The Dry Cracking of Cementitious Materials in the Eccentric Ring Test and the Concentric Ring Test

In order to reduce the randomness of the occurrence of cracks and shorten the long cracking time in the traditional concentric ring tests,the elliptical ring test,the square-eccentric ring test,and the eccentric ring test have been gradually developed.In this paper,we reported experiments on the eccentric ring test and concentric ring test that were carried out to compare the differences between the two methods.It is found that an increase in the water-cement ratio and the amount of aggregate will increase the cracking time.However,a more obvious cracking tendency of cement-based materials can be seen in the eccentric ring test.The correlation between humidity and strain was established by the use of the Kelvin equation and the Laplace equation so that the coupling analysis of humidity and strain during the drying process of cement-based materials could be determined.The experimental results show that the external surface humidity will decrease rapidly in the early stage of drying,while the interior areas of the cement-based materials decrease more slowly.The closer to the inner circle will decrease the humidity slowly.

Laboratory pull-out tests on fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts:Results and lessons learned

Laboratory pull-out tests were conducted on the following rock bolts and cable bolts:steel rebars,smooth steel bars,fiberglass reinforced polymer threaded bolts,flexible cable bolts,IR5/IN special cable bolts and Mini-cage cable bolts.The diameter of the tested bolts was between 16 mm and 26 mm.The bolts were grouted in a sandstone sample using resin or cement grouts.The tests were conducted under either constant radial stiffness or constant confining pressure boundary conditions applied on the outer surface of the rock sample.In most tests,the rate of displacement was about 0.02 mm/s.The tests were performed using a pull-out bench that allows testing a wide range of parameters.This paper provides an extensive database of laboratory pull-out test results and confirms the influence of the confining pressure and the embedment length on the pull-out response(rock bolts and cable bolts).It also highlights the sensitivity of the results to the operating conditions and to the behavior of the sample as a whole,which cannot be neglected when the test results are used to assess the bolt-grout or the grouterock interface.

Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter(type A) and four 16 mm diameter(type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined.A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes.The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth.The load-displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems.Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces.Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters.Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.

Load eccentricity effects on behavior of circular footings reinforced with geogrid sheets

In this paper, an experimental study for an eccentrically loaded circular footing, resting on a geogridreinforced sand bed, is performed. To achieve this aim, the steel model footing of 120 mm in diameterand sand in relative density of 60% are used. Also, the effects of depth of first and second geogrid layersand number of reinforcement layers （1e4） on the settlement-load response and tilt of footing undervarious load eccentricities （0 cm, 0.75 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.25 cm and 3 cm） are investigated. Test results indicatethat ultimate bearing capacity increases in comparison with unreinforced condition. It is observed thatwhen the reinforcements are placed in the optimum embedment depth （u/D ？0.42 and h/D ？0.42）, thebearing capacity ratio （BCR） increases with increasing load eccentricity to the core boundary of footing,and that with further increase of load eccentricity, the BCR decreases. Besides, the tilt of footing increaseslinearly with increasing settlement. Finally, by reinforcing the sand bed, the tilt of footing decreases at 2layers of reinforcement and then increases by increasing the number of reinforcement layers.

Behavior of ring footing resting on reinforced sand subjected to eccentric-inclined loading

Ring footings are suitable for the structures like tall transmission towers, chimneys, silos and oil storages.These types of structures are susceptible to horizontal loads(wind load) in addition to their dead weight.In the literature, very little or no effort has been made to study the effect of ring footing resting on reinforced sand when subjected to eccentric, inclined and/or eccentric-inclined loadings. This paper aims to study the behavior of ring footing resting on loose sand and/or compacted randomly distributed fiberreinforced sand(RDFS) when subjected to eccentric(0 B, 0.05 B and 0.1 B, where B is the outer diameter of ring footing), inclined(0°,5°,10°, 15°,-5°,-10° and-15°)and eccentric-inclined loadings by using a finite element(FE) software PLAXIS 3 D. The behavior of ring footing is studied by using a dimensionless factor called reduction factor(RF). The numerical model used in the PLAXIS 3 D has been validated by conducting model plate load tests. Moreover, an empirical expression using regression analysis has been presented which will be helpful in plotting a load-settlement curve for the ring footing.

