A comparison between different ecological de-farming modes in the loess hilly-gully region in China

The eco-environmental restoration has been a chief task of the western development strategies carried out by the central and local governments of China since the late 1990s, and the ecological de-farming has been regarded as a powerful measure for the ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. "Relieving and de-farming" (RD) and "rebuilding terrace and de-farming" (RTD) are two more mature ones among various de-farming modes. Taking the loess hilly-gully region as a case, this paper summarized the basic characteristics of RD and RTD modes, calculated the sizes of de-farming slope farmland, rebuilt terraces, enlarged garden plots and restored vegetation, and compared the differences of two modes in terms of de-farming area, ecological reestablishment index, investment demand amount and benefits. The results showed that RTD mode has many advantages, including suitable investment, sufficient grain supply and great benefits, and will be the best ecological reestablishment mode in the loess hilly-gully region, and RD mode which is being carried out in this region should be replaced by RTD mode as soon as possible.

Simulation of Urban Land Expansion Under Ecological Constraints in Harbin-Changchun Urban Agglomeration,China

Under the demand of urban expansion and the constraints of China’s’National Main Functional Area Planning’policy,urban agglomerations are facing with a huge contradiction between land utilization and ecological protection,especially for HarbinChangchun urban agglomeration who owns a large number of land used for the protection of agricultural production and ecological function.To alleviate this contradiction and provide insight into future land use patterns under different ecological constraints’scenarios,we introduced the patch-based land use simulation(PLUS)model and simulated urban expansion of the Harbin-Changchun urban agglomeration.After verifying the accuracy of the simulation result in 2018,we predicted future urban expansion under the constraints of three different ecological scenarios in 2026.The morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)method and minimum cumulative resistance(MCR)model were also introduced to identify different levels of ecological security pattern(ESP)as ecological constraints.The predicted result of the optimal protection(OP)scenario showed less proportion of water and forest than those of natural expansion(NE)and basic protection(BP)scenarios in 2026.The conclusions are that the PLUS model can improve the simulation accuracy at urban agglomeration scale compared with other cellular automata(CA)models,and the future urban expansion under OP scenario has the least threat to the ecosystem,while the expansion under the natural expansion(NE)scenario poses the greatest threat to the ecosystem.Combined with the MSPA and MCR methods,PLUS model can also be used in other spatial simulations of urban agglomerations under ecological constraints.

Spatio-temporal Dynamic Simulation of Land use and Ecological Risk in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration,China

Rapid urbanization leads to dramatic changes in land use patterns,and the land use/cover change(LUCC)can reflect the spatial impact of urbanization on the ecological environment.Simulating the process of LUCC and predicting the ecological risk future changes can provide supports for urban ecological management.Taking the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration(YRDUA),China as the study area,four developmental scenarios were set on the basis of the land use data from 2005 to 2015.The temporal land use changes were predicted by the integration of the system dynamic and the future land use simulation(SD-FLUS)model,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model was used to identify the spatial heterogeneity and evolution characteristics between ecological risk index(ERI)and socio-economic driving forces.Results showed that:1)From 2005 to 2015,the expansion of construction land(7670.24 km^(2))mainly came from the occupation of cultivated land(7854.22 km2).The Kappa coefficient of the SD-FLUS model was 0.886,indicating that this model could be used to predict the future land use changes in the YRDUA.2)Gross domestic production(GDP)and population density(POP)showed a positive effect on the ERI,and the impact of POP exceeded that of GDP.The ERI showed the characteristics of zonal diffusion and a slight upward trend,and the high ecological risk region increased by 6.09%,with the largest increase.3)Under different developmental scenarios,the land use and ecological risk patterns varied.The construction land is increased by 5.76%,7.41%,5.25%and 6.06%,respectively.And the high ecological risk region accounted for 12.71%,15.06%,11.89%,and 12.94%,correspondingly.In Scenario D,the structure of land use and ecological risk pattern was better compared with other scenarios considering the needs of rapid economic and ecological protection.This study is helpful to understand the spatio-temporal pattern and demand of land use types,grasp the ecological security pattern of large-scale areas,and provide scientific basis for the territory development of urban agglomeration in the future.

