Standards of Ecological Compensation for Traditional Ecoagriculture:Taking Rice-Fish System in Hani Terrace as an Example

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment, especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in eco-agriculture,it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them. As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eco-compensation mechanism, this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers' willingness to accept(WTA) and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object, conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnaires in 2011, we obtained the farmers' willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then, the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation, the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally, under different market compensation standards, we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that, in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 yuan·ha–1·a-1to meet their willingness, but the output(ecological benefit) was only 7393 yuan·ha–1·a-1. However, when the rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1 because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year, the government just has to pay farmers 4062 yuan·ha–1·a-1 and the surplus will be 3331 yuan·ha–1·a-1.

Policy and Practice Progress of Watershed Eco-compensation in China

The ecological protection of the watersheds in China is being confronted with a lot of problems such as soil and water erosion, water pollution at present. Therefore watershed eco-compensation is becoming a question of common interest. Based on the analyses of the major problems and their origins in the watershed protection in China, the paper discusses the concerned policies including relative rules and laws, financial policies and water right transaction policies. Simultaneously the paper reviews the practices carried out in China, including the ecological construction project in the western China, the trans-provincial eco-compensation practice and the small watershed eco-compensation practice. According to the present situation of eco-compensation practices and the future policy requirement, this paper finally puts forward four key problems to be solved in the watershed eco-compensation of China in the future.

Eco-compensation and Harmonious Regional Development in China

Harmonious regional development poses difficult problems, especially in so far as the harmonious regional development of ecological resources is concerned. China has explored several eco-compensation models, and in each province eco-compensation has different characteristics. These methods have had significant impacts. The aim of this paper is first to examine the meaning of ecocompensation and to present a framework for analyzing it. Next the development of eco-compensation in China is examined. Finally, four typical models of eco-compensation are compared: the government financial transfer payment compensation model; the ecological resource exploiters′ payment compensation model; the ecological destruction compensation model; and the ecological resource tax collection compensation model. Each model has its own unique feature and potential to contribute to harmonious regional development.

Eco-compensation of Wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province,China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people,yet wetlands are cur-rently decreasing and deteriorating.The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in-creasingly important for policy makers.In this study,remote sensing,field investigations,department visits,and other methods were used to survey wetland types,assess wetland area changes,and calculate wetland economic value.Mar-ket value loss and ecological function value loss,caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation,ecological valuation,environmental protection investment cost analysis,and outcome parameters.According to market value loss and ecological function value loss,preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated.This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.

A Study on Marine Region Carrying Capacity and Eco-compensation

With the using up of land resources, people are beginning to pay attention to the exploitation of the ocean and the use of marine resources is becoming more and more intense. Whether and how the ocean can be sustainably exploited as it is being exploited is an academic hot topic. This question is addressed in this paper based on the theories of carrying capacity of a marine region and marine eco-compensation, and the amount of the loss is calculated by the method of Time Value of Capital. This thesis covers the study of eco-compensation between two specific subjects with clear compensation objects, and as a defined approach and standard, the proposed method has good operability and positive practical significance in the good use of the ocean.

Forest eco-compensation mechanism:a survey

China is a country with a vast territory and a large population but limited forest resources, which is mainly distributed in the economically less developed regions. Therefore, it is particularly important to address the issue to establish forest eco-compensation mechanism to overcome the problems of inequity between the people and promote the public incentive for forest management and conservation. The definition of eco-compensation is deeply discussed based on the literature review of national and international initiatives. According to summary and analysis of the empirical work of forest ecocompensation at international level, some significant inspirations are draw on this paper. Based on them, this paper focuses on the forest eco-compensation mechanism of China. Firstly, integrating with the actual situation of China, the paper puts forward the policy framework of eco-compensation. The institutional framework of eco-compensation should be established among the multi-departments with different temporal and spatial scales. Secondly, the types and ranges of forest eco-compensation are further studied, that is three levels of forest eco-compensation such as micro-level, macro-level as well as media-level, and then the standards of eco-com-pensation are primarily estimated, which include the three factors, namely direct expense of plantation, opportunity cost for forests protection and benefits of forest ecosystem services. Finally, the recommendation is created in terms of above research conclusions, which is provide the vital important references for government policy making in the forest eco-compensation domain.

Research on EU Rural Eco-compensation Policy,Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an Example

Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an example, experiences of EU rural eco-compensation policy were discussed to enlighten China. The implementing objectives and processing program of Scottish policy were respectively set forth,including 6 steps of statement of Intent, proposal, assessment, contract signing, claims and inspections, breaches and penalties.Therein 3 meaningful aspects for the construction of current compensation mechanism in China were as following: keeping consistency between national and local policies to establish close connection in eco-goal and funding subsidy, setting both improved assessment procedure and scientific compensation system to promote the lasting implementation of environmental-friendly measures, making correspondent check and monitor mechanism together with breach and penalty mechanism to secure the payment execution.

Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policy for grassland eco-compensation

To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.