Numerical and experimental analyses for bearing capacity of rigid strip footing subjected to eccentric load

A footing may get an eccentric load caused by earthquake or wind, thus the bearing capacity of footing subjected to eccentric load become a fundamental geotechnical problem. The conventional limit equilibrium method used for this problem usually evaluates the material properties only by its final strength. But the classical finite element method(FEM) does not necessarily provide a clear collapse mechanism associated with the yield condition of elements. To overcome these defects, a numerical procedure is proposed to create an explicit collapse mode combining a modified smeared shear band approach with a modified initial stress method. To understand the practical performance of sand foundation and verify the performance of the proposed procedure applied to the practical problems, the computing results were compared with the laboratory model tests results and some conventional solutions. Furthermore, because the proposed numerical procedure employs a simple elasto-plastic model which requires a small number of soil parameters, it may be applied directly to practical design works.

偏心拉伸实验的理论分析与实验研究

偏心拉伸实验是一种综合性、研究性的材料力学实验项目。为了增加材料力学实验课程的难度和深度,通过理论分析推导偏心拉伸应力公式,并指出偏心拉伸试样的实际中性层并不再是几何中性层;利用ABAQUS软件模拟了偏心拉伸试样的应力分布;通过自制的一种可以在电子万能试验机上进行偏心拉伸实验的装置并利用电测法测试了试样横截面上各点的应变。结果表明:偏心拉伸实验的理论计算结果、实验结果和模拟结果基本吻合,3种数据之间的偏差较小;而且,应力在试样横截面上几乎呈线性分布,左边受压缩,右边受拉伸,左边的应力最小,右边的应力最大。

钢框架-偏心支撑结构消能梁暗置侧向支撑设计

在钢框架-偏心支撑结构中,针对钢结构住宅等建筑中不能接受常规消能梁侧向支撑的情况,设计了一种在消能梁段端部的楼板内设置型钢连接件及暗梁组成的暗置侧向支撑。有限元模拟分析表明,在规范规定的消能梁段下翼缘侧向水平荷载的作用下,该消能梁暗置侧向支撑能显著减小消能梁的扭转变形和侧向弯曲变形;在考虑消能梁上局部楼板失效的情况下,暗置侧向支撑也能提供消能梁合适的扭转约束刚度。通过某工程的原位静荷载试验,验证了该暗置支撑对消能梁发挥的预期侧向支撑作用。

预制拼接槽型UHPC柱偏心受压性能试验研究

为研究预制拼接槽型UHPC柱在受压条件下的力学性能及其影响因素,开展2根整浇UHPC柱及14根预制拼接槽型UHPC柱在不同拼接形式、不同偏心受压方向及不同偏心距下的轴心或偏心受压试验研究.通过考察试件的极限承载力、破坏形态、轴向及侧向变形性能,研究了拼接方式、偏压方向和偏心距对其静力性能的影响.试验结果表明:钢纤维延缓了UHPC的开裂,增强了试件的变形能力,但预制拼接槽型UHPC柱在轴压和小偏压荷载下仍表现出明显脆性破坏特征;在该试验中,偏压柱的破坏形态主要为小偏心受压破坏及大偏心受拉破坏;在相同偏心距下,不同拼接形式、不同偏心受压方向的柱体破坏形态及承载能力表现趋于一致;在相同尺寸与配筋下,预制拼接槽型UHPC柱承载力随偏心距的增加而减小.最后,通过对比试件承载力试验值和我国现行规范理论计算值,定性地指出了现行规范的局限性.本文试验数据可为预制拼接槽型UHPC柱设计提供参考.

高强钢筋混凝土柱小偏心受压性能试验研究

为研究高强钢筋混凝土柱小偏心受压性能,进一步推进高强钢筋在混凝土结构中的应用,针对HTRB630级高强钢筋,考虑配筋率、配箍率、箍筋间距和荷载偏心距等因素的影响,通过6根高强钢筋混凝土方形截面柱的小偏心受压试验,研究了该类构件的破坏过程、破坏形态和变形能力,评估了钢筋的应力及其强度发挥水平。结果表明:受压区HTRB630级钢筋能够达到屈服强度,且塑性变形能够充分发挥;提高配箍率,可提高试件小偏心受压承载力;当配箍率超过1.50%时,对试件承载力提高不多,但在一定程度上能够改善试件的变形能力。考虑箍筋对混凝土的约束作用,参照中国现行规范的计算方法,给出了高强钢筋混凝土柱压弯承载力的计算方法,计算结果与试验值相比吻合较好,可为该类构件的正截面设计和规范修订时提供参考。