Assessment of Ecological Risk to Land Use in Liaoning Province Based on Climate Change

Based on the climatic data and other statistics of climatic data of 54 meteorological stations from 1956 to 2005 in Liangning Province,the annual and seasonal light,heat and water and the like major elements of climatic resources are diagnosed and analyzed by using the method of linear climate trend rate. The results show that warming trend is 0.25 ℃/10 a,the precipitation decrease gradually by 2.2 mm/a and the decreasing trend of solar radiation and hours of sunshine is not dramatic. The overall climate change trend is warming and drying,featuring "significantly increased temperature,the decreased precipitation and sunshine". These features are significant in autumn,thus leading to the trend of moving west and retreating east of the phenology boundaries. The results of scenario analysis on ecological security show that the ecological risk is spreading rapidly from the northwest to the east and to the south and form the southeastern and southern coastal line to the inland;different ecological land-use system have different ecological fragility. Specifically,the bare land and low coverage grassland have highest ecological vulnerability,while the forest and paddy filed have lowest ecological vulnerability. Therefore,suggestions on the ecological land use are put forward in terms of maintaining the overall ecological land use balance,saving water and adapting to climate change.

Factor analysis and countermeasure simulation on the socio-ecological environment risks during the development of coalbed methane:based on the DEMATEL and FCM models

The socio-ecological environmental problem caused by the development of coalbed methane(CBM)is becoming more serious,so it is very significant for accelerating the development of CBM industrialization to identify the main influential factors of socioecological environmental risks and take effective risk prevention measures.Based on the triangular fuzzy number method,this paper firstly establishes a comprehensive correlation matrix.Then,the affected factors of socio-ecological environmental risks are analyzed by the DEMATEL method during the development of CBM.Then according to the aspects of centrality and causality,the key indicators are determined.Furthermore,the scenario simulation based on the FCM,the steady-state value and the comprehensive importance of key indicators,and the core indicators are selected.Finally,the scenario simulation of risk management countermeasure is done.The results show that:①The index weights are calculated by the triangular fuzzy numbers,and the correlation matrix in DEMATEL is obtained by the weight ratio,which reduces the shortcomings and the subjectivity of traditional DEMATEL method.②The correlation matrix in FCM is established based on the comprehensive correlation matrix in the above improved DEMATEL,which not only makes the FCM model more comprehensive and reduces the difficulty that the FCM correlation matrix is obtained considering the indirect influence relationship between indicators,but also makes up for the disadvantages that DEMATEL excludes during the selection of the core indexes,which are the considerations of the dynamic change of the importance of the indicators.③The rate of forestry and grass coverage,the ratio of investment in prevention and construction,the pollution index of soil Merlot,the reliability of machinery and equipment,the standard evaluation index of major pollution factors of underground water,and the ability of personal risk prevention are the key indicators,in which the rate of forestry and grass coverage,the ratio of investment in prevention and construction,and the reliability of machinery and equipment are the core indicators and are extremely important for the management of socio-ecological environmental risks during the development of coalbed methane.④The results of the scenario simulation of risk management countermeasure show that the core variables affect the socio-ecological environmental risks through such indicators as the degree of production mechanization,the degree of demolition and resettlement,and the ratio of economic loss by the influenced mechanism analysis;the ratio of investment in prevention and construction has the greatest impact on the socio-ecological environment risks in the early stage of CMB development,while the rate of forestry and grass coverage is the most important in the middle and late stages by the influenced result analysis.Therefore,this paper puts forward some corresponding stage suggestions on the prevention and control of socio-ecological environmental risks during the CMB development.In the early stage of CMB development,the ratio of investment in prevention and construction should be increased.In the middle stage,it is very important to reduce the damage of vegetation regions and to improve the reliability of machinery and equipment;in the late stage,the investment in prevention and construction should be increased steadily and the recovery of damaged vegetation areas should be focused on.

