Optimization of water-urban-agricultural-ecological land use pattern:A case study of Guanzhong Basin in the southern Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province,China

Extensive land use will cause many environmental problems.It is an urgent task to improve land use efficiency and optimize land use patterns.In recent years,due to the flow decrease,the Guanzhong Basin in Shaanxi Province is confronted with the problem of insufficient water resources reserve.Based on the Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model(GSFLOW),this paper evaluates the response of water resources in the basin to changes in land use patterns,optimizes the land use pattern,improves the ecological and economic benefits,and the efficiency of various spatial development,providing a reference for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.The research shows that the land use pattern in the Guanzhong Basin should be further optimized.Under the condition of considering ecological and economic development,the percentage change of the optimum area of farmland,forest,grassland,water area,and urban area compared with the current land use area ratio is+2.3,+2.4,-6.1,+0.2,and+1.6,respectively.The economic and ecological value of land increases by14.1%and 3.1%,respectively,and the number of water resources can increase by 2.5%.

Impact of Climate Change on Ecological Security of the Yellow River Basin and Its Adaptation Countermeasures

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is not only an important ecological barrier in north China,but also an important agricultural production base and energy base in China,playing a very important role in China’s economic and social development and ecological security.Under the combined actions of climate change and human activities,a series of ecological and environmental problems have emerged in the YRB,including degradation of glaciers and frozen soil,shortage of water resources,land desertification,aggravated soil and water loss,frequent floods and droughts,and reducing biodiversity.Warmer and wetter climate over the upper reaches and warmer and drier one in the middle and lower reaches have profoundly affected the ecological security of the YRB.In the future,the temperature in the YRB will continue to rise,extreme events will increase and the climate pattern of drought and water shortage will not be changed fundamentally,which will make the basin face more severe ecological security risks.For the current ecological problems and future ecological security risk challenges,it is necessary and urgent to take adaptive measures to deal with climate change and protect the ecological environment.The measures mainly include:strengthening the scientific research on the impact of climate change and extreme events on the ecological environment of the YRB and improving the ability of climate change risk management;strengthening the water conservation and protection in the upper reaches,the management of desert and soil erosion in the middle reaches and the ecological protection of water resources and wetlands in the lower reaches in the YRB and;collaborating with multiple departments to jointly tackle the ecological security challenges brought by climate change.

Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Model: Case Study Based on Dongying Section of the Yellow River Basin

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to promote the improvement of urban and rural living environment and build livable and workable villages and beautiful villages. The development and challenges of rural domestic sewage treatment coexist. Based on the field investigation of 15 administrative villages in 3 districts and counties of Dongying City, there is a big gap between the development status of rural domestic sewage treatment and expectations. Investigate rural domestic sewage treatment cases in-depth, and condense four modes of primitive, developmental, mature and advanced in a variety of different rural domestic sewage treatment models for discussion, among which, the village sewage treatment work under the mature mode has achieved remarkable results, and is at the forefront of the current rural domestic sewage treatment. Through the multi-case analysis method, the practical dilemma of sewage treatment in different models of villages is summarized, and the feasible improvement path is explored, which contributes to the ecological protection and high-quality development of Dongying and the Yellow River Basin.

Estimation of Ecological Compensation Standards in the Yellow River Basin

It is crucial to establish a reasonable ecological compensation mechanism for the Yellow River Basin.This study uses a calculating model to estimate the value of the total cost of ecological protection in the upstream.On this basis,an apportion model is used to reach the ecological compensation standard value of each province in the midstream and downstream.The results provide a scientific reference for the ecological compensation standards in the Yellow River Basin.

Three Gorges Project:a project for ecological improvement and environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin

Seeking water and earning their livelihoods is the natural selection of human beings.Like other rivers on the earth,the Yangtze River is the birthplace of human civilization and survival.As an ecosystem,the Yangtze River Basin is evolving under the influences of natural factors and human activities.Because of soil erosion,pollution and human activities,the imbalance of secondary environment is exacerbated and the ecological environment has become more vulnerable,so it is urgent to mitigate and prevent the ecological crisis.The practice has proved that implementation of engineering measures is an effective way to improve the ecological environment.The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has a flood control storage capacity of 22.15 billion m 3,effectively storing the flood water upstream of Yichang,and protects 15 million people and 1.5 million hm 2 farmland.Furthermore,the project can prevent or slow down the sedimentation and shrinkage of the lakes in the middle Yangtze River such as Dongting Lake;with an average annual power generation of about 90 billion kW· h,it can significantly reduce the emissions of harmful gas like CO 2.In general,the construction of TGP is conducive to the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Basin and China,even the world.