Anchoring mechanical characteristics of Ductile-Expansion bolt

The application of ductile rock bolts has been a crucial method for solving the problems of large deformations,energy absorption and stability control issues in deep rock masses.To study the anchoring mechanism of the key expansive structure,this paper proposes a novel type of bolt—the Ductile-Expansion bolt,and conducts research on anchoring mechanics,energy absorption characteristics,and failure modes of the bolt.In addition,this paper defines the concept of load-volume ratio of metal rock bolts and proves the Ductile-Expansion bolt is capable of better improving the unit volume bearing capacity of the bolt material.Furthermore,laboratory and field tests verify the Ductile-Expansion bolt had better anchoring effect than the traditional rebar bolt,with the expansion structure favorably enhancing the ductility and energy absorption performance of the bolt.Finally,this paper microscopically analyzes the crack propagation and distribution morphology of the bolts by establishing a 3D coupled numerical model based on FDM-DEM.Numerical results illustrate the interface at the variable diameter of the Ductile-Expansion bolt serves as the transition zone between high and low stress levels.The expansion structure can impose radial compression on the medium around the bolt,which can improve the bolt anchorage performance.

全金属硬密封双向零泄漏三偏心蝶阀设计与分析

针对传统三偏心蝶阀承受一定压差或全压差的反向压力等问题,研究设计了一种全金属硬密封双向零泄漏三偏心蝶阀。该蝶阀为长寿命节能型,其采用三偏心原理设计,解决了传统偏心蝶阀在开启10°、关闭瞬间密封面仍处于滑动接触摩擦的缺陷,实现了蝶阀在开启瞬间密封面即分离、关闭接触即密封的效果。首先,对所设计蝶阀的不平衡力矩和允许压差进行了理论分析,并通过流体流动仿真分析了蝶阀开度不同时阀腔内流体的压力、速度和流动迹线,得到了蝶阀出入口的最大压力和最大速度随阀门开度的变化曲线。然后,通过热应力仿真分析得到了蝶阀的热力温度和合力热流量云图,并分析了蝶阀的热应力、热应变、安全系数的分布情况以及其最大热应力随流体温度的变化曲线,验证了蝶阀的热应力满足要求。最后,开展了蝶阀阀体耐压试验和正反向高压密封试验。试验结果表明,蝶阀阀体无可见渗漏和变形,且实测泄漏量均为零,说明该蝶阀的耐压强度和密封性能均满足使用要求。研究结果为三偏心蝶阀接触和摩擦的减少、开启力矩的降低以及使用寿命的延长提供了依据,所提出的全金属硬密封结构为三偏心蝶阀的双向零泄漏密封研究提供了新思路。

三偏心蝶阀硬密封结构的响应面优化

金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀在关闭状态下的密封比压决定着该阀的密封性能和工作寿命,优化金属硬密封部件的结构参数十分重要。以DN600三偏心蝶阀为研究对象,利用有限元分析法,分析密封面上密封比压分布规律。提出利用密封配合面周向间隙指标判断蝶阀的密封性能,利用Box-Behnken响应面优化方法对密封构件的结构进行优化,分析复合阀板座大、小径端切割厚度、复合阀板座直径及其交互作用对密封面最大密封比压的影响,得出最优设计方案。结果表明,在不影响蝶阀密封的前提下,优化复合阀板座参数后,密封面最大密封比压从202.96 MPa下降到128.44 MPa。对优化后蝶阀进行封闭打压密封实验,验证了其密封性能的可靠性。

圆钢管再生镍铁渣混凝土柱偏压力学性能研究

为了研究再生粗骨料取代率和偏心距对圆钢管再生镍铁渣混凝土柱力学性能的影响,设计了13个试件进行轴心和偏心受压试验,分析试件的荷载-跨中挠度曲线、侧向挠度曲线、刚度退化和耗能。在普通钢管混凝土的研究结果基础上,回归拟合适用于钢管再生混凝土的压弯承载力预测公式。结果表明:偏压试件的挠度沿柱高呈对称分布,形状符合正弦半波曲线;加载过程中截面中性轴的位置向受压区偏移,表明受压区面积逐渐缩小,受压区高度减小;当取代率超过30%后,随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加,试件的极限承载力降低,刚度逐渐退化,试件破坏时的耗能系数表现为降低的趋势;随着偏心距的增大,试件的极限承载力降低,侧向挠度曲线的包络面积逐渐增大,刚度逐渐退化;根据拟合的压弯承载力计算公式得到的计算值与试验结果吻合较好。

GFRP约束ECC短柱偏压试验研究

纤维增强复合材料(Fiber Reinforced Polymer,FRP)约束工程纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites,ECC)轴压柱可显著提高其承载能力和延性,但偏压作用下FRP约束ECC柱的性能提升程度和作用机理有待研究。基于此,以偏心距(0、10、30、50 mm)和FRP层数(0、2、4层)为试验变量,对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,GFRP)约束ECC短柱展开了竖向加载试验,并对试验结果进行了分析。研究结果表明:小偏心破坏时受压侧FRP断裂、混凝土被压碎,大偏心破坏时受拉侧FRP撕裂与混凝土横向裂缝近乎同时出现。轴压作用下,轴向变形和抗压强度显著增大;偏压作用下,抗压承载力随着偏心距的增大而减小,而极限位移无明显变化规律。此外,承载力和延性都随着FRP层数的增加而增大。