教育场景驱动的高校数据治理

教育数字化转型的重要任务之一是通过数据治理提高教育治理能力,当前数据治理呈现出场景化和智能化的趋势,但是以管理和标准为核心的静态治理理念难以适应应用场景的数字化转型和创新。该文首先从数据治理的视角探讨了教育场景的概念和特征,然后分析了当前高校教育场景数据治理中存在的数据不够“大”、数据不够“好”、数据未尽其“用”三个核心问题,提出高校教育场景驱动的数据治理方法和治理流程,教育场景中的原始数据经过数据资产化、数据标准化、数据要素化三个关键环节演化为具有计算属性、组织属性和教育属性的场景数据资产,作为关键要素进入到教育教学过程中,从而形成良性循环的数据资产生态,充分发挥数据资产的教育价值。

基于PLUS模型的2030年滹沱河流域山区段生态承载力时空格局多情景预测

为探讨滹沱河流域山区段当前及未来不同发展情景下生态承载力的时空变化,应用植被净初级生产力改进的生态足迹模型测算分析了流域2015—2020年生态承载力的时空格局变化,并借助经过精度验证的PLUS模型对2030年区域自然发展、经济发展及生态保护三种发展情景下的生态承载力时空格局进行预测。结果表明:2015—2030年滹沱河流域山区段单位面积生态承载力整体格局变化不大,但内部空间分异明显,整体呈东南及西北区域单位面积生态承载力高,而东北、西南部区域单位面积生态承载力低的特点。2015—2020年区域生态承载力总量由1.0780×10^(6)bhm^(2)增加到1.0796×10^(6)bhm^(2),呈上升趋势;2030年自然发展和经济发展情景下区域生态承载力总量分别为1.0783×10^(6)、1.0782×10^(6)bhm^(2),与2020年相比呈下降趋势,草地向耕地的转移、林地向建设用地的转移是生态承载力下降的主要原因;2030年生态保护情景下生态承载力总量为1.0802×10^(6)bhm^(2),与2020年相比呈上升趋势,耕地向林地、草地转移是区域生态承载力增加的主要原因。各类用地的生态承载力总量由高到低依次为草地>耕地>林地>建设用地>水域,生态保护情景有益于林地、草地生态承载力总量的增加,经济发展情景有益于耕地和建设用地生态承载力总量的增加,水域生态承载力总量在各种发展情景下变化较小。生态保护情景更有利于未来生态承载力的增加,符合区域未来发展方向。严格控制草地向耕地的转变以及林地向建设用地的转变,继续实施退耕还林、还草生态工程,加强区域废弃矿山生态复垦的力度,将会提高区域未来生态承载力,实现区域生态安全及经济、社会、生态的可持续发展。

多情景模拟下收缩城市生态需求测度与规划策略研究--以鹤岗市为例

收缩城市经历着全面而深刻的社会经济转型,需求再匹配成为应对城市收缩生态问题的重要途径。而由于收缩城市未来发展存在较强的不确定性,导致直接应用既有的测度方法已无法准确描绘城市的生态需求。依据生态系统服务供需理论,针对收缩城市的转型特征,以鹤岗为例,以生态模型法为主要测度手段,构建“多维度—多情景”需求测度指标体系;根据测度结果,提出尊重收缩、活力维护和产业振兴等七项重点生态管控策略,以此应对收缩城市未来发展的不确定性,在一定程度上解决了收缩城市绿色基础设施规划的前置问题,为收缩城市的生态建设管理和空间高质量发展提供依据。

