Activity Pattern and Habitat Use of Shorebirds in an Artificial Wetland Complex:A Case Study of Breeding Pied Avocet in the Yellow River Delta,China

With the loss of substantial natural wetlands in coastal zones,artificial wetlands provide alternative habitats for many shorebirds.Scientific management of artificial wetlands used by shorebirds plays an important role in maintaining the stability of shorebird population.Satellite tracking technique can obtain high-precision location information of individuals day and night,providing a good technical support for the study of quantitative relationship between waterfowls and their habitats.In this study,satellite tracking method,Remote Sensing(RS)and Geographic Information System(GIS)technology were used to analyze the activity pattern and habitat utilization characteristics of Pied Avocet during breeding period in an artificial wetland complex in the Yellow River Delta(YRD),China.The results showed that the breeding Pied Avocets had a small range of activity,with a total core and main home range of 33.10 km^(2) and 216.30 km^(2),respectively.This species tended to forage in the pond and salt pan during the day and night,respectively,with an unfixed staying time in the breeding ground.The distance between breeding ground and feeding ground was less than 6 km.It is emphasized that in addition to improving the conditions of the remaining natural habitats,effective managing artificial habitats is a priority for shorebird conservation.This research could provide reference for the management of artificial wetlands in coastal zones and supply technique support for the protection of shorebirds and their habitats,and alleviate human-bird conflicts and sustainable development of coastal zones.

Genetic progress in stem lodging resistance of the dominant wheat cultivars adapted to Yellow-Huai River Valleys Winter Wheat Zone in China since 1964

Analysis of genetic progress for lodging-related traits provides important information for further improvement of lodging resistance.Forty winter wheat cultivars widely grown in the Yellow-Huai River Valleys Winter Wheat Zone(YHWZ)of China during the period of 1964–2015 were evaluated for several lodging-related traits in three cropping seasons.Plant height,height at center of gravity,length of the basal second internode,and lodging index decreased significantly in this period,and the average annual genetic gains for these traits were–0.50 cm or–0.62%,–0.27 cm or–0.60%,–0.06 cm or–0.63%,and–0.01 or–0.94%,respectively.Different from other traits,stem strength showed a significant increasing trend with the breeding period,and the annual genetic gains were 0.03 N or 0.05%.Correlation analysis showed that lodging index was positively correlated with plant height,height at center of gravity,and length of the basal second internode,but negatively correlated with stem strength.Meanwhile,significantly positive correlations were observed between plant height,height at center of gravity,and length of the basal first and second internodes.By comparison with the wild types,dwarfing genes had significant effects on all lodging-related traits studied except for length of the basal first internode and stem strength.Principle component analysis demonstrated that plant height and stem strength were the most important factors influencing lodging resistance.Clustering analysis based on the first two principle components further indicated the targets of wheat lodging-resistant breeding have changed from reducing plant height to strengthening stem strength over the breeding periods.This study indicates that the increase of stem strength is vital to improve lodging resistance in this region under the high-yielding condition when plant height is in an optimal range.

Influences of pika and simulated grazing disturbances on bare patches of alpine meadow in the Yellow River Source Zone

Bare patches in alpine meadow are the main manifestation of its degradation.The change of bare patches in an alpine meadow in the Yellow River Source Zone during 2018-2019 was studied in relation to the disturbances caused by plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)population and simulated grazing via artificial mowing both independently and interactively.The disturbance was set at three levels of high,medium and no disturbance(control group).Bare patches were mapped by from unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)images with fine resolution of 1 cm obtained in August 2018 and August 2019 in ArcGIS.The results showed that the total area of bare patches decreased by 112.05 m2 in sub-plots devoid of pika disturbance but increased by 126.37 m2 in other subplots.The highest rate of increase is 89.02%.The individual effect of pika exceeds the joint effect of pika and mowing disturbances.The sole effect of mowing is lower than the joint effect of pika disturbance and intensive mowing,but higher than the joint influence of pika disturbance and moderate mowing.Strong pika disturbance(14 per sub-plot)caused the influence of mowing from moderate to intensive to increase by five-fold.The area of bare patches treated with moderate mowing and no pika disturbance decreased at the highest pace(-37.22%).Intensive mowing and medium density pikas(100 pikas/ha)are considered the thresholds at which the bare patches start to expand.Even if the meadow is mowed at the medium and high intensity,the area of bare patches can be significantly reduced if plateau pika population is controlled to a low level.ANOVA analysis and longterm macro-scale satellite-derived results reveal that pika disturbance is more important in causing the bare patches to change than simulated grazing.Therefore,it is more important to control the number of pikas than to reduce grazing intensity to prevent the expansion of bare patches in the degraded alpine meadow in the study area.

