Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

On Soil and Water,Soil and Water Ecology,and Soil and Water Ecological Conservation

On the basis of discussing the positions and functions of soil and water in terrestrial ecosystem,the concept of soil and water ecology is put forward.It is thought that the integral concept of inseparability between vegetation and soil,water is an important feature of soil and water ecology.Meanwhile,a new definition for soil and water ecological conservation is given,and it is divided into four types:ecological,natural,production and construction.At the height of soil and water ecology,it is an active,organic and holistic concept of soil and water conservation,and is deepening and development of the cognitive view on soil and water conservation to understand and control soil and water loss from the source and linkage of elements,which will make soil and water ecological conservation enter a new era.

Position and Role of the Soil and Water Conservation in Building Ecological Province of Anhui

According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.

Implementation Approaches of Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Water Conservancy in Zhejiang Province

According to the practices in the field of ecological compensation for water conservancy in Zhejiang Province,this article points out the problems and shortcomings in the ecological compensation mechanism for water conservancy,analyzes the obstacles to the effective running of the mechanism,explains the internal reasons for the implementation process of the mechanism,and discusses the countermeasures for developing this mechanism.

Improving the ecological compensation mechanism for drinking water source in Yunnan province

Ecological compensation mechanism for drinking water source is one of the effective economic ways to solve the issues of the shortage of the protection investment and the lack of the driving forces to protect the water quality.The successful cases of compensation mechanism for drinking water source have examined the dilemma of improving the trans-administrative boundary compensation mechanism both in China and Yunnan.The lack of the provincial rules and regulations in Yunnan is the fundamental reason for the local government not willingly to establish the compensation mechanism.On the other hand,the shortage of the compensation funds is the key difficulty for the shareholders to reach an agreement.Formulating the rules and regulations about the construction of the compensation mechanism of drinking water source in Yunnan would be a feasible way to stipulate the local government to set up the compensation mechanism.Meanwhile,designing a complete set of compensation mechanism would make full use of the mechanism to work well to protect the water quality in an economic way.

Water and Soil Conservation in Taiwan Based on Theoretical Research of Water and Soil Ecology

Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

The Theory of Soil and Water Ecology is a Major Scientific Issue

The theory of soil and water ecology is an important scientific issue related to the fundamental and overall situation of ecological environment and has important strategic significance for the protection of the earth’s ecological environment.Applying the theory of soil and water ecology to soil and water conservation can upgrade soil and water conservation from version 1.0 to version 2.0 of soil and water ecological conservation and further expand the space of soil and water conservation.The paper suggests that while giving full play to the existing strength of soil and water conservation departments,it should establish national soil and water conservation commission for coordinating multi sector forces and vigorously promoting the realization of beautiful and rich China.

Tourism Development Models Based on Ecological Utilization and Protection of Water Conservancy Scenic Areas

In view of major confl icts between ecological conditions of scenic areas and tourism development, tourism development models and approaches of six major water conservancy scenic areas were summarized on the basis of investigating interaction mechanism, ecological utilization and protection of scenic areas, including reservoir development and construction model, wetland development and construction model, natural river and lake development and construction model, city river and lake development and construction model, irrigated area development and construction model, water and soil conservation development and construction model. The research fruits are of instructive signif icance for the management and development of scenic areas.

HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms.Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation,lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regionalcapacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.

黄河流域-黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展:成效、问题与对策

水土保持是新时期山水林田湖草沙系统治理的核心,在保障黄土高原生态安全屏障方面具有重要作用.黄土高原地区自实施一系列生态治理工程以来,水土保持和生态建设等成绩斐然.基于长期监测及生态系统关键过程等研究基础,分析了黄土高原水土保持与生态治理的成效,剖析了水土保持高质量发展中存在的主要问题,主要表现在区域脆弱的生态环境仍未根本改变、生态系统稳定性仍面临巨大挑战、灾害风险依然较为严重、水土保持监管水平薄弱等方面.据此,从该地区水土保持与生态高质量发展角度出发,提出了未来黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展的若干对策建议,以更好地服务黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略.

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制及试点设想

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值的实现是“两山”转化的重要途径,也是践行“双碳”目标的重要内容。在界定水土保持碳汇生态产品内涵基础上,论述了基于“主体—要素—运行”多层次框架,构建“多主体协同—多要素投入—全周期运行”的水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制,并以福建省龙岩市为试点示范区,系统梳理其试点基础及必要性,并提出相关的试点策略,以期为龙岩市及类似地区实践提供一定的决策参考。