Study on the Characteristics and Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages in River Basins from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology: A Case Study on Sanggan River

With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the state and society. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development and the further advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the current historical and cultural environment and ecological environment are increasingly eroded and destroyed. From the perspective of cultural ecology, based on exploring the cultural ecological characteristics of Sanggan River Basin, this paper classified and analyzed the historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in the basin according to three levels: natural ecological elements, historical functions of towns and historical function forms of villages, and further explored their overall protection methods, hoping to provide some reference for the protection of other famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in China.

A Study on Ecological Management for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan

Promoting ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin is a major national strategy that is planned and promoted by President Xi Jinping.As an important ecological formation in the Yellow River Basin and an important part of the“China Water Tower,”the Sichuan part of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in ecological management of the whole basin.Therefore,based on the present situation and the rich experience of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan,this study puts forward a feasible plan for long-term ecological management of the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan.

Ecological Security Assessment of Red River Basin in Guangxi

[Objective] The study aimed at assessing the ecological security of Red River basin in Guangxi. [Method] Firstly, the ecological security assessment index system of Red River basin was established based on the framework of 'pressure-state-response' model, and index information of ecological security assessment was extracted by using RS and GIS technology; afterwards, the ecological security of Red River basin was divided into five grades according to ecological security index, and the distribution and characteristics of ecological security at various levels were analyzed; finally, the measures to maintain the ecological security of Red River basin were put forward on the basis of problems in ecological security. [Result] Most areas of Red River basin in Guangxi were in generally safe state, especially Lingyun County, Fengshan County, Du'an County, Dahua County, Shanglin County, Binyang County, Guiping City, etc., and the area accounted for 74.25% of total area; next came safer state (12.74%), the regions in the two states above were the most important environmental areas of Red River basin. The ecological security problems of Red River basin were mainly related to fragile ecological environment, lagging economic development, rapid population growth, excessive development and utilization of natural resources and so forth. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the rational development and utilization of land resources, protection and construction of ecological environment in Red River basin.

Geological and surfacial processes and major disaster effects in the Yellow River Basin

The Yellow River Basin(YRB) is characterized by active geological and tectonic processes, rapid geomorphological evolution, and distinct climatic diversity. Correspondingly, major disasters in the YRB are characterized by varied types,extensive distributions, and sudden occurrences. In addition, major disasters in the YRB usually evolve into disaster chains that cause severe consequences. Therefore, major disasters in the YRB destroy ecologies and environments and influence geological and ecological safety in the basin. This paper systematically reviews research on geological and surface processes, major disaster effects, and risk mitigation in the YRB, discusses the trends and challenges of relevant research, analyzes the key scientific problems that need to be solved, and suggests prospects for future research based on the earth system science concept. Themes of research that should be focused on include geological, surface and climatic processes in the YRB and their interlinking disaster gestation mechanisms;formation mechanisms and disaster chain evolutions of giant landslides in the upper reach of the YRB;mechanisms and disaster chain effects of loess water-soil disasters in the middle reach of the YRB;occurrence patterns and amplifying effects of giant flood chains in the lower reach of the YRB;and risk mitigations of major disasters in the YRB. Key scientific problems that need to be solved are as follows: how to reveal the geological, surface and climatic processes that are coupled and interlinked with gestation mechanisms of major disasters;how to clarify the mutual feedback effects between major disasters and ecology;and how to develop a human-environmental harmony-based integrated risk mitigation system for major disasters. Prospects for future studies that follow the earth system science concept include the following: highlighting interdisciplinary research to reveal the interlinked disaster gestation mechanisms of the geology, surface and climate in the YRB in the past, present, and future;forming theories to clarify the regional patterns, dynamic mechanisms, and mutual-feedback effects between disaster chains and ecology in the YRB on land and in rivers in the region;solving technological bottlenecks to develop assessment models and mitigation theories for integrated risks in the YRB by following the human-environment harmony concept;and finally, establishing a demonstratable application pattern characterized by "whole-basin coverage" and "zonal controls", thereby guaranteeing ecological and geological safety in the basin and providing scientific support for ecological conservation and high-quality development of the YRB.