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.

黄河“几”字形河道的成因及其动力学分析

黄河“几”字形河道的形成与演化,取决于鄂尔多斯地块周缘构造带的边界形态及其相互作用。周缘构造带对地块的碰撞、俯冲、挤压、走滑、旋钮等构造作用,成就了银川地堑、河套地堑、晋陕峡谷等贯通黄河的构造地貌。地堑与峡谷中极为发育的断层带、碎裂岩带、密集节理带严格控制了河道延伸与拐弯。挽近时期,印度板块NE向、太平洋板块NW向对鄂尔多斯地块的挤入作用,复合地块周缘断裂的新活动,控制、约束了黄河的“几”字形河道样式。

宁夏引黄灌区果园生草处理对土壤理化性质的影响

本研究选用多年生黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、高羊茅、长柔毛野豌豆4种功能草种,以清耕和自然生草作为对照,探究不同生草处理对果园土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,与多年生黑麦草生草处理相比,紫花苜蓿与长柔毛野豌豆生草处理可以显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤总孔隙度和0~20 cm、21~40 cm土层田间持水量(P<0.05),显著降低0~20 cm土层土壤容重(P<0.05)。与处理前相比,2022年10月紫花苜蓿与长柔毛野豌豆生草处理的土壤有机质含量、全盐含量、碱解氮含量(0~20 cm土层)、有效钾含量(0~20 cm土层)显著提高(P<0.05),土壤pH(0~20 cm土层)显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在干旱和半干旱地区可以选择苜蓿和长柔毛野豌豆进行果园生草处理。本研究结果为改良果园土壤,提高水果产量提供了理论依据。

黄河中下游过渡区河岸植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

[目的]河岸带物种多样性与土壤因子的关系对维持河岸带生态系统的稳定性十分重要,为揭示黄河中下游河岸带物种多样性与土壤因子的关系,进一步为黄河中下游过渡区河岸生态恢复、保护和高质量发展提供一定的参考与理论指导。[方法]采用样方调查法、试验分析法、CCA排序法等方法,以河南黄河中下游过渡区对植物分布和物种多样性与土壤因子的关系进行研究。[结果](1)黄河中下游过渡区河岸有机质、速效钾及有效磷均属于中等变异程度,土壤含水量、全氮变异系数为强变异性,土壤养分空间分布总体呈现中度不均匀的特征。(2)黄河中下游过渡区河岸植物优势度指数(D)与土壤全氮具有显著负相关关系(P<0.05);土壤pH值、速效钾和有效磷对物种丰富度指数(S)的影响不明显;均匀度指数(E)、香农-威纳指数(H)与6个土壤因子之间均没有达到显著水平。(3)红蓼、头状穗莎草、长芒稗、糠稷、醴肠群落的分布受土壤含水量的影响较大;青蒿、酸枣、毛白杨等的分布主要受全氮的影响较大,在全氮含量较高的区域分布较多;葎草和反枝苋受速效钾影响较大;而狗牙根、苍耳、芦苇、狗尾草、春蓼、绿豆等群落受土壤因子的影响较小。[结论]黄河中下游过渡区河岸带土壤含水量、速效钾及全氮是影响植物分布的主要因子,不同植物对土壤条件的需求存在差异,能够直观反映出植被与土壤环境之间的关系。

黄河流域生态系统服务价值核算及生态管理分区

为了给黄河流域实施生态环境精细化管理和生态治理差异化管控提供参考,采用“单位面积价值当量因子方法”对黄河流域1995—2020年4类11种生态系统服务的价值(ESV)进行核算,采用Pearson相关分析方法对研究期6个典型年份流域各类生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系进行测度,同时借助空间自相关方法对黄河流域进行生态管理分区划定。得出结论如下:1)研究期内,黄河流域的ESV呈增加趋势。就土地利用类型来看,农田、湿地和荒漠的ESV占比减小,而森林、草地和水域的ESV占比的变化趋势则与之相反。供给服务、支持服务和文化服务的ESV占比均呈现减小趋势,而调节服务、支持服务构成了区域ESV的主体。空间上,单位面积ESV在东西走向上呈现“凹”形,在南北走向上呈现“凸”形。2)黄河流域各类生态系统服务之间显著正相关,强协同关系占比为47.27%,表明研究期内各生态系统服务之间成协同关系。3)将黄河流域410个研究单元划分为4个一级分区和13个二级分区,并提出相应生态管理措施。

