The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly ...The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly invertebrates.Our objective is to summarize the most promising compounds which have the best potential and may lead to use in clinical practice,show their biological activities and highlight the compounds currently being tested in clinical trials.In this paper,we focused on Bryozoa,Mollusca,Echinodermata and Urochordata.展开更多
In this paper,three deep-water species of the family Goniasteridae,Ceramaster misakiensis(Goto,1914),Nymphaster arthrocnemis Fisher,1913 and Pontioceramus grandis Fisher,1911,are recorded for the first time from Chine...In this paper,three deep-water species of the family Goniasteridae,Ceramaster misakiensis(Goto,1914),Nymphaster arthrocnemis Fisher,1913 and Pontioceramus grandis Fisher,1911,are recorded for the first time from Chinese waters based on collections deposited in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The specimens examined were collected during the period 1956 to 1978 from the East China and South China Seas at depths of 184 to 472 m.Diagnosis,detailed figures,and the geographic distributions are provided.A revised list of Goniasteridae recorded from Chinese waters is proposed.展开更多
This paper describes for the first time the cornute stylophorans (Echinodermata) in China. The new material came from the Guole Formation of the Furongian (Late Cambrian) in the Guole area of Jingxi, Guangxi Province,...This paper describes for the first time the cornute stylophorans (Echinodermata) in China. The new material came from the Guole Formation of the Furongian (Late Cambrian) in the Guole area of Jingxi, Guangxi Province, South China. These new cornute specimens are preserved in situ and found along with well-preserved trilobites and brachiopods. One new species, Phyllocystis jingxiensis sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate these unusual materials. The new species is defined by the small, heart-shaped theca with the frame composed of ten narrow, smooth and thick marginal plates, three adoral plates and distinctive zygal and aulacophore. Both supracentrals and infracentrals are polygonal-outlined. The marginal plate M1' on the inferior face extends posteriorly to form zygal that possesses a broadened proximal end and the proximal portion joining with the conjunction between M4 and M5 on the inferior face. Aulacophore comprises ten segments at its proximal part and is conical at the middle part (named stylocone). Its distal portion is rather long and bears conspicuous ambulacrum grooves. Tectals are horizontally arranged on superior face and obliquely arranged on inferior face. Both cothurnopore and anal pyramid are vaguely seen on the right anterior corner and the extremity of theca's superior face.展开更多
Spatangoid echinoids belonging to Heteraster found in the Lower Cretaceous limestones and calcareous deposits of the Tirgan and Sarcheshmeh formations(Barremian-Aptian)in the Bahman jan-Bala stratigraphic section on t...Spatangoid echinoids belonging to Heteraster found in the Lower Cretaceous limestones and calcareous deposits of the Tirgan and Sarcheshmeh formations(Barremian-Aptian)in the Bahman jan-Bala stratigraphic section on the northern flank of the Borouj syncline,situated in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin,northeastern Iran are assessed as a sexually dimorphic species.Sexual dimorphism is a common feature in echinoids and,in this study of Heteraster renngarteni Poretzkaja,1961,sexual dimorphism has been detected for the first time in the family Toxasteridae.展开更多
Echinoderm radial symmetry has first appeared in the ambulacral system, when the ambulacral channel assumed the shape of a closed ring or a horseshoe with approximated ends, and then spread onto other organ systems. I...Echinoderm radial symmetry has first appeared in the ambulacral system, when the ambulacral channel assumed the shape of a closed ring or a horseshoe with approximated ends, and then spread onto other organ systems. Its origin was a natural consequence of a steady increase of the original asymmetry of bilaterally-asymmetric three-segmented ancestors of echinoderms, culminated by closing of the ancestral linear metamerism into radiality. The evolutionary transformation from a simple pouchlike hydrocoel with one side channel to an elongated hydrocoel (located under the oesophagus) with two side channels, and finally to a nearly closed horseshoeshaped hydrocoel with three radial channels can be reconstructed based on the theca structure and the number of ambulacra in the row SolutaCincta-Helicoplacoidea. After the hydrocoel with three outbound ambulacral channels circled around the oesophagus as a horseshoe, it either closed into a ring, or its ends became closely approximated. This has determined the primary triradiate symmetry, which quickly transformed into pentaradial symmetry of the 2-1-2 type as a result of branching of two of the three primary radial channels. This occurred no earlier than the Late Vendian, when the first bilaterians appeared to have begun to acquire body appendages, and no later than the Early Cambrian, when the first skeletal remains of echinoderms entered the fossil record (in the Atdabanian). The 2-1-2 pentaradial symmetry evolved into the true pentaradiality as a result of shifting the timing of tentacle branching to earlier stages of ontogenesis and even spreading of the five tentacle primordia over the ambulacral ring. This occurred during the Ordovician.展开更多
