Revisiting Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the Maqu Segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, Northeast Tibet

The Late Quaternary slip rate along the Maqu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault was estimated using a combination of high-resolution remote sensing imagery interpretation, field observations and differential Global Positioning System（GPS） measurements of offset river terraces, and 14 C dating of snail shells collected from offset risers. The results show that the left-slip rate along the segment is 3–5 mm/a, and that the vertical slip rate is 0.3–0.5 mm/a. Both the horizontal and vertical slips on the segment remain consistent over a distance of ~100 km. It means that no slip gradient as previously suggested occurred along the Maqu segment, and which thus might behave as an independent seismogenic fault. Judging from multiple relationships among young terrace offsets, we infer that co-seismic surface rupture produced by a characteristic earthquake with a magnitude of Ms7.0–7.5 on the Maqu fault could generate a horizontal slip of 4.5–5 m and a vertical slip of 0.45–0.5 m, with a corresponding ratio（Dh/Dv） of about 9. Two surface rupture events must have occurred over the past 3300 years, the latest one possibly between 1485 cal BP and 1730 cal BP.

Earthquake Surface Rupture Features and Tectonic Significance of the Tazang Fault in the Eastern Part of the East Kunlun Fault Zone

The East Kunlun fault zone is located in the northern margin of the Bayan Har block. The study of earthquake rupture behavior in the fault zone is of importance for understanding the future seismic risk in northwest Sichuan. A number of geological field investigations, typical micro topography DGPS measurements and sample dating show that the earthquake activity of the East Kunlun fault zone extends to the north boundary of Zoige basin, a segment known as the Luocha segment of Tazang fault. In the satellite image, the segment is seen clearly as gray and yellow strips. The earthquake deformation zone mainly features fault scarp, valleys on the slope, offset gullies and terraces, linear distribution of plants, waterfall, fault spring, fault sag pond, and landslide, collapse and talus associated with surface rupturing. These phenomena are distributed intermittently along the re-existing fault and form a ～50km-long inverse L-shaped deformation zone. Fault activities caused left-lateral offset of gullies and terraces, with horizontal displacement concentrated at 5.5m^6m, 18m～23m, 68m～75m, and 200m～220m, respectively. The recent earthquake occurred between 340±30～500±30BP. The macro epicenter is located 5km～7km northwest of Benduo village, with magnitude of MW7.3～7.4, maximum coseismic displacement of 6m, horizontal displacement 5.5m～6m and vertical displacement 0.2m～0.5m, being in a proportion of 5∶1～10∶1. These phenomena show that the Tazang fault is the causative fault of this earthquake. The fault is a Holocene active fault and was dominated recently by left-lateral movement with a small amount of thrust component under compressive shear stress. This characteristic is similar to the movement in other segments of the East Kunlun fault zone. The results of this study support the "continental escape" model.

A Preliminary Study of Palaeo-earthquakes on the Maqu Fault of East Kunlun Fault Zone

The East Kunlun active fault is an important NWW-trending boundary fault on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. The Maqu fault is the easternmost segment of the East Kunlun active fault. Based on three trenches, four Holocene palaeo-earthquake events are identified along the Maqu fault. The latest palaeo-earthquake event is (1730±50) ～ (1802±52) a BP, the second is (3736±57) ～ (4641±60) a BP, the third is (8590±70) a BP, and the earliest is (12200±1700) ka BP. The time of the first and second palaeo-earthquake events is more reliable than that of the third and last ones. As a result, the recurrence interval of the palaeo-earthquakes on the easternmost segment of the East Kunlun active fault is approximately 2400 a, and the palaeo-earthquake elapsed time is (1730±50) ～ (1802±52) a BP.