黄河流域上游农牧交错带文旅融合发展的价值意蕴和路径探索

农牧交错带文旅融合发展为黄河流域高质量发展战略实施带来新机遇。黄河流域上游农牧交错带文化与旅游的良好融合有助于讲好“黄河故事”,推进乡村振兴,彰显生态保护的国家战略定位。但目前黄河流域上游农牧交错带仍存在基础设施建设落后、文化资源发掘不充分、文旅产品品质不高、专业人才储备不足等问题,影响了“农牧+文旅”融合发展。在充分挖掘农牧文化深层价值的基础上,提出政策引领、区域协同、产品提质、人才增量的文旅融合路径,为推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供参考。

基于矮败小麦分子育种策略培育黄淮抗赤霉病小麦新品种轮选20

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区抗赤霉病小麦品种短缺问题,开展产量与赤霉病抗性协同改良,为该麦区培育高产抗赤霉病小麦新种源。【方法】以苏麦3号为供体亲本(抗源),以矮败周麦16、周麦16、轮选136和轮选6号为受体亲本,利用骨干亲本矮败小麦结合Fhb1分子标记辅助选择和双单倍体(double haploid,DH)技术(简称矮败小麦分子育种策略)快速获得DH系,并对这些稳定品系进行株高、抽穗期和产量等主要农艺性状评价和赤霉病抗性鉴定。【结果】共获得51份半冬性、矮秆、白粒且携带Fhb1的DH系。在2个环境(2020河南和2020北京)下,51份DH系平均病小穗数分别为5.7和7.3,平均严重度分别为27.7%和35.2%,与中感对照淮麦20无显著差异;平均每公顷产量为8.3 t,略低于对照品种周麦18(8.5 t)。结合赤霉病抗性和主要农艺性状综合评价结果,选择DH116(轮选20)作为重点系进一步进行赤霉病抗性和农艺性状鉴定。单花滴注接种鉴定发现,轮选20在4个环境下均达到中抗-高抗对照抗性水平;每公顷产量在2个环境下均高于对照品种周麦18,每穗小穗数和千粒重显著高于对照(P<0.05),且比对照抽穗更早、植株更矮(P<0.05)。轮选20两年区试分别比对照百农207增产4.6%和1.7%,生产试验比对照增产3.5%;区试利用喷雾和单花滴注2种接种方法综合评价轮选20为中感-中抗赤霉病。分子标记检测发现,轮选20携带半矮秆基因Rht-D1b;在已知春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1位点均携带隐性等位基因。通过小麦660K SNP芯片分析显示,轮选20与4个亲本有64.7%SNP是一致的,亲本周麦16、轮选136、轮选6号和苏麦3号对轮选20的直接遗传贡献率分别为69.8%、12.6%、6.1%和11.5%。【结论】利用矮败小麦分子育种策略,实现了小麦高产和赤霉病抗性协同提高,培育出符合黄淮冬麦区生态类型的高产抗赤霉病小麦品种轮选20。

1990—2020年黄河流域沁河上游汇水区水源涵养功能空间格局与生态治理建议

【研究目的】沁河流域作为黄河中游重要的来水区与水土功能保持区,流域上游汇水区主要涵括沁源与安泽两县,科学分析其水源涵养能力的时空变化特征与影响因素可为沁河中下游地区乃至流域范围的生态环境修复与黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划提供技术依据。【研究方法】本文采用水量平衡方法,对1990—2020年30年间区域内生态系统水源涵养功能时空动态变化特征与不同因素对水源涵养能力的影响进行分析讨论,根据区域水源涵养能力并结合其内自然保护地分布划分出区域水源涵养重要性等级。【研究结果】(1)研究区内水源涵养能力空间上表现出南高北低,中间高,四周低,地域差异.显著,多年水源涵养量均值为366.74×10^(6) m^(3);近30年水源涵养功能变化趋势呈现先减少后增加的特征。(2)气候因子与水源涵养量相关性较强,植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中,森林是区域内生态系统水源涵养的主体,但从水源涵养能力来看灌丛要高于森林和草原。(3)研究区内水源涵养重要和极重要区域总面积为733.38 km^(2),占研究区总面积的35%,两者水源涵养总量占全区的53.63%,主要分布在河流两岸与大起伏山地过渡的中小起伏山地之中以及安泽县的南部区域,是整个研究区的水源涵养集中地区。【结论】针对沁河流域上游水源涵养能力的建设,提出了一些生态治理措施,包括将灵空山、花坡一带确定为水源涵养功能极重要区域;因地制宜增加水源涵养能力较强的树种,加大亚高山草甸和温带草原的治理与恢复。

