Thoughts and Practice of Ecological Protection and Restoration of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes and Grasslands

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,treat the ecological environment as life,and coordinate the management of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.In recent years,China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,breaking the boundary between administrative divisions,departmental management and ecological elements,and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services,so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements.This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case,so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions.

Three Gorges Project:a project for ecological improvement and environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin

Seeking water and earning their livelihoods is the natural selection of human beings.Like other rivers on the earth,the Yangtze River is the birthplace of human civilization and survival.As an ecosystem,the Yangtze River Basin is evolving under the influences of natural factors and human activities.Because of soil erosion,pollution and human activities,the imbalance of secondary environment is exacerbated and the ecological environment has become more vulnerable,so it is urgent to mitigate and prevent the ecological crisis.The practice has proved that implementation of engineering measures is an effective way to improve the ecological environment.The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has a flood control storage capacity of 22.15 billion m 3,effectively storing the flood water upstream of Yichang,and protects 15 million people and 1.5 million hm 2 farmland.Furthermore,the project can prevent or slow down the sedimentation and shrinkage of the lakes in the middle Yangtze River such as Dongting Lake;with an average annual power generation of about 90 billion kW· h,it can significantly reduce the emissions of harmful gas like CO 2.In general,the construction of TGP is conducive to the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Basin and China,even the world.

Study on the Characteristics and Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages in River Basins from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology: A Case Study on Sanggan River

With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the state and society. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development and the further advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the current historical and cultural environment and ecological environment are increasingly eroded and destroyed. From the perspective of cultural ecology, based on exploring the cultural ecological characteristics of Sanggan River Basin, this paper classified and analyzed the historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in the basin according to three levels: natural ecological elements, historical functions of towns and historical function forms of villages, and further explored their overall protection methods, hoping to provide some reference for the protection of other famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in China.

Ecological Allocation of Plants in Ecological Restoration of the Danjiang River Basin

As the water source of central route of China's south-to-north water diversion project,the Danjiang River Basin shoulders a major historical mission.Therefore,it is imperative to perform ecological restoration for control of water and soil loss and improvement of the ecological environment.In this paper,based on the current status of research on ecological restoration at home and abroad,the layout principles of ecological restoration and functional traits of plants were analyzed.Afterwards,the principles and methods of plant selection in ecological restoration engineering were determined,and the ecological allocation plan of plants in ecological restoration for soil and water conservation in the Danjiang River Basin was proposed according to the specific conditions of the Danjiang River Basin.It provides reference for the ecological restoration and the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the Danjiang River Basin,and can also be used in other similar projects.

Ecological Security Assessment of Red River Basin in Guangxi

[Objective] The study aimed at assessing the ecological security of Red River basin in Guangxi. [Method] Firstly, the ecological security assessment index system of Red River basin was established based on the framework of 'pressure-state-response' model, and index information of ecological security assessment was extracted by using RS and GIS technology; afterwards, the ecological security of Red River basin was divided into five grades according to ecological security index, and the distribution and characteristics of ecological security at various levels were analyzed; finally, the measures to maintain the ecological security of Red River basin were put forward on the basis of problems in ecological security. [Result] Most areas of Red River basin in Guangxi were in generally safe state, especially Lingyun County, Fengshan County, Du'an County, Dahua County, Shanglin County, Binyang County, Guiping City, etc., and the area accounted for 74.25% of total area; next came safer state (12.74%), the regions in the two states above were the most important environmental areas of Red River basin. The ecological security problems of Red River basin were mainly related to fragile ecological environment, lagging economic development, rapid population growth, excessive development and utilization of natural resources and so forth. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the rational development and utilization of land resources, protection and construction of ecological environment in Red River basin.

Conservation Grading of Water Ecological Spaces in the Muling River Basin

Along with the urban construction and industrial development, the original continuous riverway of the Muling River has been dammed into river sections of different lengths, which has seriously destroyed ecological environment of the basin. In view of this, it is urgent to protect water ecological environment of the basin. This paper took the national ecological environment conservation instructions as the guidance, combined with the administrative division, planning and actual conditions of the basin, proposed principles and schemes for the grading of water spaces in the basin, as well as the hierarchic control requirements, to provide instructions for the conservation of the river basin.

Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Model: Case Study Based on Dongying Section of the Yellow River Basin

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to promote the improvement of urban and rural living environment and build livable and workable villages and beautiful villages. The development and challenges of rural domestic sewage treatment coexist. Based on the field investigation of 15 administrative villages in 3 districts and counties of Dongying City, there is a big gap between the development status of rural domestic sewage treatment and expectations. Investigate rural domestic sewage treatment cases in-depth, and condense four modes of primitive, developmental, mature and advanced in a variety of different rural domestic sewage treatment models for discussion, among which, the village sewage treatment work under the mature mode has achieved remarkable results, and is at the forefront of the current rural domestic sewage treatment. Through the multi-case analysis method, the practical dilemma of sewage treatment in different models of villages is summarized, and the feasible improvement path is explored, which contributes to the ecological protection and high-quality development of Dongying and the Yellow River Basin.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay,Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia.Here,the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system(MRFFLGs)pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined,by complying with the core concept,i.e.,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life".The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin,which aim to reduce ecological water use,soil erosion,forest and grassland degradation,the ecological destruction of mines,water environment pollution and other issues.With overall protection,system restoration,district policy,and problem orientation as the overarching ideas,162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project.In addition,some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized(e.g.,the use of laws to solve historical problems,scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation,proactive guidance for the engagement of people,modern information technology support,and integration with local sustainable development).Lastly,four policy suggestions are proposed:(1)Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit;(2)Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms;(3)Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents,technology and capital;and(4)Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate"industry,city,people,and tourism"for carrying out a large-scale system project.

基于InVEST-Biodiversity模型的闽江流域生境质量变化评价

基于InVEST模型的Biodiversity模块,测定闽江流域的生物多样性生态服务功能,运用模型结果中的生境质量指数和生境稀缺度指数评估闽江流域生态环境质量,对区域生态环境保护具有参考价值。经模型运算得到:2000年、2005年、2010年闽江流域生境质量指数得分分别为27.90、27.82、27.79,10年间下降了0.39%,2005—2010年期间较2000—2005年期间下降速率降低了62.50%;台江、鼓楼、仓山、长乐地区是生境质量较低的地域,其生境质量指数得分10年间均值为0.15、0.23、0.33、0.53;道路、居住地、工业用地、采矿场4种地类对闽江流域生态环境的干扰是生境质量变化的主要驱动因素;森林地类生境稀缺度指数下降了89.80%,生境质量指数10年间均值为0.99,占地面积增加了0.09%。研究表明,10年间闽江流域整体生境质量处于良好水平,且保持稳定。

基于InVEST和CA-Markov模型的黄河流域碳储量时空变化研究

区域土地利用/覆被变化是导致生态系统碳储量变化的主要原因,预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化及其对碳储量的影响对区域陆地生态系统的认识具有重要意义。本研究基于黄河流域2005—2018年土地利用/覆被变化规律,运用CA-Markov模型分别预测了生态保护情景(EVC)和自然变化情景(NVC)下的土地利用/覆被空间格局,采用修正后的碳密度,运用InVEST模型评估黄河流域2005—2030年6期碳储量。结果表明:2005—2018年黄河流域林地、水域和建设用地面积持续增加,耕地、草地和未利用土地面积减少,13 a间全流域碳储量减少28.734×10^(6)t。与自然变化情景相比,在生态保护情景下2030年草地和耕地相比2018年减少幅度较小,建设用地规模扩大得到了限制,产生了生态效应。2030年,自然变化情景和生态保护情景下的碳储量较2018年分别减少258.863×10^(6)t和30.813×10^(6)t,生态保护情景下土地利用覆被格局固碳能力高于自然变化情景,该研究可为黄河流域土地利用结构调整和土地利用管理决策提供科学依据。

沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调时空演变分析

为丰富黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展研究,并为沿黄城市经济发展提供对策建议,分别构建生态保护和高质量发展评价指标体系,以60个沿黄地级市为样本单元,采用熵值法对指标赋权并计算2010—2020年沿黄各市生态保护指数、高质量发展指数,采用耦合协调度模型计算生态保护与高质量发展耦合度、协调度并划分协调等级,计算相对发展度以判断生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调类型,分析沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调动态演变情况,结果表明:2010—2020年沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展协调度大都稳中有升、少数城市呈下降趋势,2020年协调等级整体上还较低,尚有37个城市处于失调状态,生态保护与高质量发展的耦合协调任重道远;从空间上看,沿黄城市生态保护和高质量发展协调度总体上呈现下游>中游>上游的格局,研究时段生态保护与高质量发展协调度平均值大小排序前十位的城市多为沿海城市或省会城市、后十位的城市多为各省(区)的边缘城市,地理位置、资源禀赋、政策扶持程度和经济发展模式等对耦合协调度有重要影响;2020年沿黄城市生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调类型为生态保护滞后型的城市有31个、为均衡型的城市有5个、为生态保护领先型的城市有24个,表明沿黄城市生态保护整体上滞后于高质量发展。