基于多情景模拟的生态网络保护格局有效性评估——以桂林市为例

生态网络构建是维系区域生态系统完整性、缓解景观破碎化、限制城市扩张蔓延的有效手段。虽然已有研究针对生态网络的跨尺度衔接提出了基于尺度嵌套的规划思路,但土地扩张动态情景下这一思路对生态保护有效性尚需验证。通过设置“无生态网络”“非尺度嵌套生态网络”和“多尺度嵌套生态网络”三种约束情景,利用FLUS模型模拟了2030年桂林市土地利用格局变化,并选取景观指数,从市域和中心城区两个尺度,对生态网络保护格局的有效性进行了定量评估。结果表明:(1)桂林市土地利用类型中建设用地增量明显,2018年至2030年预计增加613.85 km^(2),变化幅度为46.52%,其次是水域,增加53.50 km^(2)、变化幅度为6.42%;(2)基于生态网络的规划政策及情景设置对区域建设用地扩张限制明显,而在多尺度嵌套的生态网络约束情景下,这种抑制作用将进一步增强,新增建设用地仅为237.49 km^(2),增长率为18.00%;(3)非尺度嵌套与多尺度嵌套的生态网络约束情景相比,后者在市域尺度及中心城区尺度上对遏制景观破碎化、改善景观连通性上都取得了更好的保护成效。研究揭示了将基于尺度嵌套的生态网络构建方案纳入未来土地扩张动态与机制中的有效性,为指导区域生态保护规划与实践、平衡保护与发展的矛盾提供了参考借鉴。

基于PLUS模型的长株潭都市圈景观生态风险动态分析

基于土地利用数据和景观生态风险评价模型,分析2000—2020年长株潭都市圈景观生态风险时空演变特征,结合PLUS模型科学预测自然发展情景和生态保护情景下2030年长株潭都市圈的景观生态风险空间分布格局。结果表明:①2000—2020年长株潭都市圈景观生态风险呈现北高南低、西高东低的空间分布特征,较低和中等生态风险区域总面积占比大于60%,生态风险加剧区域面积不到生态风险降低区域面积的1%,整体表现出高等级生态风险区向低等级生态风险区转移的特征;②研究区景观生态风险表现出较强的空间集聚特征,高—高集聚区主要分布在宁乡市、望城区、渌口区、雨花区和长沙县,低—低集聚区主要分布在研究区边界;③相比自然发展情景,生态保护情景下生态用地减少速率变缓,有助于缓解研究区生态风险,有利于构建和谐有序的生态安全格局。

基于SWAT模型的滏阳河流域断流河道复流研究

针对滏阳河流域断流河道生态修复的问题,为了实现断流河道尽可能恢复有水时间并且恢复基本生态功能的目标,基于节水措施和调水工程现状,通过建立滏阳河流域SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)水文模型,在模型中设置不同补水水量、补水方式的生态补水情景,分析不同情景下断流河道断面的径流量变化和恢复有水天数,并结合生态流量评价标准评价不同情景的河流生态恢复效果。结果表明:滏阳河流域邯郸断面在节水情景和调水情景中恢复河流生态效果较好,在通过上游节水措施和补充年调水1.00×10^(8)m^(3)/a的情景下,可以达到5—10月恢复有水184 d、恢复径流量3486.7×10^(4)m^(3)/a的目标;年内恢复径流峰值在8月中旬,并且河道年均径流量可以恢复到“好”等级的生态流量标准。滏阳河下游邢台断面在节水情景和调水情景下恢复径流量较少,河道有水天数不达标,需要在上游节水条件下补充外来调水水量1.50×10^(8)m^(3)/a来达到恢复年有水天数304 d、恢复径流量1906.5×10^(4)m^(3)/a的目标,年内恢复径流峰值分别在3月中旬和8月中旬;并且在达到恢复有水目标的情景下邢台断面仅达到“一般”等级的生态流量标准,需要考虑增加调水水量进行分时段单点位补水的补水方案。

