Synthesize dual goals:A study on China's ecological poverty alleviation system

How to break the vicious cycle of poverty and ecological degradation is widely concerned and discussed.In the poverty alleviation practices in China,ecological poverty alleviation(EPA)is regarded as an important way to synthesize the dual goals of poverty reduction and environmental protection and to achieve the win-win outcomes.Many Chinese researchers have fruitful research achievements on EPA yet they do not recognize that EPA is not a simple combination of various policies,but a complex system involving multiple policy instruments,governmental agencies,social forces,and agents.However,few studies abroad illustrate EPA in detail.They focus more on specific components of EPA such as payment for ecosystem services while overlooking the integral concept of EPA and practices from China.Based on field research in Guizhou Province,China,this paper proposes a framework of EPA with an effective multi-agent and co-government system,for demonstrating the concept and practice of EPA.With case analysis,we illustrate key elements in this system and their relationships,and how they play a vital role in pursuing win-win outcomes in environmental protection and poverty alleviation.The three dimensions of this EPA system have been discussed.The first is to strengthen the interaction among the agents.Many efforts should be made for establishing an efficient communication routine and a stable relationship among their interests.The second is to reinforce the connection between diverse elements in each policy subsystem,such as the systematization and coordination of the ecological industry development,the systematization of the links before,during,and after the relocation of ecological immigrants,etc.The third is to promote the interactions between the three subsystems,so that ecological enhancement,ecological compensation,and industrial development,and migration and relocation can promote each other,and ultimately promote the coordination of poverty alleviation and ecological protection in povertystricken areas.Thus,this paper analyzes how to establish the communication routine among the relevant agents of EPA,the interaction among the internal elements of the subsystems,and the relationship between the subsystems in series,trying to reveal the basic operating mechanism of the system.

Measurement and Promotion Strategy of Poverty Alleviation Effect through Ecological Tourism in Huanggang City

Huangang City is rich in ecotourism resources,in which more than 80%of ecotourism resources concentrate in poor countryside.According to the statistics,there are 4 tourism counties,15 famous tourism villages and 115 rural tourist attractions.But economic development in ecotourism scenic spots of Huanggang City is relatively backward,and the development of ecological economy is imminent,especially ecological tourism.Based on research results on poverty alleviation effect through ecological tourism at home and abroad,Huanggang City is taken as research object,and two input indexes(per capita comprehensive tourism income and per capita tourist reception)and three output indexes(per capita GDP,per capita net income of farmers,and per capita disposable income of urban residents)are used to establish evaluation index system of poverty alleviation effect through ecological tourism.Based on DEA-BCC model,11 counties(cities and districts)in Huanggang City are taken as decision-making units,and empirical analysis on poverty alleviation effect through tourism is conducted from three aspects:comprehensive efficiency,technical efficiency and scale efficiency.

Study of poverty alleviation strategy based on labor force quality improvement and ecological protection in Western China

Fragile ecological environment and poverty correlate to and reinforce each other closely in Western China.At the same time,Western China is also the most prominent area of the knowledge and human poverty with very low labor force quality.On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of poverty in Western China,this paper studies the coupling relationship between fragile ecological environment and poverty in Western China,including the impacts of fragile environment on poverty occurrence and the effects of ecological construction on poverty alleviation.It also analyzed how low labor quality causes persistent poverty in the western region.At the end of the paper,strategies of diversity poverty alleviation in Western China are suggested based on sustainable development,including education improvement,ecological construction,industries development,infrastructure construction,planning institution innovation,and so on.

