其煤层气的富集成藏规律和勘探开发潜力的认识尚不清楚。综合应用地震、测井、钻井和煤岩测试等资料以查明该地区深部煤层气地质特征、富集成藏规律和有利区分布。结果表明:主力煤层4+5、8+9号煤发育稳定且厚度较大(4+5号煤:3.2~5.8 m;8+9号煤:8.7~13.5 m),有利层段主要分布在煤层中上部位置;宏观煤岩类型主要为光亮-半亮煤,煤体结构主要为原生-碎裂结构煤;受深成变质作用的影响,煤类以气煤、肥煤和焦煤为主,煤的变质程度处于热解生气的高峰期,煤储层表现出中-高含气量(4+5号煤:3.0~12.0 m^(3)/t;8+9号煤:7.5~18.5 m^(3)/t)和中-高含气饱和度(35.0%~115.0%)等特征;主力煤层属于低渗储层((0.01~0.09)×10^(-3)μm^(2)),孔隙结构主要以微孔和小孔为主。提出府谷地区煤层气为“挠褶-断层-水动力”富集成藏模式,煤层气富集区位于构造平缓区和斜坡带。建立深部煤层气地质-工程双甜点评价体系,识别出I类地质-工程甜点区位于东部和西南部,是研究区深部煤层气勘探开发首选区带。因此,该研究认识进一步丰富了深部煤层气富集成藏理论,对鄂东缘深部煤层气勘探开发实践具有重要指导意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地东部边界的构造学分析:以石楼北地区为例

通常认为鄂尔多斯东部边界带由晋西挠褶带和离石断裂组成,但这一边界为残余边界,并非原始的沉积边界。文中以石楼北区域为例,过该区域构建了1条鄂尔多斯盆地东部盆-山尺度的区域地质大剖面,运用2D-Move软件进行构造演化的反演与正演模拟,对其构造变形进行定量分析,并根据研究结果对鄂尔多斯盆地东部边界进行重新厘定。研究认为:(1)石楼北地区在加里东晚期受深部基底断裂活动影响,奥陶系膏盐岩层中形成盐滑脱褶皱,之后沉积石炭系—白垩系,至燕山期受到东西向的挤压应力,地层整体发生掀斜,最终在新生代吕梁隆起加速隆升,遭受差异风化剥蚀形成现今构造格局。(2)构建的区域地质大剖面现今长度为263.76 km,海拔最高可达2000 m,从加里东晚期到白垩纪地层缩短量为3.14 km,缩短率为1.18%,地层抬升高度为3.82 km。(3)根据地层、构造、演化特征对燕山运动期鄂尔多斯盆地的东部边界进行重新厘定,认为东部边界应向东延伸至吕梁隆起东侧。该成果可为鄂尔多斯盆地东缘范围、构造变形研究以及晋西挠褶带煤层气勘探开发提供参考与新思路。

临兴区块深部煤层气井生产特征及影响因素

【目的】深部煤层气生产特征与中浅部煤层气生产特征具有明显区别,且同一区块内深部煤层气排采井也存在差异性。相关研究尚处于探索阶段,深入分析深部煤层气生产特征差异的影响因素对后续大规模开发阶段的产能预测与生产管理具有重要意义。【方法】为明确临兴区块深部煤层气生产特征及其影响因素,基于含气性、煤厚、埋深、水化学特征及压裂工艺等地质工程因素开展研究。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)临兴区块深部煤层气井分为过饱和气藏自喷井、过饱和气藏排采井和欠饱和气藏排采井3类。(2)含气性是3种生产特征的主控因素,工区内1800~2000 m埋深的煤层气井含气量与稳产气量均相对较高。(3)欠饱和气藏排采井储层保存条件较差,水化学特征与其他两类井存在明显差异,导致其生产效果相对较差,且由于高矿化度和高碳酸氢根离子产生的管柱结垢与腐蚀导致排采不连续。(4)大规模压裂是提高气井产量的有效储层改造措施,压裂砂对裂缝的有效支撑是保障深部煤层气井高气量稳产的关键因素。上述成果明确了临兴区块深部煤层气生产特征差异影响因素,对研究区和邻近地区深部煤层气生产具有参考意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部S井区盒8上亚段砂岩气藏沉积微相研究