耦合景观生态安全格局的南京市“三生”空间多情景模拟

[目的]阐明区域景观生态安全格局与“三生”空间多情景模拟的耦合过程,为维护区域生态安全、优化国土空间发展格局提供参考。[方法]将包含防洪、水土保持、生物保护和游憩等重要生态过程的综合景观生态安全格局作为约束条件耦合到FLUS模型中,设置农业空间优先、工业和生活空间优先、生态空间优先和三生空间均衡发展4类情景,预测了规划目标年(2025年和2035年)不同情景下“三生”空间结构与布局状况。[结果]南京市低、中、高安全水平生态用地规模分别为1537.41,2576.85,2928.59 km^(2),占比23.34%,39.12%,44.46%;相较其他3种情景,“三生”空间均衡发展情景下,维持中等水平的生态安全,各类空间变化趋势整体较为缓和,到2025年和2035年,生产空间基本维持现有水平,仅增加2.09,2.02 km^(2),生活空间增幅相对有限,分别为28.55,46.27 km^(2),生态空间缩减幅度有所放缓,分别为30.64,48.29 km^(2),该情景在满足经济发展对建设用地需求的同时,也能兼顾粮食安全和生态保护的要求,有利于促进经济、社会和生态全面协调可持续发展。[结论]以“三生”空间均衡发展为目标优化国土空间发展格局,有利于实现生产空间集约高效、生活空间宜居适度、生态空间山清水秀。

“粮食—生态”双安全约束下建设用地供需多情景模拟——以江苏省南京市为例

研究目的:以江苏省南京市为例,基于“反规划”理论,从“粮食—生态”双安全约束视角开展2030年和2035年建设用地供需多情景模拟,据此制定不同情景下建设用地差别化管控策略。研究方法:运用粮食需求预测法和景观生态安全格局构建法,反向测算研究区建设用地供给极限;并采用多元回归模型,结合建设用地扩张驱动因素,预测建设用地需求。研究结果:(1)“经济优先”、“生态涵养”和“均衡发展”三种情景下,2030年研究区耕地需求量分别为153 854.58 hm^(2)、179 497.01 hm^(2)、205 139.44 hm^(2),2035年达到157 157.71 hm^(2)、183 350.67 hm^(2)、209 543.62 hm^(2);景观生态安全格局构建结果显示,南京市低、中、高安全水平生态用地规模分别为153 741.28 hm^(2)、257 684.61 hm^(2)和292 859.35 hm^(2);三种情景下,2030年研究区建设用地需求量分别为200 121.21 hm^(2)、194 060.53 hm^(2)、195 683.63 hm^(2),2035年达到206 523.92 hm^(2)、196 523.96 hm^(2)、197 983.55 hm^(2);(2)相较于其他两种情景,均衡发展情景下目标年建设用地供需差整体较小,分别为785.40 hm^(2)和-5 918.70 hm^(2),2030年建设用地供需基本平衡,到2035年存在一定程度缺口,该情景在满足经济发展对建设用地合理需求的同时,也能兼顾“粮食—生态”双安全的基本要求。研究结论:不同情景下建设用地供需状况差异明显表明需要制定差别化的管控策略,以均衡发展情景为目标,有利于协调区域经济发展、粮食安全和生态保护的多目标土地利用供需矛盾。

新疆叶尔羌河流域景观生态风险评价及预测

景观生态风险评价是衡量一定范围内生态系统安全的重要手段。以叶尔羌河流域为研究区,综合Markov-PLUS模型与景观生态风险评价指数,分析并预测土地利用与景观生态风险的演变特征及未来多情景下的变化趋势,划分风险重点管理区域。结果表明:(1)2005—2020年叶尔羌河流域耕地、水体与建设用地增加,林地、草地与未利用地减少。2035年Ⅰ情景下土地利用遵循历史发展模式变化。相较于Ⅰ情景,Ⅱ情景下耕地增加,其他地类减少;Ⅲ情景下林地、草地与水体增加,耕地、建设用地与未利用地减少。(2)2005—2035年叶尔羌河流域景观生态风险整体呈上升趋势,空间分布呈“西南部低、东北部高”的特征。风险恶化区主要聚集在海拔较低的冲积平原,风险保持区主要分布在海拔较高的山地与冰川。(3)较Ⅰ情景与Ⅱ情景而言,Ⅲ情景景观生态风险指数均值较小,是未来流域实现生态保护和经济发展双赢的最优情景。(4)叶尔羌河流域东北部冲积平原为稳定高风险区,冲积平原边缘与西部山地为风险易变区,南部山地与冰川为风险增加滞后区。研究结果可为当地景观生态安全格局优化与生态风险防范或降低提供参考。