Research Progress on Poverty Alleviation by Ecological Compensation

Ecological poverty alleviation is one of China’s accurate poverty alleviation strategies. The Guiding Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Three-year Action to Win the Fight against Poverty issued in August 2018 calls for innovating ecological poverty alleviation mechanisms,strengthening ecological protection and restoration in poor areas,and achieving a win-win situation of ecological improvement and poverty alleviation. Poverty alleviation by ecological compensation has realized the effective combination of ecological protection compensation and accurate poverty alleviation policy mechanism. Although China has achieved some practical results in ecological poverty alleviation at the policy level,the combination of ecological protection and accurate poverty alleviation and the corresponding policy measures have not yet been fully integrated. Moreover,the mode of ecological compensation for poverty alleviation is not perfect,and the corresponding operating mechanism of ecological compensation for poverty alleviation has not been fully established. This paper summarizes and expounds the present situation of ecological compensation research( including ecological compensation concept,ecological compensation mechanism,ecological compensation mode),the current situation of ecological poverty alleviation research( including the relationship between ecological compensation and poverty alleviation,ecological poverty alleviation model,ecological poverty alleviation mechanism),and then analyzes the main problems existing in the current poverty alleviation by ecological compensation. This paper puts forward the breakthrough points of establishing and perfecting ecological compensation to help the poor,so as to provide a reference basis for further promoting the development of ecological poverty alleviation.

The Long-Term Effective Mechanism of Rural Poverty Alleviation in China from the Perspective of Ecological Management

Based on the ecological environmental situation of poverty-stricken areas in China and the domestic and foreign research results,the long-term effective mechanism of sustainable poverty alleviation in China is established(the ideological premise is ecological culture,the material base is ecological economy and the basic guarantee is ecological system) from the perspective of ecological management.To be specific,ecological culture,the ideological premise of rural sustainable poverty alleviation in China,includes two aspects:the first one is upholding the Marxism,passing on the Chinese traditional ecological wisdom and fostering ecological consciousness;the second one is mirroring the thought of western modern ecological ethics,emphasizing ecological criticism and redoubling the ecological education.As for ecological economy,the material guarantee for sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas,also contents two aspects.The first one is promoting the way of "clean production" and developing ecological industry;the second one is building ecological concept of consumption and establishing the ecological lifestyle.In addition,ecological system,the basic guarantee of sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas,covers three terms.The first one is implementing the ecological policies and stipulating ecological plan;the second one is establishing perfect ecological legislation and ecological system and intensifying their implementation;the third one is enforcing ecological management in the process of sustainable poverty alleviation.Through the establishment of the above mechanism,we look forward to realizing sustainability of economic development and poverty alleviation effects in the process of poverty alleviation in Chinese rural areas,as well as ecological management of the poverty-stricken areas.

Theoretical Research on Cultivated Land Ecological Compensation Based on Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development

The effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation is related to whether China can build a well-off society on schedule. Poverty alleviation is an arduous and urgent major issue in China,and the Party and the government have always been very concerned about and attached importance to poverty alleviation. At present,China’s poverty alleviation and development faces enormous pressures and challenges. Some poor areas actually shoulder the heavy responsibility of ecological protection in the process of national development. The contradiction between economic development and ecological protection is intensifying. Objectively,these poor areas have made outstanding contributions and great sacrifices for the country’s ecological construction. Therefore,it is necessary to balance the two goals of poverty reduction and building an ecological environment and explore a win-win path that is in line with the actual ecological protection and poverty alleviation and development in poverty-stricken areas. Ecological compensation for poverty alleviation is one of the basic contents of the " five-batch" project of China to implement poverty alleviation. Cultivated land is a very important ecosystem on land. On the basis of studying the ecological effects of cultivated land,the implementation of cultivated land ecological compensation has become an important part of the research on ecological poverty alleviation. On the one hand,ecological compensation for cultivated land can support or promote poverty alleviation and development. On the other hand,poverty alleviation and development policies also provide practical opportunities for cultivated land ecological compensation. Carrying out research on cultivated land ecological compensation and practicing this new direction and new poverty alleviation mode is of great significance to promote and improve the construction of ecological system for cultivated land,targeted poverty alleviation and development,and ecological protection of cultivated land. On the basis of combing the national ecological poverty alleviation strategy related policies and sorting out cultivated land ecological compensation theory research,this paper discusses the new mode of cultivated land ecological compensation to assist poverty alleviation and development,reveals the main problems in the current research and practice of cultivated land ecological compensation,and puts forward some suggestions for improving the ecological compensation for cultivated land to promote poverty alleviation and development.

