Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Water and soil conservation is an important part of eco-civilization con-struction. It is a major part of eco-construction and lifeline of social and economy development. Therefore, water and soil conservation is of great significance in maintaining eco-safety. The research concluded status quo and characters of water and soil losses in China and analyzed water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization from the perspectives of water and soil conservation and con-struction of eco-civilization.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

On Soil and Water,Soil and Water Ecology,and Soil and Water Ecological Conservation

On the basis of discussing the positions and functions of soil and water in terrestrial ecosystem,the concept of soil and water ecology is put forward.It is thought that the integral concept of inseparability between vegetation and soil,water is an important feature of soil and water ecology.Meanwhile,a new definition for soil and water ecological conservation is given,and it is divided into four types:ecological,natural,production and construction.At the height of soil and water ecology,it is an active,organic and holistic concept of soil and water conservation,and is deepening and development of the cognitive view on soil and water conservation to understand and control soil and water loss from the source and linkage of elements,which will make soil and water ecological conservation enter a new era.

Position and Role of the Soil and Water Conservation in Building Ecological Province of Anhui

According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.

Water and Soil Conservation in Taiwan Based on Theoretical Research of Water and Soil Ecology

Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.

A review of soil and water conservation in China

The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources isone of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all thesocial improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecologicalenvironmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safetyinsurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and waterloss has been recognized as 'the No.1 killer' to the ecological environment. The nation is on thestags of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland areawith complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and waterloss. Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the datacollected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims toreview the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soiland water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies forsoil and water conservation in China.

Implementation Approaches of Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Water Conservancy in Zhejiang Province

According to the practices in the field of ecological compensation for water conservancy in Zhejiang Province,this article points out the problems and shortcomings in the ecological compensation mechanism for water conservancy,analyzes the obstacles to the effective running of the mechanism,explains the internal reasons for the implementation process of the mechanism,and discusses the countermeasures for developing this mechanism.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

The Theory of Soil and Water Ecology is a Major Scientific Issue

The theory of soil and water ecology is an important scientific issue related to the fundamental and overall situation of ecological environment and has important strategic significance for the protection of the earth’s ecological environment.Applying the theory of soil and water ecology to soil and water conservation can upgrade soil and water conservation from version 1.0 to version 2.0 of soil and water ecological conservation and further expand the space of soil and water conservation.The paper suggests that while giving full play to the existing strength of soil and water conservation departments,it should establish national soil and water conservation commission for coordinating multi sector forces and vigorously promoting the realization of beautiful and rich China.

HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms.Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation,lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regionalcapacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.

Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Technology in China

Analysis of the development of research and technical application is a critical basis for the identification and evaluation for suitable soil and water conservation ecological technology（SWCET） in China. Among instruments for analyzing the development of research and technical application, bibliometric statistics and visualization tools such as Cite Space have been widely applied. To analyze the domestic development of SWCET, we applied Cite Space to the CNKI（China National Knowledge Infrastructure） database on Chinese research literature（from Jan 1985 to Mar 2017） and patents（Jan 2002 to Feb 2017）. The circulation of research after 2002 and quantity of patents after 2010 increased rapidly. Research institutions, people and interests were dispersed, a strong center of research has not been formed and cooperation among research institutions is weak. The number of patented inventions in western regions of China suffering serious soil erosion is far lower than that in eastern regions such as Jiangsu, Beijing, Shandong and Guangdong. Vegetation restoration, ecological slope protection and protective cultivation are relative hotspots according to technical measures： the Loess Plateau, stony desertification（area） and dry-hot valley according to research area, and expressway, side slope and sloping cropland according to application area. Research hotspots mainly appeared several years after the number of published papers increased in 2002. In the past five years, only stony desertification has emerged as a focus. We argue that further studies on the identification and evaluation of SWCET should be focused on certain technical measures, regions and areas.

黄河流域-黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展:成效、问题与对策

水土保持是新时期山水林田湖草沙系统治理的核心,在保障黄土高原生态安全屏障方面具有重要作用.黄土高原地区自实施一系列生态治理工程以来,水土保持和生态建设等成绩斐然.基于长期监测及生态系统关键过程等研究基础,分析了黄土高原水土保持与生态治理的成效,剖析了水土保持高质量发展中存在的主要问题,主要表现在区域脆弱的生态环境仍未根本改变、生态系统稳定性仍面临巨大挑战、灾害风险依然较为严重、水土保持监管水平薄弱等方面.据此,从该地区水土保持与生态高质量发展角度出发,提出了未来黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展的若干对策建议,以更好地服务黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略.