西北地区体育公共服务体系高质量发展先行区建设研究--以黄河流域宁夏段为例

体育公共服务体系高质量发展是我国体育事业重要的战略目标,其先行区的建设是满足人们多样化的体育需求,促进地区发展,推动我国从体育大国向体育强国迈进的有力保障。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等对宁夏地区体育公共服务体系高质量发展先行区建设的目标定位及现实基础等进行研究,分析宁夏地区体育公共服务体系动态建设过程中的困境与实践路径。研究认为,宁夏地区体育公共服务体系建设中体制不完善,机制不健全;提供社会服务的场地设施资源保障脆弱、体育社会组织和体育人才资源保障不足及体育服务资金投入的渠道不广泛;在协同发展层面表现出供给形式单一,竞技体育与群众体育不能良性互动形成协同发展的格局。基于此,提出要完善体育公共服务运行机制,加强整体规划与标准化建设;保障体育公共服务供给需求,提升供给效率与均等化发展;丰富体育公共服务组织形式,推进载体创新与智慧化升级的具体实践路径。

黄河流域上游煤矿区土地利用类型变化及其对固碳服务的影响

明晰矿区土地利用变化及其对区域碳储量的影响,是“双碳”目标背景下推进矿区低碳减排和绿色高质量发展的重要手段.基于多源数据集,使用InVEST模型、土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、缓冲区分析和灰色关联度等方法,识别了1990-2020年黄河流域上游13个大中型煤矿区的土地利用类型时空变化,评估了不同矿区及其周边不同距离缓冲区的固碳服务能力,并对二者的关联度进行分析,旨在厘清矿区土地利用变化对固碳服务的影响.结果表明:(1)1990-2020年煤矿区土地利用类型主要以草地、未利用地、林地和耕地向城乡工矿居民用地转移为主,城乡工矿居民用地面积以288.8 hm^(2)/a的速度持续扩张.(2)1990-2020年不同时段城乡工矿居民用地的单一动态度均为正值,草地和未利用地则均为负值,其中2010-2015年各土地利用类型的综合动态度均较高,2015-2020年则均相对较低,并且露天开采方式矿区土地利用强度远高于井工开采方式.(3)1990-2020年各矿区内单位面积年固碳量在0.7~4.1 Mg/hm^(2)之间,在时间上呈先下降后升高再下降的趋势,并且在距离矿区50 km范围内,距离越远,平均单位面积年固碳量越高,影响程度逐渐下降.(4)不同土地利用类型与单位面积年固碳量的平均关联度从高到低表现为未利用地>耕地>草地>林地>水体.研究显示,黄河流域上游煤矿区开发过程中未利用地和耕地面积的变化是矿区生态系统固碳服务变化的重要原因.

黄河孟津段河岸带土壤有机碳分布特征及影响因素分析

【目的】探究黄河孟津段河岸带土壤有机碳空间分布差异及规律,为黄河河岸带土壤固碳和生态修复提供理论依据。【方法】以河岸带表层土壤为研究对象,采用克里金插值法和冗余分析对土壤有机碳空间分布及影响因素进行分析,探讨土壤有机碳含量与微地形、土壤物理性质及植被组合的相关关系。【结果】研究区土壤有机碳含量和土壤有机碳密度的平均值分别为1.94 g·kg^(-1)和0.11 kg·m^(-2),空间变异系数分别为69.9%和83.6%,均属于中等程度变异。研究区土壤有机碳含量在随垂直河流方向距离V1—V5样带的增加而增加,V5样带土壤有机碳含量显著高于V1—V3这3个样带。相关性分析和冗余分析中,研究区土壤有机碳含量与垂直河流距离、土壤含水率、土壤黏粒呈极显著正相关,与土壤砂粒呈极显著负相关,与植物群落、海拔无显著相关。【结论】河岸带土壤有机碳含量随垂直河流方向距离的增加而增加,空间自相关性强,河岸带微地形、土壤黏粒和土壤含水率显著影响土壤有机碳的空间分布。