The Late Pleistocene activity of the eastern part of east Kunlun fault zone and its tectonic significance

The nearly EW-trending East Kunlun fault zone is the north boundary of the Bayan Har block.The activity characteristics and the position of the eastern end of its eastward extension are of great significance to probing into the dynamic mechanism of formation of the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau,and also lay the foundation for seismic risk assessment of the fault zone.The following results are obtained by analysis based on satellite image interpretation of landforms,surface rupture survey,terrace scarp deformation survey,and terrace dating data on the eastern part of the East Kunlun fault zone:(1)the Luocha segment is a Holocene active fault,where a reverse L-shape paleoearthquake surface rupture zone of about 50 km long is located;(2)the Luocha segment is characterized by left-lateral slip movement under the compression-shear condition since the later period of the Late Pleistocene,with a rate of 7.68–9.37 mm/a and a vertical slip rate of 0.7–0.9 mm/a,which are basically in accord with the activity rate of segments on its west side.The results indicate that it is a part of eastward extension of the East Kunlun fault zone;(3)the high-speed linear horizontal slip of the nearly EW-trending East Kunlun fault zone is blocked by the South China block at east,and transforms into the vertical movement of the nearly SN-NNE trending Minjiang fault zone and the Longmenshan fault zone,and the uplift of Longmenshan and Minjiang.The area where transform of the two tectonic systems occurred confines the position of the east end;(4)Luocha segment and Maqu segment constitute the"Maqu seismic gap",so,seismic risk at Maqu segment is higher than that at Luocha segment,which should attract more attention.

The Interpretation of Seismogenic Fault of the Maduo Mw 7.3Earthquake,Qinghai Based on Remote Sensing Images——A Branch of the East Kunlun Fault System

On May 22,2021,a Mw 7.3 earthquake occurred in Maduo County,Qinghai Province with the epicenter of 34.59°N,98.34°E.The distribution of aftershocks and surface ruptures suggested that the seismogenic structure might be the Jiangcuo fault(JF),~70 km south of East Kunlun fault(EKLF).Due to the high altitude and sparse human habitats,there are very few researches on the Jiangcuo fault,which makes us know little about the deformation features and even the geometry of Jiangcuo fault.In this study,we used the high-resolution pre-earthquake satellite images to interpret the spatial distribution and geometry of the Jiangcuo fault.Our results show that the Jiangcuo fault strikes nearly east,extending 180-km-long from Eling Lake to east of Changmahe Town.Based on the geometric features,the Jiangcuo fault could be divided into three segments characterized as the linear structures,fault valleys,scarps and systematic offset of channels.The boundary between Bayan Har Block and Qaidam Block is presented as a wide deformation zone named of Kunlun belt that is composed of East Kunlun fault and several branch faults around Anemaqen Mountain.Geometric analysis and deep lithosphere structure around Maduo County suggest that the Jiangcuo fault should be one of branch of East Kunlun fault at south,where the Kunlun fault developed as a giant flower structure.In addition,the seismic hazards potential of Jiangcuo fault should be given enough attention in the future,because west of the Jiangcuo fault,there is a rupture gap between the co-seismic surface ruptures of the 2001 Kunlun,2021 Maduo and 1937 Huashixia Earthquakes.

Teleseismic shear wave splitting and intracontinental collision deformation of the northern Tibetan Plateau and the eastern Tarim basin