基于XGBoost-SHAP模型的太湖流域居民生态补偿支付意愿影响因素研究

在对太湖流域居民生态补偿支付意愿调查的基础上,基于可解释机器学习模型XGBoost-SHAP分析了居民生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素,并比较了有支付意愿和没有支付意愿居民之间影响因素的差异。结果表明:影响太湖流域居民生态补偿支付意愿最重要的3个因素为学历、收入和生态环境保护意愿;单个居民之间的支付意愿影响因素呈现一定的差异,尤其是有支付意愿和没有支付意愿居民之间的影响因素差异显著;总体而言,增强居民生态环境保护意识和加大生态补偿政策的宣传可以提升流域居民参与生态补偿的意愿。

Study on Development Process and Mechanism of Ecological Compensation in Beijing and Hebei Province

The problem of water resources has become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of Beijing and Hebei Province (the two regions together are called "Jingji Region" for short).It is imperative to establish an effective and equitable water resources ecological compensation (eco-compensation) mechanism.The three stages of water resources eco-compensation are expatiated here namely the eco-compensation missing stage,ecocompensation start stage and the eco-compensation development stage.Through the establishment of eco-compensation game model based on the game theory,the reasons of the formation for the three stages were analyzed,as well as the conversion conditions from non-cooperative game to cooperative game among the related stakeholders including the central government,the water recipient government and the water source government.Furthermore,this study pointed out that the water resources eco-compensation in Jingji Region was not established based on the institution,but formed and developed in coping with the challenges of water crisis.However,institution construction is quite essential in game process for the water recipient government and the water source government.Finally recommendations in four areas including legalization of eco-compensation mechanism,setting up compensation standards,leading industrial upgrading and developing related incentives and constraints were concluded.

Research on market-based policy instruments for eco-environmental protection

The selection of policy instruments involves policy efficiency and policy effect.Effective settlement of eco-environment problems in the process of industrialization and implementation of active eco-environment protection depend on the innovation of policy instruments.In this paper,based on a descriptive analysis of the policy instruments for ecoenvironmental protection of our country,combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical research on current marketization of eco-environmental protection,the authors indicate that eco-environmental problems originate fi'om the damage of eco-environment and the extemalities of eco-service,and that the market-based policy instruments which are helpful to balance the relationship between fight,responsibility and interest in the eco-service are effective measures to eliminate externalities and protect eco-environment.

Kinematic error modeling and error compensation of desktop 3D printer

Desktop 3D printers have revolutionized how designers and makers prototype and manufacture certain products.Highly popular fuse deposition modeling(FDM)desktop printers have enabled a shift to low-cost consumer goods markets,through reduced capital equipment investment and consumable material costs.However,with this drive to reduce costs,the computer numerical control(CNC)systems implemented in FDM printers are often compromised by poor accuracy and contouring errors.This condition is most critical as users begin to use 3D-printed components in load-bearing applications or to perform mechanical functions.Improved methods of low-cost 3D printer calibration are needed before their open-design potential can be realized in applications,including 3D-printed orthotics and prosthetics.This paper applies methodologies associated with high-precision CNC machining systems,namely,kinematic error modeling and compensation coupled with standardized test methods from ISO230-4,such as the ballbar for kinematic and dynamic error measurements,to examine the influence and feasibility for use on low-cost CNC/3D printing platforms.Recently,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration's"Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices"highlighted the need to develop standards specific to additive manufacturing in regulated manufacturing environments.This paper shows the benefits of the methods described within ISO230-4 for error assessment,alongside applying kinematic error modeling and compensation to the popular kinematic configuration of an Ultimaker 3D printer.A Renishaw ballbar QC10 is used to quantify the Ultimaker's errors and thereby populate the error model.This method quantifies machine errors and populates these in a mathematical model of the CNC system.Then,a post-processor can be used to compensate the printing code.Subsequently,the ballbar is used to demonstrate the dramatic impact of the error compensation model on the accuracy and contouring of the Ultimaker printer with 58%reduction in overall circularity error and 90%reduction in squareness error.

Heat Production Rate Calculation of Thermal Manikin with a Compensation Method

Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.

新时期长江流域生态补偿机制与关键科学问题研究

流域生态补偿是协调长江经济带经济社会发展与生态环境保护矛盾的重要手段。当前,长江流域生态补偿实践中仍面临着整体性和系统性不足、补偿标准依据缺乏、市场体系不健全、责权利不清晰等问题。根据新时代长江保护与发展的战略需求,新时期长江流域生态补偿需要具备更为丰富的内涵,亟需针对长江流域经济社会发展与生态资产保护的多维互馈关系及良性协同机制、流域生态资产的定量核算方法与生态服务空间流转特征、多元化流域生态补偿格局与长效运行机制、区域试点示范引领与全流域统筹协调推进之间的关系等关键科学问题开展系统研究,并从创新体制机制、完善技术体系、强化立法保障、培育市场主体等方面为探索制定长江流域生态补偿总体框架提供科技支撑和政策建议。