秃尾河流域河流-地下水转化与生态效应

秃尾河是黄河“几”字弯东翼一个重要的支流,流域大气降水、地下水和河湖水水力联系密切,控制着流域生态格局的演化、稳定和安全。基于秃尾河流域地质地貌、水文地质条件和降水、地下水与河湖水(以下简称“三水”)转化关系,通过野外调查、动态观测、遥感解译、基流解析和统计分析等手段,分析了三水转化特征及其生态效应,得到如下认识:(1)在地质地貌条件和三水转化的控制下,空间上可将流域生态系统划分为湖群-灌-草-乔湿环境生态系统、草-灌-乔-沙干环境生态系统、矮化疏林-草干环境生态系统、农田-乔湿环境生态系统和河滨带湿环境生态系统;(2)时间上,自20世纪90年代以来,流域呈现植被覆盖度增加、地下水位下降、河流基流量减少、湖淖湿地减少的趋势;(3)流域生态格局的形成和演化是自然因素和人类活动共同作用的结果,其中地质地貌条件控制流域生态系统的基本格局,水循环特征控制流域生态格局演化方向和时空变异趋势,人类活动极大地改变了原生生态格局,主导着现代生态格局演化的方向与强度;(4)流域生态格局的安全与稳定对水分有强依赖性,保持水系连通、增强三水转化强度、维持沙区地下水位埋深在1.5~5 m范围内对区内生态系统的健康至关重要。基于秃尾河流域三水转化单向水循环特征,提出了河滨带概念,指出河滨带是流域水流、物流、能流和信息流的源和汇,起生态廊道的作用,河滨带生态功能对流域生态环境质量具有指示作用,可作为流域生态环境质量评价的重要指标之一。研究成果对于黄河“几”字弯以及其他类似地区流域的生态环境保护与治理有重要的指导作用。

黄河干流生境质量评价研究

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分,是维持河流健康的重要因素。为揭示黄河生境质量状况,于2021年和2022年5-7月对黄河源头至下游的26个干流河段开展河流生境现状调查与质量评价.选取河道和河岸10项生境指标开展综合评价.结果显示,黄河干流各河段生境质量综合得分H值介于79~153分,超过69%的河段生境质量介于90~120分,等级为中等.源区、上游、中游和下游生境未表现出显著的区域差异(p>0.05).10项生境指标中,大型木质残体分布在全河段得分最低,介于1~5分,水质状况、河道内人类活动强度、河岸带植被覆盖度和河岸土地利用类型等4项指标在不同区域表现出显著差异(p<0.05).主成分分析结果显示,影响黄河干流生境质量的主要因子有河岸土地利用类型、河道内人类活动强度、水质状况和河岸稳定性等.

Geodiversity in the Yellow River source zone

It is a key premise of ＇ecosystem approaches＇ to natural resources management that we must have an appropriate understanding of biodiversity values, and controls upon them, if we wish to manage them effectively. These biodiversity values, and associated ecosystem functionality, vary with space and time and are tied directly to landscape-scale relationships and evolutionary traits. In riverine systems, nested hierarchical principles provide a useful platform to assess relationships between landscape components across a range of scales. These understandings are most instructively synthesized through catchment-scale analyses. This paper outlines a rationale for systematic catchment-wide appraisals of river geodiversity. An initial application of these principles is presented for the Yellow River source zone in Qinghai Province, western China. Geo-ecological relationships are outlined for five broad sections of the trunk stream, highlighting implications for the management of these individual landscape compartments and for the system as a whole.