多情景视角下云南省“三生”空间变化模拟与效应评价

[目的]优化国土空间开发格局和统筹协调“三生”空间格局配置,是实现未来可持续发展的重点任务和根本途径。[方法]以云南省土地利用为基础,结合自然和社会发展因素,采用MOP-PLUS耦合模型模拟2030年经济优先、生态优先和协同发展3种情景下“三生”空间及效应变化。[结果](1)3种情景下经济效益分别增长40.29%,32.10%,34.79%,生态效益分别减少0.89%,0(未变),0.06%,生境质量均值分别下降0.78%,0.38%,0.43%,空间冲突强度均值分别增长2.79%,下降1.21%,下降2.32%;(2)3种情景生活空间均呈上升、生态空间呈下降趋势,生产空间仅在经济优先情景有较小增长;均存在生活空间侵占生产空间、生产空间再掠夺生态空间的情况,生活空间扩张呈中心向四周蚕食趋势;(3)不同发展情景下均伴随一定程度的生境质量下降,通过优化空间布局可平衡空间冲突;相较于其他情景,协同发展情景经济效益增幅适中,生境质量变化幅度相对均衡,空间冲突强度下降最多,符合兼顾生态保护、经济发展、社会进步的多重目标。[结论]形成的模拟-效应-优化的反馈调控机制,可与不同尺度、不同目标结合开展土地利用变化模拟与效应分析,为国土空间配置提供决策依据。

基于自然-经济综合视角的碳排放强度与生态盈亏多情景模拟研究——以淮海经济区为例

生态盈亏与碳排放强度是衡量生态环境质量与经济发展水平的重要指标,分析两者时空关联并预测未来演进方向对提升区域生态环境质量健康水平具有指导作用。以淮海经济区为研究对象,以2000年、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用PLUS模型、双变量自相关、耦合协调度及面板计量回归模型等方法,预测并分析淮海经济区2000—2036年3种情景下碳排放强度、生态盈亏的演化特征及时空关联。结果表明:(1)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区生态性呈下降趋势,强耕地保护情景下生态性微有下降,强生态保护情景下,生态性有所上升,自然要素是主导。(2)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区碳排放量逐渐加大,强耕地保护及强生态保护情景下,则呈下降趋势;三种状态下,碳排放强度均呈下降趋势,时间轴2010—2020年降幅较大,空间序河流水系地区碳排放强度降幅较大。(3)淮海经济区碳排放强度与生态盈亏呈负相关关系,低低和低高聚类主要分布在城镇建设用地周边,高低和高高聚类分布在人类干扰较少的自然区域;高高聚类主要位于河流水系交汇区,表明水域有效降低碳排放强度的功能。(4)淮海经济区的碳排放强度与生态盈亏之间的耦合协调度呈东西高、中部低的态势,高耦合协调度主要分布于低高聚类,即自然地区域,低耦合协调度主要分布于西部平原区;科学技术、经济发展水平及二产占比对耦合协调度呈正影响,城镇化率、道路密度呈负影响。研究认为,淮海经济区当前的土地利用方式,不利于区域环境质量的改善,建议进一步强化建设用地管控、大力推进高标准农田建设和水域保护,以耕地质量提升和水域保护加强提升粮食主产区环境质量健康水平。