Shear wave splitting measurement of teleseismic data has been used to determine the fast polarization directions and delay times for 38 temporary stations and 15 permanent stations from a NW linear seismic array across the eastern Tarim basin(ETB) and the northern Tibetan Plateau(NTP),and 10 permanent stations on both sides of the array.We present an image of upper mantle anisotropy in the ETB and NTP using the 63 new measurements.The results show that the fast directions and delay times have complex spatial distribution characteristics.The delay times within the interior of the Tarim basin are very small,with an average value of 0.6 s,which is not only smaller than that in the Altyn Tagh fault and Tianshan on the southern and northern margins of the basin,but also smaller than that in the NTP,reflecting that the delay time of stable blocks is smaller than that of active blocks.Along the array,from east to west,the fast directions contrarotate from NNW in the southern Songpan-Garze terrane to NW in the northern Songpan-Garze terrane,to near E-W or ENE in the north of the East Kunlun fault and southern margin of the Qaidam basin,then first abruptly rotate to NW in the Qiman Tagh fault on the northwestern margin of the Qaidam basin,second abruptly rotate to ENE in the Altyn Tagh fault and south of the ETB,and third abruptly rotate to NW in the north of the ETB,then finally rotate to WNW in the Tianshan.The comparative analysis between the fast wave directions measured by shear wave splitting and predicted from the surface deformation field shows that,with the exclusion of the five observations with larger misfits within the interior of the ETB(with an average misfit of 27°),the misfits in the NTP and northern and southern margins of the Tarim basin are relatively small(with an average misfit of 9°).In addition,the fast wave directions of the tectonic units such as the Altyn Tagh fault,East Kunlun fault,and Tianshan are parallel to the strikes of faults and mountains in the region,which indicates that the deep and shallow deformations of the NTP and northern and southern margins of the ETB are consistent,where the crust-mantle coupling extent of lithospheric deformation is higher,according with the vertical coherent deformation of the lithosphere.Conversely,the crust-mantle coupling extent within the interior of the Tarim Basin is weak,and it is characterized by weak anisotropy,stable rigidity,and thick lithosphere,which may remain the “fossil” anisotropy of ancient craton.

Crustal Deformation Background Simulation of the Kekexili M_S8.1 Earthquake Happening in 2001

Using the GPS velocity data from 27 stations around the Eastern Kunlun fault as constraints, we first invert the slip velocities of the Eastern Kuniun fault, the north boundary fault of the Qaidam basin, the Mani-Yushu fault and the Margai Caka fault before the Kekexili Ms 8.1 earthquake with a 3-D elastic half-space dislocation model. The deformation field calculated from the slip movement of these faults can be considered the deformation background field of the earthquake. Based on the deformation background field with tectonic implications, we have obtained the strain field and earthquake moment accumulation field. The results show that there are two obvious high moment accumulation rate regions, one of which is the Dongdatan- Xidatan segment of the Eastern Kuniun fault where the Ms8.1 earthquake occurred in 2001.

东昆仑断裂带东段微震检测与构造分析

本文整理了一套包括微震检测、地震去噪、震相拾取和地震定位的构建高精度地震目录数据的处理流程。收集了青海省内东昆仑断裂带东段20个数字地震台站记录的2009−2018年的连续地震数据,并应用该流程进行微震检测、去噪和定位。首先,从台网中心提供的3198个地震事件目录中筛选出1200个信噪比高且震相较为明显的地震事件作为模板事件,利用基于图像处理器加速的模板匹配定位方法(GPU-M&L)进行遗漏地震的检测与识别,然后利用基于神经网络的地震波形去噪方法进行去噪处理,再结合基于深度学习的震相拾取技术和双差定位方法对去噪后的地震事件进行震相拾取和定位。使用GPU-M&L共检测出13318个地震事件,约为台网地震目录事件数量的4.2倍;去噪后得到7514个地震事件,约为台网地震目录事件数量的2.3倍,完备震级从台网目录的ML 1.5降低至ML 0.9。定位后共获得7247个地震事件,精定位结果显示,东昆仑断裂带东段的地震以中小震为主,在空间上呈窄条带状或簇状分布,震源深度的优势分布深度为0~15 km;在101°E附近地震的空间展布发生变化,主要沿阿万仓断裂带向东南展布;在玛沁-玛曲段可能存在地震空区。本研究的微震结果为研究东昆仑断裂带东段地震活动性、发震断层的深部构造等提供了重要的数据基础。