Ecological Significance in Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift and Targeted Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas

In expounding the historical conditions of " two necessities",Marx profoundly criticized the consequence of capitalist mode of production to society and ecology. Through the analysis of the capitalist relations of production,Marx systematically completed the viewpoint system about the material circulation of nature and human society,and foresaw the ecological consequences of capitalism to the world scientifically,taking ecology and mode of production as an organic whole. Since the socialism with Chinese characteristics entered into the new era,facing the serious ecological problems in the countryside in the process of modernization,the Party and the state,through the latest interpretation of the basic principles of Marxism,have creatively replaced the unsustainable poverty-alleviation policy with the targeted poverty-alleviation policy,thus making it have an important ecological orientation in the practice of poverty-alleviation in the countryside.

Ecological Compensation-assisted Relocation in Extreme Poverty-stricken Counties in China’s Ecologically Vulnerable Areas: Taking Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province as an Example

Ecology-oriented poverty alleviation is not only a livelihood project that affects the vast majority of rural people but also a major project to win the fight against poverty. It is also an indispensable income component for the relocation of poor farmers. Dongchuan District,located at the intersection of Jinsha River and Xiaojiang River,is one of the key counties for poverty alleviation and development in China with a wide range of poverty and extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty reached 24. 36%. The ecology is fragile,and earthquake outbreaks frequently. Dongchuan District is a national key monitoring and defense area for earthquakes. A large number of goafs,subsidence areas and geological hazard areas have been formed in the mining area. The number of dangerous houses is large,and ' it has no way of supporting its own inhabitants' is the key point,difficulty and focus of the county’s poverty alleviation. Relocation is a must-have measure to move away from poverty. It is also complex system engineering,which is policy-oriented and difficult. Since 2017,Dongchuan District has regarded relocation has the top priority for poverty alleviation. It has strictly implemented national,provincial and municipal policies,focused on the overall goal of ' moving,securing and getting rich',and strongly promoted the relocation work for poverty alleviation. Obvious social,economic and ecological benefits have been achieved. Successful relocation,combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation and other targeted poverty alleviation measures,Dongchuan District’s fight against poverty has achieved a decisive victory. At the end of December 2018,the incidence of poverty in the region fell to 1. 09%,and 129 poor villages( including 86 extremely poor villages) had been successfully lifted out of poverty. This paper analyzes and condenses the specific practices,main achievements,benefits,successful experiences and implications of the region’s relocation combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation model,so as to provide necessary reference for the innovation of relocation in poverty-stricken counties of Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,districts).

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REHABILITATION IN THE KARST OF SOUTHWEST CHINA

The Karst of Southwest China is a typical representative of poverty stricken region with impoverishment-degradation spiral. To essentially break away from this vicious circle, the local ecology, economy and society should be rehabilitated, and hence to strengthen the self-development capacity building of the localities. Two considerations are stressed in this article: (1) Poverty alleviation is a system project with great complexities. Any single approach is difficult to success and integrated measures should be taken. (2) Some typical and feasible areas should be selected to demonstrate the project of poverty alleviation and ecological, socio-economic reconstruction. Then, they can be used as a model to promote the sustainable development of the whole region. Based upon these ideals, a project entitled “Reversal of Impoverishment-Degradation Spiral in the Karst of Southwest China' was proposed and has been listed in 《Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21》.