基于PLUS模型的乌鲁木齐市“三生”空间多情景模拟

基于乌鲁木齐市2000年、2010年、2020年3期的土地利用数据,利用PLUS模型,选取了包括社会经济和自然环境在内的15项驱动因子,模拟了乌鲁木齐市2030年在生产发展、生活水平、生态保护、综合优化4种情景下的“三生”空间变化情况.结果表明:在2000~2020年间草地处持续缩减的状态,缩减了614.06km^(2);耕地表现为先小幅度增加后大幅度减少,共计减少了226.39km^(2);其他用地类型的面积则呈现持续增加的趋势;草地和未利用地之间的转化程度最剧烈.从多情景模拟结果来看:在四种情景演变预测中生活空间面积均呈扩张趋势,扩张程度最大可达85.86km^(2);在生产发展和生活水平情景下生产空间面积分别扩张了3.13km^(2)、38.17km^(2),生态空间面积则分别缩减了30.11km^(2)、124.03km^(2);在生态保护和综合优化情景下,生产空间面积有所缩减,最大缩减程度为149.8km^(2);综合优化情景下的用地类型空间变化趋势与生态保护情景的模拟的结果较为相似,不同之处在于其变化趋势较为缓和.总体来看,综合优化情景下模拟的结果更符合城市发展和生态保护的要求.乌鲁木齐市必须抓住机遇,及时解决城市发展与生态保护间的矛盾,走可持续发展之路.

梯级水库中长期仿天然水文情势的生态流量多目标调度

针对现有研究较少从水文情势角度开展梯级水库中长期生态流量调度的现状,基于场景缩减(SBR)技术推求的仿天然水文情势生态流量过程,以梯级水库下泄流量与生态流量的动态时间规整(DTW)距离最小为生态目标,以梯级水库发电量最大为发电目标,构建梯级水库多目标生态流量调度模型,并采用“参数模拟−优化”思路求解,选择金沙江中游梨园、阿海、金安桥、龙开口、鲁地拉和观音岩6座梯级水库,对1953-2015年的旬径流资料开展分析研究,为梯级水库中长期生态流量调度提供参考。结果表明,推求的仿天然水文情势生态流量具有明显的季节性波动和上下游断面量级差异特征;相较梯级水库原调度方案,优化调度方案可通过径流调节,改善梯级水库中长期生态和发电效益,在不影响生态目标的状态下,可增加511亿kW·h的发电量,相应增幅为1.35%;在不影响发电目标的情况下,可减少134253的DTW距离,相应降幅为3.85%。

基于CA_Markov模型多情景模拟的三峡库区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

[目的]探究三峡库区土地利用与生态环境质量时空演变特征,揭示土地利用变化引起的生态环境效应,为研究区土地资源整合和生态环境保护提供依据。[方法]选取2000年、2010年、2020年土地利用遥感监测数据,采用CA_Markov模型分别预测自然变化情景(NCS)和生态保护情景(EPS)下2030年土地利用空间格局,并通过转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、地统计分析、生态贡献率等方法,对三峡库区长时间序列土地利用变化及生态环境效应进行定量分析。[结果](1) 2000—2020年,三峡库区土地利用类型间转化明显,其中耕地转向建设用地,草地转向林地和耕地,建设用地面积增长量1 321.56 km^(2),增长率达275.02%。(2)模拟结果显示2030年生态保护情景下林地、草地面积比例均高于自然变化情景,而建设用地扩大规模相比自然变化情景显著减少。(3)三峡库区生态环境质量呈现出自西向东逐渐升高的阶梯式分布格局,2000—2030年其生态环境质量略微下降,由2000年的0.547 9降低至2030年的0.533 6。(4) 2000—2030年,降低三峡库区生态环境质量的两大主导因素是林、草地转为耕地,提高其生态环境质量的主要有利因素是耕地转为林地,生态贡献率比重超过70%。[结论]退耕还林还草和城市快速发展使三峡库区同时存在生态改善与生态恶化,但总的来看,研究区生态环境质量表现为改善略小于恶化的态势,建设用地、林地、耕地、草地之间的转化是其主要原因。