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制及试点设想

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值的实现是“两山”转化的重要途径,也是践行“双碳”目标的重要内容。在界定水土保持碳汇生态产品内涵基础上,论述了基于“主体—要素—运行”多层次框架,构建“多主体协同—多要素投入—全周期运行”的水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制,并以福建省龙岩市为试点示范区,系统梳理其试点基础及必要性,并提出相关的试点策略,以期为龙岩市及类似地区实践提供一定的决策参考。

砒砂岩区生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展关键技术与模式

探索生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与途径,是促进水土保持生态治理高质量发展的重要课题。为此,以生态治理难度极大的黄河流域砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于生态经济学、生态产业技术的理论与方法,提出了生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的基本原理和应遵循的原则,探索了生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与模式,并开展了示范应用。1)生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的原理是行为互驱动、效应互补偿,应遵循的原则是“双律适应、适地适生、三方意愿”;2)鉴于砒砂岩覆土区、覆沙区、裸露区生态环境有明显差异,分别构建了小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的综合治理措施体系和模式,以坡顶、坡面和沟道为水土保持措施配置的3个地貌单元,选择兼具水土保持功能和饲用、药用、食用等经济开发价值的作物进行生物措施配置,配合注浆固结、抗蚀促生、砒砂岩改性等新的工程技术措施进行生态治理;3)研发了物理-化学-生物综合改良砒砂岩土壤、砒砂岩复配风沙土+生物改良提质、灌草优化平茬及饲料加工、煤矸石改性资源化利用、高陡边坡抗蚀+控渗+植生固稳、生态果园建植等关键技术;4)基于砒砂岩覆沙区“土壤改良固沙+”(如土壤改良固沙+经济林种植、土壤改良固沙+梭梭草套种甘草等)生态治理模式的实践与示范,探索实施了“政府支持,科技支撑,企业产业化+公益性投资,农牧民市场化参与”的多元投资、多方参与、共同受益运行机制与模式。通过灌草平茬饲料加工、土壤改良、经济作物种植等产业化中试,以及矿区回填区生态恢复、小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展示范性实践,表明脆弱生态区治理中发展生态衍生产业具有广阔的前景。

水土保持生态产品价值实现理论与实践研究辨析

建立水土保持生态产品价值实现机制,是落实习近平生态文明思想的重要任务,是水土保持高质量发展的内在要求。目前水土保持生态产品“难度量、难抵押、难交易、难变现”。通过对有关理论研究及实践探索工作的总结与梳理,厘清了水土保持生态产品的内涵及重要意义,系统辨析了水土保持生态产品的属性特征、产品特点、价值构成、功能定位和产业化路径等内容,并对水土保持生态产品价值实现的关键环节进行了讨论,从提高认识、出台相关标准、拓宽实现路径、提升水土保持生态产品价值、强化水土保持生态产品监测评估等方面提出建议,以期为建立健全水土保持生态产品价值实现机制提供决策思考与支持。

深入推进水土保持碳汇工作 提升水土保持生态产品供给能力

文章阐述了水土保持碳汇的基本内涵与其主要特征,分析认为水土保持是巩固和提升生态系统碳汇能力的重要方面,对我国实现碳中和具有重要作用。研究提出进一步推动水土保持碳汇工作的主要举措,包括深化碳汇基础研究和技术攻关、巩固提升碳汇作用与碳汇能力、完善碳汇监测和计量核算体系、推动建立水土保持碳汇价值实现机制等。