黄河流域“水资源-生态保护-高质量发展”空间均衡性诊断

为促进黄河流域空间均衡发展,在测算黄河流域9个省区水资源可承载水平、经济社会发展水平以及生态保护水平的基础上,分析了各省区内部水资源、生态环境和经济社会3个子系统间的耦合协调发展水平,并分别以水与经济均衡、水与生态均衡、经济与生态均衡为子目标,构建了空间均衡性诊断模型,对黄河流域相邻“省区对”进行了空间均衡性诊断,反向追踪各“省区对”空间不均衡的原因。结果显示:除宁夏、甘肃外,黄河流域其他省区内部3个子系统间均已达到初级或中级协调发展阶段;黄河流域上游和下游的相邻“省区对”分别通过了均衡性判别;宁夏、甘肃、山西和内蒙古4个省区严重影响了省区间的均衡性,抑制了黄河流域整体的空间均衡发展。

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调性及障碍度研究

为给黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的政策研究提供参考,以2006—2020年黄河流域九省(区)为研究对象,分别构建生态保护与高质量发展评价指标体系,采用熵值法进行测度,并借助耦合协调模型和障碍度模型,探究生态保护与高质量发展2个系统之间的耦合协调关系及其障碍因子。结果表明:1)黄河流域九省(区)生态保护与高质量发展时序上发展态势良好,但各省(区)异质性明显;2)黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调度整体处于上升阶段,但水平仍较低,在时序上经历了濒临失调—勉强协调—基本协调的演变历程,在空间上呈现下游>中游>上游的分布格局;3)黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调关系主要受污染治理、生态建设和创新发展三重制约,且各省(区)的主要障碍因子存在差异。

新时期长江流域生态补偿机制与关键科学问题研究

流域生态补偿是协调长江经济带经济社会发展与生态环境保护矛盾的重要手段。当前,长江流域生态补偿实践中仍面临着整体性和系统性不足、补偿标准依据缺乏、市场体系不健全、责权利不清晰等问题。根据新时代长江保护与发展的战略需求,新时期长江流域生态补偿需要具备更为丰富的内涵,亟需针对长江流域经济社会发展与生态资产保护的多维互馈关系及良性协同机制、流域生态资产的定量核算方法与生态服务空间流转特征、多元化流域生态补偿格局与长效运行机制、区域试点示范引领与全流域统筹协调推进之间的关系等关键科学问题开展系统研究,并从创新体制机制、完善技术体系、强化立法保障、培育市场主体等方面为探索制定长江流域生态补偿总体框架提供科技支撑和政策建议。

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展研究述评与展望

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出已近5 a,在此期间国家及社会各界做出了不懈努力,黄河流域保护治理水平得以飞速提升。然而,黄河保护治理问题错综复杂,绝非一朝一夕可以解决,针对黄河流域现状及存在问题,亟须对近5 a的研究和成果进行系统总结,并对未来发展进行展望。从科研项目、学术论文、学术专著和研究平台4个方面,系统总结了黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出后社会各界针对黄河所做的研究与贡献;运用系统论、辩证论、和谐论等理论,并结合黄河流域现状及亟待解决的重大问题,对推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略提出5点展望:多学科交叉融合、多部门协同治理、多层级联合攻关、多平台培养人才、多途径保护治理。

关于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的思考

黄河是中华民族的母亲河,黄河流域是重要的生态屏障和经济带,也是重要的粮食和能源基地,对我国政治、经济和文化发展具有不可替代的重要作用,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已上升为一项重大国家战略。黄河又是世界上最为复杂难治的河流之一,我国治理黄河历史悠久,人民治黄以来,黄河流域治理和生态保护取得了举世瞩目的成就,但仍面临诸多亟待解决的重大问题。梳理了人民治黄的辉煌成就,分析了当前治黄面临的形势与挑战,并针对如何实现黄河流域长治久安与高质量发展提出了构建流域水资源保障体系、实现流域重点地区生态环境修复与保护、完善流域防洪防凌与水沙调控工程体系等对策建议。

