Using the secondary spinel standard, the authors have precisely measured theFe^(3+)/SIGMA Fe values of spinels in mantle xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China, andestimated the oxygen fugacities recorded by...Using the secondary spinel standard, the authors have precisely measured theFe^(3+)/SIGMA Fe values of spinels in mantle xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China, andestimated the oxygen fugacities recorded by 63 mantle xenoliths through olivine-orthopyroxene-spineloxygen barometry. The results indicate that the oxygen fugacities of the lithospheric mantle ineastern China are higher in the south than in the north. Among them, the oxygen fugacity of theNorth China craton lithospheric mantle is the lowest, similar to that of the oceanic mantle, whilethat of Northeast and South China are the same as that of the global continental mantle. Thevariations of mantle redox state in eastern China are mainly controlled by the C-O-H fluids derivedfrom the asthenospheric mantle. According to the mantle oxidation state, it can be concluded thatthe C-O-H fluids in the lithospheric mantle of eastern China consist mainly of CO_2 and minor H_2O,but CH_4-rich fluids should come from the asthenosphere where the oxidation state is lower.展开更多
The general impact of“Eastern”(e.g.Babylonian,Egyptian and Levantine)cosmological ideas and astronomical methods on the emergence of early Greek philosophy and science is still debated.In this context,it is often st...The general impact of“Eastern”(e.g.Babylonian,Egyptian and Levantine)cosmological ideas and astronomical methods on the emergence of early Greek philosophy and science is still debated.In this context,it is often stated that the Greeks were inspired by“foreign”ideas that helped them to free their minds from the determinations of their own culture of wisdom and knowledge.1 However,it is extremely hard to determine how this intellectual exchange worked in practice.The Greeks themselves seem to have assumed that they were highly indebted to older,more advanced Eastern cultures,as numerous stories about the fruitful encounters between early thinkers and typical places and agents of“oriental wisdom”illustrate.2 Most of these stories are connected to Ionia,where journeys to Phoenicia and Egypt began and where intercultural contacts must have been a daily experience:in agreement with Christoph Ulf,we may describe Ionia as a zone of intense,intimate contact between various different cultures.3 The fact that all the earliest Greek natural philosophers and investigators,from Thales to Heraclitus,were Ionian perfectly fits into this picture of Ionia as a stimulating meeting place and a centre of trade and exchange of ideas.展开更多
The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,p...The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,presents unique characteristics of the development of Chinese society and culture.Actually,the jade artifact at that time shows cultural features both at artistic and spiritual level and bears prominent cultural connotations like national spirit of solemnness and generosity.Chinese jade of Chu state of Pre-Qin period due to its abundant cultural connotations and meanings,poses to be an essential element of traditional Chinese culture,which shows artistic and national features of traditional jade culture and can directly influence development of modern society and culture.展开更多
Northern Anhui was an important region for diverse bronze culture convergence and extensive metal resource circulation in the Pre-Qin Period.In this paper,metallographic microstructure analysis,chemical composition an...Northern Anhui was an important region for diverse bronze culture convergence and extensive metal resource circulation in the Pre-Qin Period.In this paper,metallographic microstructure analysis,chemical composition analysis,and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted on 12 samples of 6 Warring States Period(476–221 BCE)bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Fuyang,Anhui Province,revealing the integrated application of diversified manufacturing processes,such as casting,forging,cold working,and welding and multiple metal minerals.The analytical results showed that 2 Ding vessels(鼎)were made by casting,and 2 He vessels(盒)and 2 Dui vessels(敦)were made by forging followed by cold working.These two types of bronze vessels made by different manufacturing processes have significantly distinct alloy ratios and mineral sources,among which the Cu and Sn contents of the 2 cast bronze vessels are lower and the Pb content is higher,while the Cu and Sn contents of the 4 forged bronze vessels are higher and the Pb content is lower.The lead minerals of the two types of bronze vessels might come from Western Henan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,respectively.In addition,the 3 pieces of solder used to weld bronze vessels were all made of pure Sn,their metal minerals should come from the densely distributed area of tin ore in Southern China,and Sn solders were mainly discovered in the Chu culture area during the Eastern Zhou Period.展开更多
Background:Current forests of the eastern USA have the potential to succeed in composition to more shade-tolerant species.However,long-term processes of transition from fire-tolerant tree species to fire-sensitive spe...Background:Current forests of the eastern USA have the potential to succeed in composition to more shade-tolerant species.However,long-term processes of transition from fire-tolerant tree species to fire-sensitive species and effects of current land use on forests may interfere with successional progression.Methods:I examined if forests in three regions have increased in shade tolerance and if life history strategy groups that represent response to disturbance(i.e.,fire-tolerance,early-successional species based on low shade tolerance,mid-successional species,late-successional species,and trees valued for traits related to short harvest rotations)have changed,using Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys,adjusted for comparison,and generalized linear mixed models to assess approximately 30 year trends,with adjustments to equalize different survey methods.Results:Although statistically significant,a slight increase of 2 to 4%in regional mean shade tolerance may not be ecologically significant.In the central East,mid-successional species replaced early-successional species and early-successional species replaced fire-tolerant oaks,resulting in an overall shift from fire-tolerant oaks to mid-successional species.Decreased fire-tolerant pine species and increased planted pine species were the major changes in the northern Southeast and Coastal Plain.Conclusions:The successional process of increased composition by shade-tolerant species over time was overshadowed by land use changes that resulted in decreased fire-tolerant species and increased planted pine.Furthermore,frequent land use disturbance may continue to prevent the slow progress of compositional succession to very shade-tolerant species.展开更多
基金the Nationa1 Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.49673185)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.95-Pre-39).