Reflections on China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy from the Perspective of Drawing on Advantages and Avoiding Disadvantages in the New Era

The new era has put forward new requirements for targeted poverty alleviation.Coordinating disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction to assist targeted poverty alleviation has become an important direction for alleviating poverty from the perspective of drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages.The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China has planned and deployed to fully implement the task of poverty alleviation.The current poverty alleviation is extending from fixed-point poverty alleviation to collaborative poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation.Combining the needs of disaster response,climate adaptation,resource utilization,ecological construction,and information utilization in poverty-stricken areas,the role of disaster risk monitoring,forecasting and early warning services is displayed.The disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and poverty alleviation in the new era should be integrated into the national poverty alleviation pattern,actively serve poverty alleviation projects of industry development,relocation and ecological protection,deeply explore the value of disaster risk information and improve the effective supply of disaster prevention,mitigation and relief services,letting disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction help the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation.

Development of poverty alleviation through tourism from the perspective of eco-economy

Poverty alleviation through tourism has become one of the most important strategies in the battle against poverty. Under the eco-economic environment which is increasingly attached great importance to, the development path of poverty alleviation through tourism needs to be reconsidered. Based on the intrinsic relationship between eco-economy and poverty alleviation through tourism, the existing problems in the development process of poverty alleviation through tourism, and a development path of poverty alleviation through tourism is constructed in five aspects, namely, building an ecological anti-poverty and mutual aid system, innovating the development of tourism product, forming an ecological poverty alleviation mechanism, lifting the poor out of poverty with dignity, and building a good ecological governance.

Regional land ecological security evaluation and ecological poverty alleviation practice:A case study of Yangxian County in Shaanxi Province,China

Land ecological security(LES)is an important part of China’s ecological civilization construction,which plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainable development of its society and economy.Based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response(DPSIR)framework,this study quantified the spatiotemporal changes of LES in 28 counties of the southern Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2018.The influencing factors of LES in Yangxian County were explored to clarify the mechanisms that rely on the land ecological advantages to develop organic agriculture and boost poverty alleviation.Results show that the LES of Yangxian always ranked in the top six in 28 counties of the southern Shaanxi region during 2009–2018.The LES in Yangxian increased from 0.385 in 2009 to 0.533 in 2018,and the LES level changed from relatively unsafe to safe.The indicators of rural per capita net income,grain output per unit area of arable land,and grazing intensity could explain 99.8%of the LES variance in Yangxian.Relying on ecological resources,Yangxian increased farmers’income and boosted alleviation of poverty through innovative land policies,developing organic agriculture,and rural tourism.These findings will provide theoretical support and model reference for balancing ecological protection and poverty alleviation in restricted development zones.

Policy Assessment and Recommendations for Forestry-based Ecological Poverty Alleviation: An Empirical Study from the Prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, Southwestern China

China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. China is pivoting towards forestry-based poverty reduction in the severely poverty-stricken areas. However, several key factors remain elusive, including the extent to which the poor people benefit from forestry programs, whether they are satisfied with the policies and whether the policies are effective for poverty alleviation. Based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 79 households in the prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, southwestern China, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the forestry-based poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that four poverty alleviation pathways, including industry, employment, micro-finance and pairing assistance in villages, had obviously increased the incomes of the filing poor households and solved the problem of "Two Worries-free and Three Guarantees". The poor were satisfied with the forestry-based ecological poverty alleviation policies and these policies had good effects in fighting against poverty. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as a lack of active participation, imperfect targeted identification, lack of funds and limited sources of funds during the policy implementation. Our results highlight the importance of the forestry industry and the public welfare position in the alleviation of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Synergies between ecological protection and poverty reduction are possible through sound forestry-based policies. This article recommends five policies to simultaneously realize the potential of poverty alleviation and environment protection through forestry development.