东昆仑断裂带活动速率研究概观

东昆仑断裂带是青藏高原内部的主要巨型左旋走滑断裂。了解该断裂带的活动速率对于理解青藏高原的隆升演化和大陆构造变形过程至关重要。近年来,多学科的研究成果揭示了东昆仑断裂带活动速率时空变化特征的阶段性认识。本文综述了东昆仑断裂带的几何分段、深部结构和在数十年至数十万年时间尺度下的活动速率研究进展,并探讨了未来的研究方向。东昆仑断裂带呈现典型的走滑断裂几何结构,自西向东形态逐渐变得复杂,呈现出“马尾状”的构造形态。通过遥感、地质调查、古地震和大地测量等方法,研究者测量了东昆仑断裂带的水平和垂直活动速率。研究结果显示,水平活动速率自西向东总体减小。以阿尼玛卿山(99°E~100°E)为界,西部地区的水平活动速率基本稳定在10~12 mm/a,变化不大;东部地区的水平活动速率范围为1~12 mm/a,不大于西部,但该速率值存在较大争议。垂直运动速率则呈现出相反的趋势,西部约为水平活动速率的10%,而东部逐步增加。这表明西部的水平变形仍有部分在东部转换为垂向隆升。在地貌位错量和大地测量数据相似的情况下,活动速率的差异可能与位错量相应的起始年龄差异、震后黏弹性松弛效应、次级断裂和巴颜喀拉块体内部断裂、岷山隆起等因素有关。目前,东昆仑断裂带的水平运动已有深入研究,未来可以尝试补充其垂直运动的研究,利用水平和垂直速率之比的变化来探讨水平走滑和垂向隆升变形的转变过程。不同学科对于东昆仑断裂带的活动速率有不同的认识,这是由于该断裂带具有复杂的几何结构,并且不同学科的研究方法在时空尺度上也存在差异。因此,在综合分析多学科数据时,需要考虑这些差异对结果解释的影响,并尽可能采用相同或相近时间尺度下的数据进行对比。

基于聚类的重复地震识别方法及应用

重复地震是指不同时期发生在断层同一位置的一组地震,表现为波形和震源机制上的高度相似.重复地震可用来探测断层深部形变、刻画断层行为、评估地震灾害.然而,重复地震的识别条件阈值设置尚没有统一的标准,常用的识别参数存在较大的主观性,会导致识别重复地震存在误差.为解决上述问题,本研究利用基于机器学习中的层次聚类算法构建了一个自动高效的重复地震识别方法.首先采用波形并行互相关技术计算地震波形之间的互相关系数,结合S-P到时差方法估算地震震源之间的距离,再利用层次聚类方法将地震聚类,获得重复地震.本文将该方法应用至甘孜—玉树断裂带和东昆仑断裂带地区的地震活动,识别重复地震并估算断层滑动速率.在甘孜—玉树断裂带附近共识别出6组重复地震组,它们均沿甘孜—玉树断裂带走向布展,平均断层滑动速率为7.4 mm/a.东昆仑断裂带附近共识别出3组重复地震组,平均断层滑动速率为6.9 mm/a.沿东昆仑断裂东段,断层滑动速率呈现出速率向东逐渐降低的趋势,显示该区域复杂的动力作用过程.这些结果与野外地质观测和GPS大地测量结果较为一致.基于实际数据测试和验证,结果表明本文发展的基于聚类的识别重复地震方法具有自动、高效、便捷的特性,为准确识别重复地震提供了重要的基础资料,为分析断层活动性提供了重要约束.