根土复合体力学效应及其模型构建研究进展与展望

[目的]为探究根土复合体的力学效应机理及模型方法应用。[方法]采用文献分析和对比分析法,归纳分析根土复合体概念和内涵、根土复合体力学效应及力学模型原理、优缺点以及适用范围。[结果](1)根土复合体是根系与土体之间力学耦合效应的复合整体,根系在土体中交叉缠绕,起到加固作用;(2)根系与土体力学关系实质上是根土复合体土力、水力和复合力学特性作用的结果,土力特性、水力特性分别侧重研究根系对土体的影响和土中水分对土体和根系的影响,复合力学特性侧重于根土复合体自身特性对植物根系特征以及结构的直接影响,从而通过三者作用使根系与土体的力学关系处于动态平衡之中;(3)根土复合体复合力学模型研究较土力和水力学模型略少,土力学和水力学模型都是根据量化参数,通过参数间对比来衡量固土效果,但复合力学特性同时涉及土力特性和水力特性,考虑全面,应是未来研究的重点方向。[结论]未来在开展冻融循环、干湿交替、干热循环对不同地区根系与土体相互作用的影响、多类型植物混种抗剪强度、化学作用和微生物作用对土水特性影响机理及复合模型构建等方面有待深入研究。研究结果可为生态脆弱区植被恢复、水土保持和可持续发展等提供重要的理论价值和工程借鉴意义。

黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式研究进展

为了给黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略的实施及乡村振兴等提供科技支撑,对多年来黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展的研究成果、关键技术及典型模式进行系统归纳,分析了当前存在的突出问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式是随着水土保持工作不断发展和生态文明建设、乡村振兴等多项国家战略的实施而逐步建立和不断丰富完善的,多年来黄河流域各地区针对严重的水土流失探索了多种生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式,包括水土保持-地貌-生态经济高适配生态经济型综合治理模式、水土保持型生态农业经济模式、风沙区水土保持-生态经济融合发展模式、砒砂岩区生态治理-衍生产业协同发展模式、半干旱区乡村能源生态型良性循环模式、黄土高塬水土保持型生态经济带治理模式等。当前存在的突出问题有:生态治理-生态经济协同发展的理念薄弱,二者的协同性不高且耦合协调的空间不均衡,发展模式结构单一、规模效益不高等。建议:创新生态治理-生态经济协同发展的理论与关键技术;建立多元化投入机制,创建以高质量发展为目标的新型生态治理与经济协同发展模式及其生产与产业体系,探索“全托全链”的推广机制;构建适宜的技术体系、产业体系、经营体系和人才支撑体系;建立生态治理与生态经济协同发展先行试验示范县,引领和优化区域现代生态治理与经济的协同发展。

水土保持生态产品价值实现理论探索

水土保持生态产品价值实现具有重要意义。尝试界定水土保持生态产品概念,对产品进行分类,探索构建水土保持生态产品价值核算方法,分析水土保持生态产品价值转化路径,梳理浙江省安吉县石门坑清洁小流域水土保持生态产品价值转化经验,提出加快推动水土保持生态产品价值实现的对策建议,以期为推动水土保持高质量发展和建设美丽中国提供有益参考。

黄土丘陵区人工移植生物结皮集雨面的集雨效率及其抗侵蚀破损能力

[目的]为探讨黄土丘陵区不同类型人工生物结皮集雨面的集雨效果及抗侵蚀破损能力。[方法]以人工移植培养的藻类和藓类生物结皮为研究对象,以裸土为对照,分别对其进行野外模拟降雨和抗侵蚀试验(坡面冲刷、土壤静水崩解和单雨滴溅蚀试验),分析不同类型集雨面的集雨效率与土壤抗冲系数、土壤崩解速率和溅蚀量等抗侵蚀能力指标的差异。[结果](1)生物结皮集雨面显著提高集雨效率。当雨强为100 mm/h时,相较于裸土,生物结皮集雨面的集雨效率显著提高33.3%(F=300.12,p<0.001)。(2)生物结皮显著降低产沙量并提高抗冲系数。与裸土相比,藻结皮和藓结皮的产沙量分别减少178.8%和364.6%,藓结皮和藻结皮的最大抗冲系数分别是裸土的4.6,2.8倍。(3)生物结皮显著降低土壤崩解速率和最大崩解率,且不同生物结皮类型差异显著。与裸土(6.46 g/min)相比,藻结皮和藓结皮的土壤崩解速率分别降低35.0%和60.2%;生物结皮平均最大崩解率较裸土降低23.8%。(4)生物结皮显著提高临界击穿雨滴动能并降低土壤溅蚀量。藓结皮和藻结皮的临界击穿雨滴动能分别是裸土(0.5 J)的3.9,21.9倍。同时,生物结皮较裸土(0.156 g)的单雨滴溅蚀量平均减少75.3%。[结论]人工移植培养的生物结皮集雨面显著提高集雨效率和表层土壤的抗侵蚀能力,对旱区集雨措施的可持续利用和水土保持方面具有重要意义。