生态护林员政策在云南省脱贫攻坚战中的实践

对生态护林员政策进行解读,总结云南省落实生态护林员的主要措施,包括重点支持深度贫困地区,聘用建档立卡贫困人员,强化对生态护林员选聘的监督管理等。2020年末云南省生态护林员指标达168596个,实聘生态护林员182996人。生态护林员在云南省生态建设和脱贫攻坚中被赋予多重使命,保护了生态环境,实现了生态增收脱贫,促进了民族团结,强化了生态固边,夯实了乡村振兴基础。提出建立集中安置点生态护林员腾退机制,推进各类生态管护员精细化管理,借助大数据手段管理生态护林员等建议。

李保国扶贫模式及其对乡村产业振兴的启示

在推进乡村全面振兴背景下深入学习和践行“李保国精神”具有重要的现实意义。通过对河北农业大学李保国教授生前打造的帮扶基地进行梳理调研,选取富岗苹果和绿岭核桃2个典型案例进行研究,提取“科技”“品牌”“人才”三要素进行剖析,分析其产业扶贫模式的内在逻辑和实现路径,总结出李保国教授在产业扶贫中科技成果供给的有效性和技术创新的集成性以及在主导产业、产业模式、科技传播方面连续升级,持续深入推进乡村产业发展的特点。针对乡村全面振兴背景下产业融合发展的现状与问题,要进一步弘扬践行“李保国精神”,把科技引领和创新作为全面推进乡村振兴的抓手,始终把生态文明建设贯穿乡村振兴全过程。

新时代生态扶贫研究及展望

生态扶贫是我国夺取脱贫攻坚全面胜利的智慧密码,也是实现共同富裕和中华民族伟大复兴的重要路径。为进一步探寻生态扶贫研究的演进规律和发展趋势,构建知识体系并为今后实践提供指引,利用Citespace可视化软件,以时空回溯的方式再现近年来生态扶贫发展动态。分析发现,该研究存在缺乏多方协同合作、视角过于单一、系统性研究较少等困境,对此提出深化理论研究、加强实证和历时性研究、提升研究的系统性、完善制度构建的建议。

易地扶贫搬迁农户生计恢复分析框架构建——基于社会生态系统理论视角

易地扶贫搬迁农户的生计恢复是搬迁之后在其生计系统中进行生计输入与输出等系列活动,以使其生计水平不低于搬迁前的水平,并能够持续改善。社会生态系统是一个具有恢复和适应能力的复杂系统,恢复性是其基本属性之一。将社会生态系统的恢复思维与可持续生计分析相结合,能够加深对特殊情境下农户生计系统动态性的理解。因此,将社会生态系统的恢复思维融入可持续生计分析框架中,并将恢复力这一环节嵌入该框架中,构建易地扶贫搬迁农户生计恢复的整体分析框架。该框架由脆弱性背景、生计资本、生计恢复力、安置地结构和过程转换、生计恢复策略和生计恢复效果等部分构成。

Beyond the Environmental Kuznets Curve:An Empirical Study Taking China's Poverty Alleviation Campaign as a Quasi-Experiment

Poverty-stricken areas in China have the dual task of alleviating poverty and safeguarding national ecological security.Based on statistical surveys and satellite remote sensing data,we construct a staggered difference-in-difference model to empirically analyze the dual impact of poverty alleviation on the economic development and eco-environment of povertystricken areas.This study also examines viable pathways for economic development in poor areas in the context of ecological conservation.The results show that the poverty eradication campaign under the leadership of the Communist Party of China has significantly improved the rate of economic growth in poverty-stricken areas while also significantly improving the quality of the local eco-environment.Further analysis shows that ecological projects and ecological compensation make the greatest contribution to promoting the conversion of ecological resources into economic output in poverty-stricken areas.China's successful experience in green poverty alleviation can not only provide important policy enlightenment for the nation's continuation of its comprehensive revitalization drive in rural areas,but also provide new options for other developing countries to achieve their green take-off.

Forestry development to reduce poverty and improve the environment

Poverty reduction is a world-wide concern.At the end of 2017,according to the rural poverty standard in China,there were 30.46 million poor in China.However,complete poverty alleviation by the end of 2020 had been achieved.This is significant and complicated,especially as poverty-stricken areas and ecologically fragile areas overlap.During the process of poverty alleviation,the development of forestry projects was not only conducive to improving the environment but also an important way to reduce poverty.Therefore,based on an analysis of the causes of poverty-stricken areas,this study examined successful cases in different regions and proposed ways to promote economic growth:providing state subsidies for tree planting and forest maintenance;developing undergrowth economy;and/or initiating an industrial chain.It also introduces principles to promote forestry progress,according to local conditions,keeping a balance between economic development and the environment.This study provides effective ways to promote forestry development and rural poverty alleviation.