Luidia Forbes(Paxillosida: Luidiidae) are common soft bottom sea stars with 49 described species.Because of substantial morphological diversity,the taxonomy of the genus is complex and hasn't been resolved definit...Luidia Forbes(Paxillosida: Luidiidae) are common soft bottom sea stars with 49 described species.Because of substantial morphological diversity,the taxonomy of the genus is complex and hasn't been resolved definitely.In order to resolve general taxonomic issues,and determine species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Luidia,the sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ι(COΙ) gene from 24 specimens of Luidia,belonging to eight taxa in Chinese waters,were studied.Three sequences of two species in genus Luidia from GenBank were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships.The molecular phylogeny exhibited three main clades,each with strong bootstrap support: Clade A including Luidia quinaria from the Sea of Japan;Clade B including seven nominal species(L.quinaria von Martens,L.yesoensis Goto,L.changi Liu,Liao and Li,L.orientalis Fisher,L.avicularia Fisher,L.longispina Sladen and L.hardwicki Gray) from Chinese waters;and Clade C including L.maculata Müller & Troschel from Chinese waters.Our molecular phylogeny results support the morphological Quinaria-Group and Alternata-Group assigned by D derlein.Seven nominal species we sampled do not exhibit genetic distances that are large enough to recognize them as separate species.Cryptic species may exist in ‘Luidia quinaria' from the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.Meaningful morphological characters need further investigation in Luidia.展开更多
文摘The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly invertebrates.Our objective is to summarize the most promising compounds which have the best potential and may lead to use in clinical practice,show their biological activities and highlight the compounds currently being tested in clinical trials.In this paper,we focused on Bryozoa,Mollusca,Echinodermata and Urochordata.
基金Supported by the Funding Program of Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2012IO060104)
文摘In this paper,three deep-water species of the family Goniasteridae,Ceramaster misakiensis(Goto,1914),Nymphaster arthrocnemis Fisher,1913 and Pontioceramus grandis Fisher,1911,are recorded for the first time from Chinese waters based on collections deposited in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The specimens examined were collected during the period 1956 to 1978 from the East China and South China Seas at depths of 184 to 472 m.Diagnosis,detailed figures,and the geographic distributions are provided.A revised list of Goniasteridae recorded from Chinese waters is proposed.
基金the Natural Science Foundation Program of Guangxi (Grant No. 0542005)the Program to Sponsor Teams for Innovation in the Construction of Talent Heighlands in Guangxi Institution of Higher Learning
文摘This paper describes for the first time the cornute stylophorans (Echinodermata) in China. The new material came from the Guole Formation of the Furongian (Late Cambrian) in the Guole area of Jingxi, Guangxi Province, South China. These new cornute specimens are preserved in situ and found along with well-preserved trilobites and brachiopods. One new species, Phyllocystis jingxiensis sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate these unusual materials. The new species is defined by the small, heart-shaped theca with the frame composed of ten narrow, smooth and thick marginal plates, three adoral plates and distinctive zygal and aulacophore. Both supracentrals and infracentrals are polygonal-outlined. The marginal plate M1' on the inferior face extends posteriorly to form zygal that possesses a broadened proximal end and the proximal portion joining with the conjunction between M4 and M5 on the inferior face. Aulacophore comprises ten segments at its proximal part and is conical at the middle part (named stylocone). Its distal portion is rather long and bears conspicuous ambulacrum grooves. Tectals are horizontally arranged on superior face and obliquely arranged on inferior face. Both cothurnopore and anal pyramid are vaguely seen on the right anterior corner and the extremity of theca's superior face.