2001年昆仑山地震同震-震后效应与2021年玛多地震关系探讨

位于青藏高原中北部的巴颜喀拉地块是我国西部近年来的主体地震活动区,一系列M_(W)7.0以上强震均发生在该次级块体周边,而其北边界东昆仑断裂带是一条长达2000 km、规模最大、活动性最强的深大断裂带.2001年在东昆仑断裂带中段发生了M_(W)7.8昆仑山地震,2021年5月在其震中东南部大约450 km处巴颜喀拉块体内部一次级断裂上发生了M_(W)7.3玛多地震.玛多地震对人们以往认为强震更可能发生在巴颜喀拉块体边界断裂上的认识提出挑战,但是也为研究巴颜喀拉块体边界断裂与块体内部次级断裂活动关系、地震触发关系带来机遇.本文利用前期基于2001年昆仑山地震后积累的大量InSAR数据获得的震后大范围形变场时空演化图像和库仑应力变化模型,探讨昆仑山地震与玛多地震的关系.InSAR震后观测结果显示:昆仑山地震后沿东昆仑断裂带出现了长达500 km的大范围南北不对称震后形变场,其中南盘形变宽度和量级均明显大于北盘,南盘形变宽度达到250 km,断层近场相对平均形变速率达到>20 mm·a^(-1),而且南盘向南衰减梯度小,整体衰减缓慢,意味着震后形变对巴颜喀拉块体形成持续东向加载作用,并将分摊到块体内部的一系列次级断裂上,应力加载增加次级断层的地震危险性.2015—2020年InSAR震间应变率场则显示次级断裂——昆仑山口—江错断裂呈高剪切应变率特征.本文计算了昆仑山地震同震破裂和震后形变引起的玛多震区多条SE向次级断裂的累积库仑应力变化,结果显示昆仑山地震同震和震后形变对玛多地震发震断裂(昆仑山口—江错断裂)形成了一定的应力加载.本文认为昆仑山地震同震和长时间尺度震后形变加速了巴颜喀拉块体的东向运动,而断层本身运动学性质和区域应力扰动共同影响了玛多地震的发生.

白龙江断裂西段晚第四纪构造活动特征研究

白龙江断裂位于青藏高原东缘,东昆仑断裂的北侧。白龙江断裂西段的展布及其活动性对研究东昆仑断裂速率向东衰减的机制有重要科学意义。本文根据遥感解译、地质地貌调查、探槽和地质剖面研究白龙江断裂西段的几何展布和断层活动性。白龙江断裂西段分为3支,包括郎木寺断裂、阿米塘断裂和热尔-旺藏断裂组成的中支、崩巴村断裂构成的南支和下山-迭部断裂构成的北支。这些断裂皆为左旋走滑断层,其中下山-迭部断裂、郎木寺断裂和热尔-旺藏断裂为全新世断层,崩巴村断裂为晚更新世断层。白龙江断裂西段沿袭了前第四纪断裂展布,其分支的几何形态上属于一种典型的尾端构造样式:同向分支断层。研究结果表明白龙江断裂地表上未与东昆仑断裂直接相接,而在深部与之相接,可能分解吸收了东昆仑断裂的部分滑动速率,使得塔藏断裂的滑动速率低于其西侧的玛曲断裂。

Sentinel-1影像约束下的东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段现今地壳变形特征

东昆仑断裂带是青藏高原北部一条活跃的大型左旋走滑活动断裂,其东段滑动速率呈自西向东递减的特征;东段的玛沁—玛曲段被认为是地震破裂空段,存在发生大震的可能.本文首先处理2014—2021年间覆盖东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段的Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨影像,获得该区域近7年的视线(Line-of-sight,LOS)向形变速率场;然后,联合GPS速度场解算该区域的三维形变速率场和应变率场;最后,对玛沁—玛曲段的应变率积累、滑动速率和形变模式进行分析.结果表明:(1)该区域地壳变形表现为整体向东运动的特征,LOS向和东西向形变速率在玛沁—玛曲段南北两侧存在明显的梯度,且沿断裂带自西向东逐渐减小;(2)玛沁—玛曲段上的阿尼玛卿山和西贡周断层交汇区附近具有显著的应变率积累,同时这两处距上次地震的离逝时间已非常接近其地震复发间隔,表明这两个区域具有较高的地震危险性;(3)玛沁—玛曲段的滑动速率自阿尼玛卿山向东分别为6.0±0.2 mm·a^(-1)、5.6±0.2 mm·a^(-1)、3.9±0.2 mm·a^(-1)和3.5±0.2 mm·a^(-1),意味着东昆仑断裂带东段的滑动速率在距离断裂带最东端至少300 km处的阿尼玛卿山附近就已经开始缓慢递减;(4)玛沁—玛曲段附近的次级块体表现出顺时针旋转的刚性运动特征,符合书斜构造模型,即青藏高原东北部的侧向挤出产生的区域变形由东昆仑断裂带和周缘次级断裂的左旋走滑及其断裂带最东端的地壳缩短共同吸收调节.