陕西易地扶贫搬迁综合效应评估及政策创新

陕西移民搬迁肇始于2011年,兼顾生计、扶贫和生态等多维目标,是中国易地扶贫搬迁政策的“策源地”。其后10年间,通过“十二五”时期的避灾搬迁、生态搬迁和“十三五”时期的易地扶贫搬迁,陕西共316.09万贫困人口摆脱了“一方水土养不起一方人”的现实困境。面向乡村振兴的经济高质量发展创新团队通过广泛的国内外合作研究,深入探讨陕西易地搬迁地区生态与搬迁农户的福祉问题,于2011、2015、2019、2021年在深度贫困与生态脆弱相互交织的陕西地区开展搬迁专项调查与政策评估,探索建立了评估搬迁政策的概念框架、创新路径和科学方法,探究解决家庭人口动态性与西部贫困山区农户可持续生计发展困境、生计与生态系统耦合等复杂问题的新路径、新方法和新模式,形成了中国情景下的解决方案和推广案例,在科学创新研究、政策实践推动、国际交流发声等方面开展了相关工作。第一,陕西易地扶贫搬迁的生计效应评估。梳理了可持续生计相关理论及应用,围绕生计资本、生计策略、贫困脆弱性等对陕西易地扶贫搬迁农户的生计模式展开全面探讨。研究发现:农户搬迁后生计策略的变化基本上契合政府所倡导的农户生计方式向非农转型的发展方向,但这一变化更多地体现在已经参与非农活动的家庭,该类农户通过重新配置家庭内部劳动力而强化了其非农生计活动,在一定程度上促进了农户生计结构的优化。第二,陕西易地扶贫搬迁的减贫效应评估。首先,分析了易地扶贫搬迁对农户贫困脆弱性的影响;其次,基于多维贫困视角探究易地扶贫搬迁对农户多维贫困的影响及致贫因素;最后,测度和分析易地扶贫搬迁农户的福利状况及影响因素。研究发现:易地扶贫搬迁具有显著的减贫效应,相较于非搬迁情境,搬迁情境下农户收入明显较高,且贫困发生率较低,贫困深度和强度亦有所降低。易地扶贫搬迁会对农户收入差距产生较大影响,相较于非搬迁情境,易地扶贫搬迁情境下农户收入差距有所扩大。第三,陕西易地扶贫搬迁的生态效应评估。构建了生态效应评估框架,基于宏、中、微三个空间尺度以及长、短两个时间维度系统测度陕西易地扶贫搬迁的生态效益,对陕西易地扶贫搬迁的生态效应进行系统评估。研究发现:易地扶贫搬迁给陕西生态脆弱地区带来了良好的生态效益。易地扶贫搬迁提高了陕南地区的森林覆盖率,带来了多种生态系统服务功能,山区坡度较大耕地面积减少,直接减轻了水土流失和汉江流域氮磷等化学沉积,节约了南水北调中线下游用水区域净水成本,为全球带来了显著的固碳收益。第四,陕西易地扶贫搬迁农户“响应—参与”政策的瞄准优化。分析了不同情境和模式下农户对政策响应、评价及参与的内在机制和影响因素;从政策瞄准角度检验了易地扶贫搬迁农户参与和响应的状况,分析了瞄准偏差产生的原因,展现了政策执行的影响,提出了提升政策瞄准效率的替代方案;基于“政府帮扶—企业牵引—农户脱贫”的分析框架,系统、全面地总结了陕西易地扶贫搬迁“社区工厂”扶贫模式,对丰富人口迁移、生计恢复力、就业式扶贫、乡村振兴和公共政策分析等相关理论有重要价值。