2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带生态系统服务价值与碳储分析

为了促进黄河下游生态脆弱河岸带土地资源的合理配置,助力河岸带生态可持续发展,采用野外调查、ArcGIS、InVEST模型、当量因子法等方法,通过分析2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带土地利用动态变化,揭示其生态系统服务总价值(ESV)和碳储量(C_(t))的变化。结果表明:2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带湿地和建设用地面积持续增加,湿地主要来源于耕地和水域,建设用地主要来源于耕地;耕地和建设用地面积占比随着距河道距离的增大而增大,而草地面积占比随着距河道距离的增大而减小,林地面积占比随河道距离变化不明显,2000—2010年湿地面积占比随河道距离减少,而2010—2020年远岸湿地增加,且主要位于距河道200~500 m区间。2000—2020年,黄河下游河岸带ESV呈先增加后减少的变化趋势。其中,水域对ESV的贡献率最大,湿地次之,耕地、林地和草地的贡献率低,且不稳定。2000—2020年,黄河下游河岸带碳储量逐渐提高,湿地碳储量逐渐上升,然而林地、草地和水域碳汇能力则先增加后降低。水沙状况、人类活动以及国家政策是影响黄河下游河岸带生态系统服务价值与碳储量的重要因素。为减缓黄河下游人为调水调沙引发的河岸带生态功能减退,亟待提升湿地质量,适当退耕还林、还草和还水,以提高河岸带生态系统的服务价值和碳储量。

沿黄丘陵沟壑区水土保持生态空间分布特征及时空演化——以山西省柳林县为例

黄河中游是黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀的核心区域,水土流失问题严重,加强中游水土保持工作对于推动黄河流域生态保护和实现高质量发展至关重要。本文选择沿黄河中游丘陵沟壑区典型县域——山西省柳林县为研究区,基于水源涵养空间、土壤保持空间及水土流失敏感性识别和分级,对水土保持生态空间进行划定分区,并采用冷热点分析、标准差椭圆的方法揭示研究区水土保持生态空间的分布特征,并分析其2000—2020年时空演化特征。结果表明:1)柳林县水源涵养空间的功能等级总体呈由北向南逐渐降低的趋势,高等级面积占研究区总面积的35.2%;土壤保持强度以低等级为主,集中分布在研究区的西部及中部。2)2000—2020年柳林县水土流失高度敏感区占比一直在40%以上且面积持续增加,不敏感区、轻度敏感区及中度敏感区面积持续减少。3)柳林县水土保持生态空间分布整体呈南—北走向,无成片连续分布,主要集中在丘陵沟壑区的沟间区域,其中重点区与核心区交错分布在沟道陡坡区,一般区主要分布在河流或沟道沿岸坡度较缓的区域。4)2000—2020年,核心区面积一直呈减小趋势,一般区、重点区及核心区的标准差椭圆重心均向西南方向移动,以向南移动为主。柳林县的水土保持生态空间识别与时空演变趋势研究结果可为其水土保持的差别化治理提供参考,有效保持水土资源,推动黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展。

Effects of Grassland Restoration Approaches in Different Major Function-oriented Zones of the Headwater Region of the Yellow River in China

Given the high alpine grassland coverage and intensive animal grazing activity, the ecosystem and livelihood of the herders are extremely vulnerable in the headwater region of the Yellow River. A series of programs have been implemented by the Chinese government to restore degraded grasslands in this region, and major function-oriented zones(MFOZs) applied in 2014, have divided the region into three zones, i.e., the development prioritized, restricted, and prohibited zones, based on environmental carrying capacity, as well as the utilization intensity of grassland. This study identified various restoration approaches adopted in different MFOZs, and assessed the effects of the approaches in order to determine the most effective approaches. We collected 195 questionnaires from herders to analyze the effects of the various restoration approaches, and additional remote sensing and statistical data were also used for the analysis. Four distinct differences in the ecological and socioeconomic characteristics were found in three MFOZs.(1) Five technologies were applied in the study areas.(2) The grassland recovery rate was higher in development prioritized zones than in restricted and prohibited zones during 2000 and 2016, and especially high and very high coverage grasslands increased in the areas where crop-forage cultivation and grass seeding dominated in the prioritized zones.(3) The net income of households in the development prioritized zone was the best of all three zones.(4) The degree of awareness and willingness of herders to restore grassland was more positive in development prioritized zones than in restricted zones, where more herders adopted approaches with a combination of enclosure + deratization + crop-forage cultivation + warm shed. Based on these findings, it is recommended that decision-makers need to increase their efforts to narrow the gap of willingness and behavior between herders and other stakeholders, such as researchers and grassland administrators, in order to ensure grassland sustainability in the MFOZs. It is also beneficial to understand the effects of restoration on the ecological carrying capacities in different zones depending on the different development goals.