鄂尔多斯盆地北部(鄂北)S井区盒8段气藏属于致密砂岩气藏。目前该井区盒8上亚段作为主力层位之一已进入开采中后期,存在剩余气分布特征不清的问题,进一步开采难度较大。为解决此问题,综合利用动静态资料,对该层位开展沉积微相的精细研究。研究区盒8上亚段自下而上分别划分为盒8上1、盒8上2两个小层,通过沉积相标志以及测井相分析,识别盒8上亚段单井沉积微相发育特征,并在横向上对该井区内的沉积微相及其组合关系进行分析,最终确定该研究井区盒8上亚段的沉积微相平面展布特征。结果表明:研究区气藏范围内发育边滩、河道充填、废弃河道、堤岸(天然堤、决口扇)、河道间5种微相;边滩以及河道充填为主要的控砂微相类型;盒8上1小层的西北部分布较大规模边滩,东部零星分散,盒8上2小层的东南部零星分布有边滩,西部分布有较大规模。研究成果可为鄂北地区储层非均质性特征和剩余气藏分布预测提供地质依据。

深层煤层气井下管柱腐蚀结垢原因分析及缓蚀阻垢剂应用

针对大宁-吉县区块深层煤层气井下管柱腐蚀结垢现象严重的问题,在采出气、采出水及腐蚀结垢产物组成测试的基础上,开展了腐蚀结垢原因分析,并优选出了一种复合缓蚀阻垢剂。结果表明:深层煤层气井采出水中Ca^(2+)质量浓度高(4069.88~56667.51 mg·L^(-1)),易与HCO_(3)^(-)生成CaCO_(3);气藏开发过程中,地层压力逐渐降低,导致生成CaCO_(3)时产生的CO_(2)不断从水中析出,促进CaCO_(3)生成;此外,随着地层压力的降低,井筒内采出水加速蒸发,促进可溶性盐析出。采出气中CO_(2)分压较高(0.16~0.99 MPa),导致井下管柱表面难以形成有效的FeCO_(3)腐蚀钝化膜;此外,垢层下的金属离子难以扩散,促使采出水中的Cl^(-)迁入垢层中以保持电荷平衡,造成管柱加速腐蚀。优选得到的复合缓蚀阻垢剂效果良好,在70℃条件下,质量浓度为300 mg·L^(-1)时,阻垢率为91.39%,静态腐蚀速率为0.058 mm·a^(-1),动态缓蚀率>90%。应用井注入复合缓蚀阻垢剂后,采出水无明显结垢现象且Fe^(3+)质量浓度由281.93~378.60 mg·L^(-1)降至33.90 mg·L^(-1),检泵周期由139 d延长至327 d。

基于CT扫描的煤岩孔隙结构全孔径表征

为探究深层、超深层煤岩孔隙结构,在鄂尔多斯盆地DJ区块本溪组X号煤岩采集了12块样品,基于数字岩心CT扫描三维重构技术,联合高压压汞、液氮吸附、二氧化碳吸附测试,应用多实验拼接方法,表征了X号煤岩孔隙的全孔径分布特征,并对比分析深层及中浅层煤岩的微孔、介孔、大孔的分布差异及其对吸附作用、渗透率的影响。研究表明:煤岩储层的储集空间以微孔及大孔为主,介孔发育较少;深层X号煤岩微孔平均占比为44.1%,大孔平均占比为53.9%,中浅层X号煤岩中微孔平均占比为34.8%,大孔平均占比为64.1%;深层煤岩中起吸附作用的纳米孔更发育,但在中浅层煤岩中微米级裂缝发育程度优于深层煤;通过全孔径分布特征分析认为,中浅层X号煤岩大孔孔容占比更高,渗透率比深层X煤岩高出1个数量级,而深层X号煤岩微孔孔容占比更高,吸附性更强。该研究通过全孔径定量表征,明确储层各级孔隙分布特征,为煤层气赋存状态及产出机理提供了数据及理论支撑。