A holistic approach for evaluating ecological water allocation in the Yellow River Basin of China

The characteristics and sustainable management of water resources on a basin scale require that they should be managed using a holistic approach.In this study,a holistic methodology called the holistic approach in a basin scale(HABS)is proposed to determine the ecological water requirements of a whole basin.There are three principles in HABS.First,ecological water requirements in a basin scale indicate not only the coupling of hydrological and ecological systems,but also the exchange of matter and energy between each ecological type through all kinds of physical geography processes.Second,ecological water requirements can be divided into different types according to their functions,and water requirements of different types are compatible.Third,ecological water requirements are related to a multiple system including water quality,water quantity,and time and space,which interact with each other.The holistic approach in a basin scale was then used in the Yellow River Basin and it suggested that 265.0x108 m3 of water,45%of the total surface water resources,should be allocated to ecological systems,such as rivers,lakes,wetlands and cities,to sustain its function and health.The ecological water requirements of inside river systems and outside river systems were respectively 261.0×10^(8) and 3.65×10^(8)m^(3).

黄河流域“水资源-生态保护-高质量发展”空间均衡性诊断

为促进黄河流域空间均衡发展,在测算黄河流域9个省区水资源可承载水平、经济社会发展水平以及生态保护水平的基础上,分析了各省区内部水资源、生态环境和经济社会3个子系统间的耦合协调发展水平,并分别以水与经济均衡、水与生态均衡、经济与生态均衡为子目标,构建了空间均衡性诊断模型,对黄河流域相邻“省区对”进行了空间均衡性诊断,反向追踪各“省区对”空间不均衡的原因。结果显示:除宁夏、甘肃外,黄河流域其他省区内部3个子系统间均已达到初级或中级协调发展阶段;黄河流域上游和下游的相邻“省区对”分别通过了均衡性判别;宁夏、甘肃、山西和内蒙古4个省区严重影响了省区间的均衡性,抑制了黄河流域整体的空间均衡发展。

黄河流域新型城镇化—生态安全—公共健康协调发展研究——以内蒙古自治区为例

探究黄河流域新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康耦合机理,对于实现区域高质量发展、全面贯彻落实中国式现代化要求、维护国家生态安全和边疆安全具有重要意义。通过综合评价模型、耦合协调度模型和障碍度模型分析位于黄河流域中上游的内蒙古自治区新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康耦合发展水平及影响因素。研究结果表明:2005-2021年内蒙古新型城镇化、生态安全、公共健康各子系统发展水平均有所提升,空间分异明显。新型城镇化水平由2005年的0.26提升到2021年的0.69,生态安全水平由2005年的0.26提高到2021年的0.57,公共健康水平在2021年达到0.64;新型城镇化、生态安全与公共健康耦合协调水平呈现波动增长态势,由2005年的0.22上升到2021年的0.62,表现为呼和浩特市、包头市耦合协调水平较高,其余盟市较低的空间格局;城乡居民基本医疗保险参保、人均GDP、城镇人均可支配收入等是制约系统协调发展的主要障碍因素,年均障碍度分别为17.32%、8.74%、7.33%。基于研究结果提出促进内蒙古新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康协调发展的对策建议,旨在为实现区域高质量发展和推进中国式现代化建设提供支持和指导。

沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调时空演变分析

为丰富黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展研究,并为沿黄城市经济发展提供对策建议,分别构建生态保护和高质量发展评价指标体系,以60个沿黄地级市为样本单元,采用熵值法对指标赋权并计算2010—2020年沿黄各市生态保护指数、高质量发展指数,采用耦合协调度模型计算生态保护与高质量发展耦合度、协调度并划分协调等级,计算相对发展度以判断生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调类型,分析沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调动态演变情况,结果表明:2010—2020年沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展协调度大都稳中有升、少数城市呈下降趋势,2020年协调等级整体上还较低,尚有37个城市处于失调状态,生态保护与高质量发展的耦合协调任重道远;从空间上看,沿黄城市生态保护和高质量发展协调度总体上呈现下游>中游>上游的格局,研究时段生态保护与高质量发展协调度平均值大小排序前十位的城市多为沿海城市或省会城市、后十位的城市多为各省(区)的边缘城市,地理位置、资源禀赋、政策扶持程度和经济发展模式等对耦合协调度有重要影响;2020年沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调类型为生态保护滞后型的城市有31个、为均衡型的城市有5个、为生态保护领先型的城市有24个,表明沿黄城市生态保护整体上滞后于高质量发展。

黄河流域水资源-生态-城市-产业协同演进研究

为考察黄河流域水资源-生态-城市-产业协同的动态演进及其地区差异和来源,基于2016—2020年黄河流域76个主要地级市数据,采用协同度模型、核密度估计和Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法进行实证测度。结果表明:处于初级、中级和良好协同的城市数量分别为30个、33个和13个。各城市协同度水平呈现上升趋势,但城市间绝对差异在扩大,相对差异在缩小;除呼包鄂榆城市群外,其他六大城市群协同度绝对差异均呈扩大趋势。黄河上游和下游内部差异呈下降趋势,中游内部差异呈上升趋势;上游和中游间差异最大,且呈现进一步扩大趋势,上游和下游间差异逐渐缩小。呼包鄂榆城市群群内差异最小,关中城市群群内差异最大;关中城市群与山东半岛城市群群间差异最小,晋中城市群与山东半岛城市群群间差异最大。未来应进一步加强要素协同、区域协同,发挥各地区动态比较优势,因地制宜推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略深入实施。

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展研究述评与展望

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出已近5 a,在此期间国家及社会各界做出了不懈努力,黄河流域保护治理水平得以飞速提升。然而,黄河保护治理问题错综复杂,绝非一朝一夕可以解决,针对黄河流域现状及存在问题,亟须对近5 a的研究和成果进行系统总结,并对未来发展进行展望。从科研项目、学术论文、学术专著和研究平台4个方面,系统总结了黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出后社会各界针对黄河所做的研究与贡献;运用系统论、辩证论、和谐论等理论,并结合黄河流域现状及亟待解决的重大问题,对推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出5点展望:多学科交叉融合、多部门协同治理、多层级联合攻关、多平台培养人才、多途径保护治理。

砒砂岩区生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展关键技术与模式

探索生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与途径,是促进水土保持生态治理高质量发展的重要课题。为此,以生态治理难度极大的黄河流域砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于生态经济学、生态产业技术的理论与方法,提出了生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的基本原理和应遵循的原则,探索了生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与模式,并开展了示范应用。1)生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的原理是行为互驱动、效应互补偿,应遵循的原则是“双律适应、适地适生、三方意愿”;2)鉴于砒砂岩覆土区、覆沙区、裸露区生态环境有明显差异,分别构建了小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的综合治理措施体系和模式,以坡顶、坡面和沟道为水土保持措施配置的3个地貌单元,选择兼具水土保持功能和饲用、药用、食用等经济开发价值的作物进行生物措施配置,配合注浆固结、抗蚀促生、砒砂岩改性等新的工程技术措施进行生态治理;3)研发了物理-化学-生物综合改良砒砂岩土壤、砒砂岩复配风沙土+生物改良提质、灌草优化平茬及饲料加工、煤矸石改性资源化利用、高陡边坡抗蚀+控渗+植生固稳、生态果园建植等关键技术;4)基于砒砂岩覆沙区“土壤改良固沙+”(如土壤改良固沙+经济林种植、土壤改良固沙+梭梭草套种甘草等)生态治理模式的实践与示范,探索实施了“政府支持,科技支撑,企业产业化+公益性投资,农牧民市场化参与”的多元投资、多方参与、共同受益运行机制与模式。通过灌草平茬饲料加工、土壤改良、经济作物种植等产业化中试,以及矿区回填区生态恢复、小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展示范性实践,表明脆弱生态区治理中发展生态衍生产业具有广阔的前景。