基于黄河流域生态保护视角的绿色税制优化研究

为推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,基于绿色税制对生态环境保护和绿色发展的作用机制,从黄河流域生态保护视角重点分析了绿色税制主体税种、税收优惠和征收管理现状及面临的挑战。结果表明:当前绿色税制面临主体税种生态调控作用有限、税收优惠政策激励不足与征收管理效率不高等挑战,必须围绕生态保护和绿色发展目标,同时紧密结合黄河流域生态保护核心内容的要求优化绿色税制;应该注重完善主体税种的征收范围、税率水平与税收优惠政策,注重税种间相互配合,注重绿色税制建设与黄河保护法和生态保护相关政策的衔接,并发挥法律合力;建立黄河流域跨部门跨区域的征收管理执法合作机制,并推进税收征收管理现代化。

面向“十五五”的黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是一项系统性、历史性和长期性的国家重大战略。五年来,黄河流域在生态治理和经济格局上不断优化,时空特征加快演进,高质量发展态势明显,但一些深层次结构性矛盾仍然存在。面对国际国内发展新形势,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展在推进路径上应重点以“两山论”引领绿色发展、以科技创新引领产业创新、以区域一体化推进城市群都市圈建设、以内外联动推进高水平开放、以文旅深度融合推进黄河文化繁荣发展。着眼中长期,谋划“十五五”,前瞻黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的战略思路,应围绕流域高质量发展和高水平保护、高质量发展和高水平安全抓好“统筹”,围绕“十五五”规划、“两步走”战略做好“衔接”,围绕毫不动摇深化改革开放、推进全面创新育强“动能”,围绕与国家重大战略、区域战略的对接融入和叠加协同提升“势能”,围绕治理现代化在深化流域规划体系、政策体系联动中提高“效能”,以大保护、大治理推动流域生态效益、经济效益和社会效益相统一,打造大江大河治理的重要标杆,在推进中国式现代化进程中发挥关键作用。

黄河流域生态保护府际协作网络结构及其影响因素

黄河流域府际协作网络的建立能够为实现流域生态保护高质量发展提供现实依据。以黄河流域地方政府间有关生态保护的1 263份府际协议为样本,从社会网络视角可视化呈现黄河流域生态保护府际协作结构,以整体指标和中心度刻画府际协作网络特征,并通过二次指派程序(QAP)回归探析地理邻近性、经济发展水平、行政隶属关系、行政层级差异、合作组织网络、行政领导关系、生态保护水平7个变量对府际协作关系建立的影响。研究发现:黄河流域府际协作网络紧密,但整体网络密度仍处于较低水平;黄河流域府际协作网络呈复合式结构特征,具体表现为三角结构、星型结构、网状型结构等;河南省处于府际协作网络的核心位置,对周边地区的辐射带动作用明显;地理邻近性、经济发展水平、行政层级差异、行政领导关系和生态保护水平是当前黄河流域生态保护府际协作的主要驱动因素。

黄河流域发展质量综合评估及其主要障碍因子识别

为了给高质量建设现代化黄河流域提供数据佐证和学理支撑,设置包括2个子系统(生态保护和高质量发展)共7个维度(资源利用、环境治理、环境质量、创新发展、协调发展、开放发展、共享发展)的黄河流域发展质量评价指标体系,采用反熵值法计算指标权重及各子系统综合指数,采用生态位适宜度模型评估2011—2020年黄河流域发展质量,采用修正的耦合协调度模型和相对发展度模型分析黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调状况,采用障碍度模型识别黄河流域发展质量的主要障碍因子。结果表明:1)2011—2020年黄河流域发展质量整体上稳步上升,但研究时段末仍相对较低,还有较大提升空间;2)从黄河流域发展质量各维度生态位适宜度看,环境治理、资源利用达到中等适宜,协调发展和环境质量为低度适宜,共享发展属于低度不适宜,创新发展和开放发展属于中等不适宜;3)黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展耦合协调等级已由勉强协调上升到初级协调,二者一直处于生态保护领先的失衡或严重失衡状态;4)在发展质量的7个维度中,共享发展处于核心地位,开放发展、创新发展、协调发展是高质量发展子系统的短板,资源利用、环境质量是生态保护子系统的弱项。在评价指标中,技术市场成交额占GDP比重、人均进出口值、外资开放度、自然保护区面积占总面积比例、农业产业劳动生产率、城市土地节约利用水平、工业固体废弃物综合利用率是黄河流域发展质量的主要障碍因子。