东昆仑断裂带托索湖段现今形变特征及其与2021玛多地震相互作用

东昆仑断裂带作为孕育强震和协调青藏高原内部构造变形的大型走滑断裂带,其现今震间闭锁情况与运动学特征一直备受关注.前人通过野外地质考察以及传统大地测量技术初步厘定了东昆仑断裂带的长期滑动速率,但受限于观测台站的空间分布,难以得到精细化的东昆仑断裂带托索湖段及其次级断裂的现今运动特征.本文利用覆盖东昆仑断裂带托索湖段2015—2021年Sentinel-1升降轨数据获取了高空间分辨率的沿断层走向震间形变速率场,结合螺位错模型和马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法反演得到了该段断裂现今精细化的震间滑动速率和闭锁状态.研究结果表明,东昆仑断裂带托索湖段处于断层锁定状态,闭锁深度分布在8~29 km区间,断层深部滑动速率分布在6~9 mm·a^(-1)范围内.最后,本文基于库仑应力变换探讨了2021玛多地震与东昆仑断裂带的相互作用,发现东昆仑断裂带震间运动对玛多地震无明显应力加载作用,而玛多地震却促进了东昆仑断裂带花石峡至阿尼玛卿山南缘、玛沁—玛曲段的应力积累,其潜在地震危险性值得关注.

东昆仑断裂的震后粘弹性松弛效应对地壳变形的影响

通过构建粘弹变形模型,对东昆仑断裂带附近近百年来发生的6个M≥7地震的震后粘弹性松弛效应进行数值模拟,分析该效应对区域地壳变形的影响。结果表明:1)离逝时间较短的1997年玛尼7.5级地震和2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震造成的震后松弛效应对现今地壳变形的影响最为显著,在2次地震发生10~20 a后(2010~2020年)仍能造成最大约7.6 mm/a的地壳变形,跨断层变形速率最大约8.4 mm/a;2)2021年玛多7.4级地震震后粘弹效应在未来10 a内(2021~2030年)预计能造成最大约3.9 mm/a的地壳变形,2025~2030年跨断层变形速率可达2.6 mm/a。模拟结果表明,强震的震后粘弹性松弛效应对长期地壳变形和相关断层参数反演的影响不容忽视;3)考虑震后粘弹性松弛效应,采用跨断层GPS速度剖面反演的东昆仑断裂中段的滑移速率与地质学研究结果具有更好的一致性,若不考虑震后粘弹性松弛效应,则会明显高估30%的断层滑移率。

接收函数成像揭示东昆仑断裂带及其周缘地壳结构

前人的研究结果表明,自中新世以来青藏高原持续进行着穿时性的向东逃逸,而东昆仑断裂的左旋走滑运动正是这种变形的表现。正确地厘定断裂的位置与地壳结构,对于更加深入地认识高原的变形、应力传递和物质运输起着至关重要的作用。有大地测量学和地貌学研究指出,东昆仑断裂沿走向向东的滑移速率逐渐递减,在被第四纪沉积物所覆盖的若尔盖盆地内尤为明显。然而,该盆地分布有广袤的高山草甸、低洼沼泽,使得通过地表追踪断裂的地貌学迹象研究尤为困难。因此,东昆仑断裂带在若尔盖盆地内的位置无法确认。本次研究采用了由167个间隔约1 km的短周期地震仪站组成的密集阵列以及9个宽频带台站,对若尔盖盆地内东昆仑断裂的地壳结构进行成像。通过比较地壳中地层的不连续性和莫霍面的深度变化,确定了东昆仑断裂在若尔盖盆地内继续向东延伸。此外,塔藏断裂和东昆仑断层在地壳结构上的相似性说明它们之间存在继承关系。高分辨率的接收函数结构为高原的向外生长提供了新的证据。