矿用液压缸偏心加载及中心过载性能分析研究

矿用液压缸是煤矿用液压支架的重要工作元部件,其性能直接关系到整个综采工作面的生产安全。基于试验测试、数值计算及仿真分析对矿用缸偏心加载性能及中心过载性能进行分析。加载条件参照GB/T 25974.2-2010《煤矿用液压支架第2部分:立柱和千斤顶技术条件》,得到矿用液压缸偏心加载条件下的挠度数据,和中心过载加载条件下液压缸应力应变分布规律,并通过测试试验验证了搭建的矿用液压缸挠度及强度数值计算模型的准确性。研究结果为矿用液压缸设计制造及对应液压缸工作性能检测检验提供了参考数据。

粘贴钢板加固偏压H型钢长柱承载力试验研究

为了研究粘贴钢板加固对H型钢长柱承载力的影响,以粘贴钢板厚度和施加荷载偏心距为变量,制作了3根未粘贴钢板加固H型钢长柱和6根在翼缘纵向通长粘贴钢板加固的H型钢长柱,加固前后钢柱长细比均大于30,并对其进行压弯试验。通过对试验测得的柱中腹板应变、柱中翼缘应变、柱中侧向位移及试验现象进行分析,研究粘贴钢板加固对于H型钢长柱受力稳定性能的影响。结果表明:未经加固的H型钢长柱稳定性较差,在荷载下降段时发生空间弯扭破坏;经过加固的H型钢长柱试件稳定承载力提升显著,胶层在达到极限承载力之前粘接牢固,在荷载下降段时胶层发生剥离,试件发生平面内整体弯曲失稳破坏;并且在其他条件相同情况下,加固试件的偏心距越小,承载力越高,粘贴钢板厚度越大,承载力提升幅度越大。

Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

In this study,model tests were conducted to investigate the bearing capacities of tripod caisson foundations subjected to eccentric lateral loads in silty clay.Lateral load–rotation curves of five eccentric-shaped tripod suction foundations were plotted to analyze the bearing capacities at different loading angles.It was observed that the loading angle significantly influenced the bearing capacity of the foundations,particularly for eccentric tripod caisson foundations.Compared with eccentric tripod caisson foundations,the traditional tripod foundation has a relatively high ultimate lateral capacity at the omnidirectional loading angle.By analyzing the displacement of the caissons,a formula for the rotational center of the tripod caisson foundation subjected to an eccentric lateral load was derived.The depth of the rotation center was 0.68–0.92 times the height of the caisson when the bearing capacity reached the limit.Under the undrained condition,suction was generated under the lid of the“up-lift”caisson,which helps resist lateral forces from the wind and waves.

提高偏心配水管柱测调验封时效对策

现有偏心分注井测调验封工艺存在电缆下放易打扭、测调管柱提放遇阻、仪器对接困难、防喷管拆卸困难无法二次紧固等问题,降低了测调验封成功率,影响了多层油藏分层注水及时有效开展。在对不同类型故障原因分析的基础上,通过设计加装简易电缆自动涂油防锈校正装置,解决电缆打扭问题;规范测调验封流程管理,降低测试管柱遇阻风险;优化调节臂外形由三角形改为尖矩形,间距由35 cm增加至60 cm,提高了仪器对接成功率;改进阻流管外形、改进防喷管连接装置紧固位置和方式,提高防喷管安装效率。经现场650井次应用结果表明,改进后的测调验封方法降低了测调井控安全风险,一次测调验封成功率由65%提高到85%以上,测试时间由6~8 h缩短至4 h以内,对此类测试仪器改进和测调验封管理措施优化具有借鉴意义。

新型自动扶梯防逆转保护装置的设计及试验研究

部分自动扶梯出厂时未配置附加制动器和机械式防逆转保护装置,一旦驱动链断链会造成扶梯逆转倒溜,存在安全风险。传统防逆转保护装置体积大、结构复杂,后期加装极为困难。基于扶梯梯级在下机房的回转特性,文中设计了一种新型自动扶梯防逆转保护装置,其结构简单、易于安装,可直接制停梯级。依照其设计方案已经制成的样品经过现场试验。结果证明:此保护装置可以在扶梯发生逆转倒溜时起到制停作用,解决了防逆转保护装置加装的难题。