关于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的思考

黄河是中华民族的母亲河,黄河流域是重要的生态屏障和经济带,也是重要的粮食和能源基地,对我国政治、经济和文化发展具有不可替代的重要作用,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已上升为一项重大国家战略。黄河又是世界上最为复杂难治的河流之一,我国治理黄河历史悠久,人民治黄以来,黄河流域治理和生态保护取得了举世瞩目的成就,但仍面临诸多亟待解决的重大问题。梳理了人民治黄的辉煌成就,分析了当前治黄面临的形势与挑战,并针对如何实现黄河流域长治久安与高质量发展提出了构建流域水资源保障体系、实现流域重点地区生态环境修复与保护、完善流域防洪防凌与水沙调控工程体系等对策建议。

黄河流域城市群新型城镇化与生态安全协调发展研究

为推进中国式现代化建设,统筹黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,提升城市群新型城镇化与生态安全协调发展水平,以黄河流域内的7个城市群为研究对象,构建新型城镇化与生态安全评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型和相对发展模型,并结合时空演化过程分析了黄河流域城市群新型城镇化与生态安全耦合协调度发展格局,最后通过系统动力学模型模拟未来5年耦合协调发展趋势.结果表明,研究期内,黄河流域城市群新型城镇化与生态安全耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,部分城市群出现轻度波动,耦合协调特征由失调、濒临协调转化为勉强协调、初级协调;最后通过预测未来5年黄河流域城市群新型城镇化与生态安全耦合协调度发展过程,推断城市群均处于显著提升状态,且逐步达到初级协调阶段.针对目前黄河流域城市群新型城镇化与生态安全协调发展存在的不足,提出了相应的对策建议.

黄河流域生态承载力及人地关系可持续发展——基于异速生长模型的研究

厘清黄河流域人口与土地异速生长关系的空间分异特征与时空变化趋势对协调黄河流域人地关系,提高黄河流域生态承载力有重要借鉴意义。文章引入生物学异速生长模型对黄河流域生态承载力的人地协调关系进行研究。结果表明:第一,黄河流域城市主要以正异速二级,土地明显扩张类型为主,其在黄河流域上中下游占比分别为44.45%、52.94%和84.61%。第二,以2015年为分界点,黄河流域异速生长系数有显著的阶段性转换特征。2015年前黄河流域异速生长系数总体呈现下降趋势,2015年后则小幅提升。从2013年开始,黄河上游异速生长类型由正异速转为负异速,黄河中下游一直为正异速生长。第三,黄河上中下游异速生长系数的全局莫兰指数均为负数,异速生长系数呈现高低集聚分布态势。第四,从影响土地和人口数量变化的因素上看,工业化水平、金融发展对土地扩张和人口增长均有正向促进作用,政府干预可促进人口增长,但教育资源不足成为抑制人口增长的重要因素。从而得到以下政策启示:在提高城市土地利用率的基础上,上中下游城市群均应充分利用市场机制对城市建设用地进行资源配置,进一步提高城市建设用地的利用效率,积极推进土地的二次开发和利用,优化城市土地的利用结构,积极发挥城市集聚效应,合理规划城市增长边界。

黄河流域生态系统服务价值核算及生态管理分区

为了给黄河流域实施生态环境精细化管理和生态治理差异化管控提供参考,采用“单位面积价值当量因子方法”对黄河流域1995—2020年4类11种生态系统服务的价值(ESV)进行核算,采用Pearson相关分析方法对研究期6个典型年份流域各类生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系进行测度,同时借助空间自相关方法对黄河流域进行生态管理分区划定。得出结论如下:1)研究期内,黄河流域的ESV呈增加趋势。就土地利用类型来看,农田、湿地和荒漠的ESV占比减小,而森林、草地和水域的ESV占比的变化趋势则与之相反。供给服务、支持服务和文化服务的ESV占比均呈现减小趋势,而调节服务、支持服务构成了区域ESV的主体。空间上,单位面积ESV在东西走向上呈现“凹”形,在南北走向上呈现“凸”形。2)黄河流域各类生态系统服务之间显著正相关,强协同关系占比为47.27%,表明研究期内各生态系统服务之间成协同关系。3)将黄河流域410个研究单元划分为4个一级分区和13个二级分区,并提出相应生态管理措施。