基金The authors appreciate the hard work and help of our friends in the Geological Survey of Iran,North East Territory(GSINET),especially Dr.Jafar Taheri.The authors are especially grateful for the linguistic helps and efforts of Susan Turner(Brisbane).
文摘Spatangoid echinoids belonging to Heteraster found in the Lower Cretaceous limestones and calcareous deposits of the Tirgan and Sarcheshmeh formations(Barremian-Aptian)in the Bahman jan-Bala stratigraphic section on the northern flank of the Borouj syncline,situated in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin,northeastern Iran are assessed as a sexually dimorphic species.Sexual dimorphism is a common feature in echinoids and,in this study of Heteraster renngarteni Poretzkaja,1961,sexual dimorphism has been detected for the first time in the family Toxasteridae.
文摘Echinoderm radial symmetry has first appeared in the ambulacral system, when the ambulacral channel assumed the shape of a closed ring or a horseshoe with approximated ends, and then spread onto other organ systems. Its origin was a natural consequence of a steady increase of the original asymmetry of bilaterally-asymmetric three-segmented ancestors of echinoderms, culminated by closing of the ancestral linear metamerism into radiality. The evolutionary transformation from a simple pouchlike hydrocoel with one side channel to an elongated hydrocoel (located under the oesophagus) with two side channels, and finally to a nearly closed horseshoeshaped hydrocoel with three radial channels can be reconstructed based on the theca structure and the number of ambulacra in the row SolutaCincta-Helicoplacoidea. After the hydrocoel with three outbound ambulacral channels circled around the oesophagus as a horseshoe, it either closed into a ring, or its ends became closely approximated. This has determined the primary triradiate symmetry, which quickly transformed into pentaradial symmetry of the 2-1-2 type as a result of branching of two of the three primary radial channels. This occurred no earlier than the Late Vendian, when the first bilaterians appeared to have begun to acquire body appendages, and no later than the Early Cambrian, when the first skeletal remains of echinoderms entered the fossil record (in the Atdabanian). The 2-1-2 pentaradial symmetry evolved into the true pentaradiality as a result of shifting the timing of tentacle branching to earlier stages of ontogenesis and even spreading of the five tentacle primordia over the ambulacral ring. This occurred during the Ordovician.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS(KSCX2-YW-N-0807)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2006FY110500)IOCAS funding(2012IO060104)
文摘Luidia Forbes(Paxillosida: Luidiidae) are common soft bottom sea stars with 49 described species.Because of substantial morphological diversity,the taxonomy of the genus is complex and hasn't been resolved definitely.In order to resolve general taxonomic issues,and determine species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Luidia,the sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ι(COΙ) gene from 24 specimens of Luidia,belonging to eight taxa in Chinese waters,were studied.Three sequences of two species in genus Luidia from GenBank were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships.The molecular phylogeny exhibited three main clades,each with strong bootstrap support: Clade A including Luidia quinaria from the Sea of Japan;Clade B including seven nominal species(L.quinaria von Martens,L.yesoensis Goto,L.changi Liu,Liao and Li,L.orientalis Fisher,L.avicularia Fisher,L.longispina Sladen and L.hardwicki Gray) from Chinese waters;and Clade C including L.maculata Müller & Troschel from Chinese waters.Our molecular phylogeny results support the morphological Quinaria-Group and Alternata-Group assigned by D derlein.Seven nominal species we sampled do not exhibit genetic distances that are large enough to recognize them as separate species.Cryptic species may exist in ‘Luidia quinaria' from the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.Meaningful morphological characters need further investigation in Luidia.