砒砂岩区生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展关键技术与模式

探索生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与途径,是促进水土保持生态治理高质量发展的重要课题。为此,以生态治理难度极大的黄河流域砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于生态经济学、生态产业技术的理论与方法,提出了生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的基本原理和应遵循的原则,探索了生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与模式,并开展了示范应用。1)生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的原理是行为互驱动、效应互补偿,应遵循的原则是“双律适应、适地适生、三方意愿”;2)鉴于砒砂岩覆土区、覆沙区、裸露区生态环境有明显差异,分别构建了小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的综合治理措施体系和模式,以坡顶、坡面和沟道为水土保持措施配置的3个地貌单元,选择兼具水土保持功能和饲用、药用、食用等经济开发价值的作物进行生物措施配置,配合注浆固结、抗蚀促生、砒砂岩改性等新的工程技术措施进行生态治理;3)研发了物理-化学-生物综合改良砒砂岩土壤、砒砂岩复配风沙土+生物改良提质、灌草优化平茬及饲料加工、煤矸石改性资源化利用、高陡边坡抗蚀+控渗+植生固稳、生态果园建植等关键技术;4)基于砒砂岩覆沙区“土壤改良固沙+”(如土壤改良固沙+经济林种植、土壤改良固沙+梭梭草套种甘草等)生态治理模式的实践与示范,探索实施了“政府支持,科技支撑,企业产业化+公益性投资,农牧民市场化参与”的多元投资、多方参与、共同受益运行机制与模式。通过灌草平茬饲料加工、土壤改良、经济作物种植等产业化中试,以及矿区回填区生态恢复、小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展示范性实践,表明脆弱生态区治理中发展生态衍生产业具有广阔的前景。

深入推进水土保持碳汇工作 提升水土保持生态产品供给能力

文章阐述了水土保持碳汇的基本内涵与其主要特征,分析认为水土保持是巩固和提升生态系统碳汇能力的重要方面,对我国实现碳中和具有重要作用。研究提出进一步推动水土保持碳汇工作的主要举措,包括深化碳汇基础研究和技术攻关、巩固提升碳汇作用与碳汇能力、完善碳汇监测和计量核算体系、推动建立水土保持碳汇价值实现机制等。

根土复合体力学效应及其模型构建研究进展与展望

[目的]为探究根土复合体的力学效应机理及模型方法应用。[方法]采用文献分析和对比分析法,归纳分析根土复合体概念和内涵、根土复合体力学效应及力学模型原理、优缺点以及适用范围。[结果](1)根土复合体是根系与土体之间力学耦合效应的复合整体,根系在土体中交叉缠绕,起到加固作用;(2)根系与土体力学关系实质上是根土复合体土力、水力和复合力学特性作用的结果,土力特性、水力特性分别侧重研究根系对土体的影响和土中水分对土体和根系的影响,复合力学特性侧重于根土复合体自身特性对植物根系特征以及结构的直接影响,从而通过三者作用使根系与土体的力学关系处于动态平衡之中;(3)根土复合体复合力学模型研究较土力和水力学模型略少,土力学和水力学模型都是根据量化参数,通过参数间对比来衡量固土效果,但复合力学特性同时涉及土力特性和水力特性,考虑全面,应是未来研究的重点方向。[结论]未来在开展冻融循环、干湿交替、干热循环对不同地区根系与土体相互作用的影响、多类型植物混种抗剪强度、化学作用和微生物作用对土水特性影响机理及复合模型构建等方面有待深入研究。研究结果可为生态脆弱区植被恢复、水土保持和可持续发展等提供重要的理论价值和工程借鉴意义。

生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀在改善土壤侵蚀中的应用

【目的】雨、雪、波浪、风等作用常会引起土壤侵蚀。生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(MICP/EICP)由于环境友好的特点已成为岩土和地质领域的研究热点之一。为了探究MICP/EICP在土壤抗侵蚀性方面的效果,【方法】介绍了MICP/EICP的矿化过程,基于现有成果总结了MICP/EICP改善不同类型土壤侵蚀效果。【结果】结果显示:对于土壤适应性,MICP处理粗砂的无侧限抗压强度和CaCO_(3)含量高于EICP,而在粉细砂中结果相反。对于遇水崩解特性,MICP改性黏土中25μm以下颗粒质量减少,75~250μm颗粒质量分数增加,团聚体变大,有效降低了黏土、黄土、黏性紫色土崩解速率和崩解率。对于波浪侵蚀特性,随喷洒固化次数由1增加到4,海岸砂质边坡侵蚀速率呈对数下降,固化18次后,30次潮汐变化下坡角几乎不变。对于切向水流侵蚀特性,1 g/L的黄原胶溶液结合MICP固化2次的样品和0.5 mol/L胶结液结合掺入0.2%纤维所得到的固化土的抗侵蚀性优于单纯高剂量MICP处理的结果。对于风蚀,MICP固化时,0.25 mol/L胶结液可达到抗风蚀效果,而EICP反应较快应加入抑制剂。对于多次干湿和冻融循环侵蚀,MICP/EICP处理试样的强度和侵蚀量都好于未处理试样,EICP处理砂土样的耐久性效果不如MICP明显。【结论】结果表明:MICP适用于粗粒土,生成的CaCO_(3)整体性好;EICP脲酶分子小,工艺简单,可应用于细粒土中,但生成的CaCO_(3)较松散。MICP/EICP作用可有效降低细粒土的遇水崩解特性,有效降低海岸砂质边坡的波浪侵蚀,与纤维或生聚物结合可改善固化土的脆性,抵抗切向水流的侵蚀。低浓度的胶结液配方即可抵抗风蚀。MICP/EICP可提高固化土的耐久性。

黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式研究进展

为了给黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略的实施及乡村振兴等提供科技支撑,对多年来黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展的研究成果、关键技术及典型模式进行系统归纳,分析了当前存在的突出问题,并提出了相应的对策建议。黄河流域生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式是随着水土保持工作不断发展和生态文明建设、乡村振兴等多项国家战略的实施而逐步建立和不断丰富完善的,多年来黄河流域各地区针对严重的水土流失探索了多种生态治理与生态经济协同发展模式,包括水土保持-地貌-生态经济高适配生态经济型综合治理模式、水土保持型生态农业经济模式、风沙区水土保持-生态经济融合发展模式、砒砂岩区生态治理-衍生产业协同发展模式、半干旱区乡村能源生态型良性循环模式、黄土高塬水土保持型生态经济带治理模式等。当前存在的突出问题有:生态治理-生态经济协同发展的理念薄弱,二者的协同性不高且耦合协调的空间不均衡,发展模式结构单一、规模效益不高等。建议:创新生态治理-生态经济协同发展的理论与关键技术;建立多元化投入机制,创建以高质量发展为目标的新型生态治理与经济协同发展模式及其生产与产业体系,探索“全托全链”的推广机制;构建适宜的技术体系、产业体系、经营体系和人才支撑体系;建立生态治理与生态经济协同发展先行试验示范县,引领和优化区域现代生态治理与经济的协同发展。

水土保持生态产品价值实现理论探索

水土保持生态产品价值实现具有重要意义。尝试界定水土保持生态产品概念,对产品进行分类,探索构建水土保持生态产品价值核算方法,分析水土保持生态产品价值转化路径,梳理浙江省安吉县石门坑清洁小流域水土保持生态产品价值转化经验,提出加快推动水土保持生态产品价值实现的对策建议,以期为推动水土保持高质量发展和建设美丽中国提供有益参考。

黄土丘陵区人工移植生物结皮集雨面的集雨效率及其抗侵蚀破损能力

[目的]为探讨黄土丘陵区不同类型人工生物结皮集雨面的集雨效果及抗侵蚀破损能力。[方法]以人工移植培养的藻类和藓类生物结皮为研究对象,以裸土为对照,分别对其进行野外模拟降雨和抗侵蚀试验(坡面冲刷、土壤静水崩解和单雨滴溅蚀试验),分析不同类型集雨面的集雨效率与土壤抗冲系数、土壤崩解速率和溅蚀量等抗侵蚀能力指标的差异。[结果](1)生物结皮集雨面显著提高集雨效率。当雨强为100 mm/h时,相较于裸土,生物结皮集雨面的集雨效率显著提高33.3%(F=300.12,p<0.001)。(2)生物结皮显著降低产沙量并提高抗冲系数。与裸土相比,藻结皮和藓结皮的产沙量分别减少178.8%和364.6%,藓结皮和藻结皮的最大抗冲系数分别是裸土的4.6,2.8倍。(3)生物结皮显著降低土壤崩解速率和最大崩解率,且不同生物结皮类型差异显著。与裸土(6.46 g/min)相比,藻结皮和藓结皮的土壤崩解速率分别降低35.0%和60.2%;生物结皮平均最大崩解率较裸土降低23.8%。(4)生物结皮显著提高临界击穿雨滴动能并降低土壤溅蚀量。藓结皮和藻结皮的临界击穿雨滴动能分别是裸土(0.5 J)的3.9,21.9倍。同时,生物结皮较裸土(0.156 g)的单雨滴溅蚀量平均减少75.3%。[结论]人工移植培养的生物结皮集雨面显著提高集雨效率和表层土壤的抗侵蚀能力,对旱区集雨措施的可持续利用和水土保持方面具有重要意义。

石漠化边坡及其植被板槽的地下渗漏一体化综合观测技术及应用模拟

【目的】表土贫瘠的石漠化边坡的地表和地下水土流失严重,限制了该地区的植被恢复,其水土保持生态防护是目前绿色公路建设的热点问题。【方法】结合广西贺巴高速来都段石漠化边坡应用梯级植被板槽进行水土保持的工程需求,研发了石漠化边坡地下渗漏的一体化综合观测技术,并利用数值分析软件,分别对该石漠化边坡及其植被板槽水土流失一体化综合观测的概化模型,进行应用性的数值试验模拟观测和分析。【结果】数值试验结果表明:石漠化边坡在仅覆盖一层薄土层时,总地下渗漏量达到65%以上,随着岩溶裂隙率和裂隙倾角的增加,基岩裂隙渗漏量占比增加,表层岩溶带渗漏量占比减小;在石漠化边坡上设置集约化填土的植被板槽措施后,在不考虑板槽底的防渗漏材料时,总地下渗漏量占比变成40%左右,与仅覆盖一层薄土的石漠化边坡相比地下渗漏占比降低25%以上。石漠化边坡上植被板槽的蓄水效率随植被覆盖度的增加而增加;坡度的增加会造成裸露边坡的地下渗漏量增加,因此必须加强石漠化边坡集雨面功能的建设和坡面降雨径流收集。【结论】研究成果可为石漠化边坡植被板槽水土保持生态防护措施的现场研究和工程应用提供理论依据。