跨流域横向生态补偿的实践表征及优化路径探析——以湖南省内长江流域治理为例

跨流域横向生态补偿作为我国水资源管理机制的一项重大创新,其协同治理作用在实践中日益凸显。从2012年通过的《湖南省湘江保护条例》开始,湖南省经历了从探索地方政府主导的纵向流域生态补偿模式,到确立跨省流域横向生态补偿基本框架,再逐步建立健全跨省流域横向生态补偿长效机制的发展理路。实践表明,当前湖南省存在缺乏足够权威性的法律法规、资金来源较为单一、地区间评定标准差异大等问题。因此,应通过完善跨流域横向生态补偿专门立法、探索建立多元化跨流域横向生态补偿模式、合理确定跨流域横向生态补偿评定标准和计价办法来提升湖南省内长江流域的治理水平,为我国跨流域横向生态补偿提供优秀的样本。

水生态产品价值实现:概念、框架及技术支撑

推进水生态产品价值实现是尊重“自然-社会”规律、落实新时期治水思路的重要工作。为率先实现水生态产品价值,落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程涉水目标,文章从概念解析出发,界定了狭义水生态产品与广义水生态产品,明确了水生态产品价值实现的概念,并提出了水生态产品价值实现框架:“水生态产品及价值→愿景与目标→政策工具→人类行为”循环系统。在分析各链条功能的同时,进一步提出水生态资产和水生态产品核算、划界确权、建立供需时空关联等技术支撑需求,以及对多元力量参与理论研究与实践,共同推进人水和谐的展望。

近40余年中国生态补偿研究进展与实践探索综述

生态补偿为生态系统服务提供者和受益者之间构建了一种公正有效的社会经济联系,日益成为调节社会经济发展与生态环境保护两者关系的重要政策工具,特别是改革开放后的近40余年,我国生态补偿在理论研究与实践探索两个层面取得较大进展。基于文献、资料梳理与分析可知,国内外生态补偿研究与实践特征在研究内容、补偿模式、融资方式、标准核定等方面存在显著差异。国内以生态补偿机制研究为重点,以流域生态补偿、生态补偿标准核算、生态补偿影响因素分析、生态补偿政策措施制定、生态补偿效益评估等为主要内容的理论研究丰富。实践层面,我国生态补偿政策制度探索大致经历了初始、形成、快速发展和全面推进四个阶段的纵深发展过程,总体上形成了以政府补偿为主、市场补偿为辅,独具“中国特色”的生态补偿实践体系与框架。区域生态补偿实践受到生态补偿政策顶层设计、区域社会经济发展水平、区域地理环境特征与生态资源禀赋、区域突出生态环境问题、区域外部社会环境、公众感知能力及参与度六大因素的协同影响,呈现横纵贯穿、内外结合结构下发挥约束—引导—需求—激励作用的四维生态补偿实践影响机制。未来有待进一步深化生态补偿机制研究,建立健全生态补偿管理体制及市场机制,推进区域协调发展与美丽中国建设。

基于水质-水量的淮河流域生态补偿框架研究

淮河流域呈现水质型和水量型缺水状况。针对该流域现行生态补偿政策在实施过程中存在概念界定不清,区域局限性及补偿方式单一性的问题,在分析淮河流域水污染生态补偿政策实施现状的基础上,提出了基于水质—水量的生态补偿框架,并从核算标准、组织方式和补偿形式3个方面进行了分析和探索。分析结果表明,与淮河流域现行的生态补偿方式相比,该框架能够全面反映跨省、跨地区的水质和水量差异,可操作性和适用性更强、覆盖面更广。

秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策与农户秸秆还田行为

秸秆综合利用生态补偿旨在激励农户积极参与秸秆还田政策,促进农业绿色发展,然而秸秆综合利用生态补偿是否真的有助于农户进行秸秆还田尚不明确。鉴于此,构建秸秆综合利用生态补偿与农户秸秆还田行为的理论分析框架,探讨秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为的影响与作用机制,并利用湖北省黄冈市822份农户调查数据,运用Binary Probit模型进行实证检验。结果表明:1)秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为有显著的正向影响;其中,补贴、监管和处罚均促进农户秸秆还田行为;相较于监管和处罚,补贴对农户秸秆还田行为有更明显的推动作用。2)作用机制发现,农户内在感知在秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为的影响中产生中介效应,即秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策能够通过提高农户对秸秆还田技术的内在感知,进而促进农户秸秆还田行为。3)农户社会资本在秸秆综合利用生态补偿与农户秸秆还田行为的关系中发挥正向调节作用,即社会资本的提升能够进一步强化秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策对农户秸秆还田行为的推动作用。据此,有必要建立健全秸秆综合利用生态补偿制度,提高农户秸秆还田内在感知水平,增强农户社会资本,统筹提升农户采取秸秆还田行为的效果,推动秸秆资源化利用和农业绿色高质量发展。

生态补偿研究文献述评

生态补偿是推进生态文明建设的重要手段,对实现人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化具有重要意义。梳理生态补偿相关文献,发现国内外对生态补偿的相关研究均取得了丰硕的研究成果,对生态补偿概念界定,生态补偿的机制、标准、意愿和绩效评价等展开深入论述。但生态补偿评价体系仍不完善,相关研究还存在不足,未来研究需不断拓展生态补偿事后评估标准研究,不断完善评价指标体系,加强量化研究,强化实证研究。