西秦岭地区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑历史及其向东扩展

通过在TM遥感图像解译和野外观测的基础上,描述了东昆仑断裂带东段活动形迹的组成和活动断层地貌特征,阐 述了甘南高原西秦岭地区新近纪拉分盆地的沉积-构造特征,提出了该区东昆仑-秦岭断裂系晚新生代左旋走滑伸展-走滑挤 压-走滑伸展的3个阶段的构造变形模式。指出,中新世晚期至上新世早期,东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑伸展活动为主,伴 随着西秦岭地区拉分盆地的形成和超基性火山岩群的发育。这期左旋走滑伸展活动向东扩展导致了渭河盆地新近纪引张应 力方向由早期的NE-SW向转变为晚期的。NW-SE向。上新世晚期以来(约3.4 Ma以前),东昆仑-秦岭断裂系以左旋走滑 挤压活动为主.导致早期拉分盆地的轻微褶皱变形,走滑挤压活动主要集中在东昆仑东段玛沁-玛曲主断裂带上。该期构造变 动持续到早更新世,它的向东扩展产生了广泛的地壳形变效应,包括青藏东缘岷山隆起带的快速崛起、华北地区汾-渭地堑系 的形成和发展以及郯庐断裂带右旋走滑活动等。中、晚更新世时期,断裂系以走滑伸展变形为主,主要集中在东昆仑断裂带 东段3个分支上,地块向东挤出伴随着顺时针旋转。

东昆仑断裂带东端的构造转换与2017年九寨沟M_s7.0地震孕震机制

2017年四川九寨沟M_s7.0地震是继2008年汶川M_s8.0地震和2013年芦山M_s7.0地震之后,青藏高原东缘在不到十年的时间内发生的第三个震级M_s7.0以上的强震.这次地震发生在东昆仑断裂带东端,作为青藏高原东北缘的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,东昆仑断裂带与东端其它构造之间的转换关系仍不清楚,因区内地质构造和地形复杂,东昆仑断裂带东端的主要构造仍缺少深入的研究.本文在总结区域地震构造活动特征、历史地震和现代地震基础上,通过东昆仑断裂带东端已有的和最近开展的活动构造定量研究结果,并结合现今GPS变形场资料和2017年九寨沟M_s7.0地震灾害特征分析,发现东昆仑断裂带最东段塔藏断裂上的左旋走滑除了一小部分继续向东传播转移到文县断裂带上外,大部分转化为其南侧的龙日坝断裂带北段、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂上的近东西向地壳缩短,这可能是岷山隆起的构造机制,而2017年九寨沟M_s7.0地震正是左旋走滑的东昆仑断裂带在东端继续向东扩展的结果.

东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究

对青藏高原北部东昆仑破裂带大地震之间的应力转移和断层相互作用进行研究 .考虑 1937年以来沿此破裂带发生的 5个M≥ 7的地震 :1937年M7.5花石峡地震 ,196 3年MS7.1都兰地震 ,1973年MS7.3玛尼地震 ,1997年MW7.5玛尼地震和 2 0 0 1年MW7.8可可西里地震 ,模拟了黏弹性成层介质中地震断层错动产生的应力演化过程 ,并计算了在后续地震破裂面上产生的库仑破裂应力变化 .结果表明 ,前面 4个地震均造成 2 0 0 1年可可西里地震断层面上库仑破裂应力的增加 ,并且中地壳和下地壳的黏弹性松弛效应使得库仑破裂应力场随着时间的推移而逐渐加强 .在计算过程中定量估计了可可西里地震发生时前面 4个地震同震形变和黏弹性松弛导致可可西里地震破裂面上库仑破裂应力变化之间的比值 ,发现前 3个地震由黏弹性松弛造成的变化远远大于同震形变所造成的变化 .可可西里地震之后应力场的模拟表明东昆仑断层中段的东大滩 -西大滩断层段 (位于可可西里地震破裂以东及都兰地震以西 )的库仑破裂应力显著增加 ,变化值达 0 .0 5～ 0 .1MPa ,预示这一地区地震危险性的增加 .