文摘Using the secondary spinel standard, the authors have precisely measured theFe^(3+)/SIGMA Fe values of spinels in mantle xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China, andestimated the oxygen fugacities recorded by 63 mantle xenoliths through olivine-orthopyroxene-spineloxygen barometry. The results indicate that the oxygen fugacities of the lithospheric mantle ineastern China are higher in the south than in the north. Among them, the oxygen fugacity of theNorth China craton lithospheric mantle is the lowest, similar to that of the oceanic mantle, whilethat of Northeast and South China are the same as that of the global continental mantle. Thevariations of mantle redox state in eastern China are mainly controlled by the C-O-H fluids derivedfrom the asthenospheric mantle. According to the mantle oxidation state, it can be concluded thatthe C-O-H fluids in the lithospheric mantle of eastern China consist mainly of CO_2 and minor H_2O,but CH_4-rich fluids should come from the asthenosphere where the oxidation state is lower.
文摘The general impact of“Eastern”(e.g.Babylonian,Egyptian and Levantine)cosmological ideas and astronomical methods on the emergence of early Greek philosophy and science is still debated.In this context,it is often stated that the Greeks were inspired by“foreign”ideas that helped them to free their minds from the determinations of their own culture of wisdom and knowledge.1 However,it is extremely hard to determine how this intellectual exchange worked in practice.The Greeks themselves seem to have assumed that they were highly indebted to older,more advanced Eastern cultures,as numerous stories about the fruitful encounters between early thinkers and typical places and agents of“oriental wisdom”illustrate.2 Most of these stories are connected to Ionia,where journeys to Phoenicia and Egypt began and where intercultural contacts must have been a daily experience:in agreement with Christoph Ulf,we may describe Ionia as a zone of intense,intimate contact between various different cultures.3 The fact that all the earliest Greek natural philosophers and investigators,from Thales to Heraclitus,were Ionian perfectly fits into this picture of Ionia as a stimulating meeting place and a centre of trade and exchange of ideas.
基金Humanities and Social Sciences Program of 2011 Funded by Ministry of Education:Studies on Chinese Jade for Clothes in Chu State of Pre-Qin Period(No.10YJAZHD95)
文摘The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,presents unique characteristics of the development of Chinese society and culture.Actually,the jade artifact at that time shows cultural features both at artistic and spiritual level and bears prominent cultural connotations like national spirit of solemnness and generosity.Chinese jade of Chu state of Pre-Qin period due to its abundant cultural connotations and meanings,poses to be an essential element of traditional Chinese culture,which shows artistic and national features of traditional jade culture and can directly influence development of modern society and culture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41303080)the Youth Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2018499)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0903700)。
文摘Northern Anhui was an important region for diverse bronze culture convergence and extensive metal resource circulation in the Pre-Qin Period.In this paper,metallographic microstructure analysis,chemical composition analysis,and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted on 12 samples of 6 Warring States Period(476–221 BCE)bronze vessels excavated from Chutai Cemetery M1,Fuyang,Anhui Province,revealing the integrated application of diversified manufacturing processes,such as casting,forging,cold working,and welding and multiple metal minerals.The analytical results showed that 2 Ding vessels(鼎)were made by casting,and 2 He vessels(盒)and 2 Dui vessels(敦)were made by forging followed by cold working.These two types of bronze vessels made by different manufacturing processes have significantly distinct alloy ratios and mineral sources,among which the Cu and Sn contents of the 2 cast bronze vessels are lower and the Pb content is higher,while the Cu and Sn contents of the 4 forged bronze vessels are higher and the Pb content is lower.The lead minerals of the two types of bronze vessels might come from Western Henan and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,respectively.In addition,the 3 pieces of solder used to weld bronze vessels were all made of pure Sn,their metal minerals should come from the densely distributed area of tin ore in Southern China,and Sn solders were mainly discovered in the Chu culture area during the Eastern Zhou Period.
文摘Background:Current forests of the eastern USA have the potential to succeed in composition to more shade-tolerant species.However,long-term processes of transition from fire-tolerant tree species to fire-sensitive species and effects of current land use on forests may interfere with successional progression.Methods:I examined if forests in three regions have increased in shade tolerance and if life history strategy groups that represent response to disturbance(i.e.,fire-tolerance,early-successional species based on low shade tolerance,mid-successional species,late-successional species,and trees valued for traits related to short harvest rotations)have changed,using Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys,adjusted for comparison,and generalized linear mixed models to assess approximately 30 year trends,with adjustments to equalize different survey methods.Results:Although statistically significant,a slight increase of 2 to 4%in regional mean shade tolerance may not be ecologically significant.In the central East,mid-successional species replaced early-successional species and early-successional species replaced fire-tolerant oaks,resulting in an overall shift from fire-tolerant oaks to mid-successional species.Decreased fire-tolerant pine species and increased planted pine species were the major changes in the northern Southeast and Coastal Plain.Conclusions:The successional process of increased composition by shade-tolerant species over time was overshadowed by land use changes that resulted in decreased fire-tolerant species and increased planted pine.Furthermore,frequent land use disturbance may continue to prevent the slow progress of compositional succession to very shade-tolerant species.
