Thoughts and Practice of Ecological Protection and Restoration of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes and Grasslands

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,treat the ecological environment as life,and coordinate the management of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.In recent years,China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,breaking the boundary between administrative divisions,departmental management and ecological elements,and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services,so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements.This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case,so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions.

Study on Key Problems of a New Environmental Dredging Based on Ecological Protection and Subsequent Ecological Restoration

[Objective] The research aimed to study key problems of a new environmental dredging based on ecological protection and subsequent ecological restoration. [Method] People paid more attention to sediment pollutant removal in environmental dredging, without considering coming aquatic eco-restoration work after dredging. Factor affecting aquatic ecosystem existence and growth was screened, and ecological dredging manner was put forward. [Result] On the basis of analyzing dredging objective, effect and influence, started from ecological protection and subsequent ecological restoration, water depth and substrate were screened as priority control factors of the environmental sediment dredging. New manner of combining sediment dredging to reshape underwater terrain was put forward. [Conclusion] The research provided solution for water depth and substrate demands of the subsequent ecological restoration.

Landscape Design of Water Conservancy Scenic Area Based on Ecological Protection Concept

Targeting at the development needs of ecological cities, the landscape design of water conservancy scenic areas has begun to take the ecological protection concept as the design essence, based on the theory of landscape ecology, ecological restoration and ecological compensation. The principles and methods of ecological design are summarized in this paper to achieve the unity of economic benefits and ecological benefits in water conservancy scenic areas and create a livable environment for cities.

Research on Ecological Protection and Restoration Measures in Altay Region based on the Coupling Perspective of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System

The adoption of both Nature-based Solutions(NbS)and a system perspective is a hot issue and an area in which there is much room for improvement in ecological protection and restoration.The study takes Altay region as an example,an area located in Xinjiang,China,which is an important ecological corridor of the national key functional area and the core area of the Belt and Road but has a fragile ecological environment and needs much enhancement in ecological protection and restoration.Guided by the concept of"mountains-rivers-forestsfarmlands-lakes-grasslands(MRFFLG)system is a life community",the coupling relationship of the various MRFFLG elements,the main ecological environmental problems and the integrated countermeasures for protection and restoration in Altay region have been analyzed in this study.The study shows that Altay region has a typical meta-ecosystem of mountain,oasis,and desert,and the connections by rivers and lakes make the ecosystem links within the region much closer.The interweaving of resource-environmental-ecological issues of the aquatic ecosystem,degradation of the quality of terrestrial ecosystems such as forests,grasslands and farmlands,the increased ecosystem fragmentation and ecological risks are the major ecological environmental issues in this region.This study takes the improvement of the ecosystem health and function in Altay region as the core goal of regional ecological protection and restoration.First,we establish a zoning governance pattern from the perspective of ecosystem integrity;second,we design governance strategies for different zones with the goal of synergistic improvements in the ecosystem functions;and finally,we clarify the key engineering tasks in different zones from the perspective of ecosystem services.Ecological conservation and restoration of the MRFFLG system is a prime example of the application and development of NbS in China.This paper constructs an analytical framework for identifying regional life communities,diagnosing ecological protection and restoration of zoning problems,and proposing classified solutions for ecological protection tasks for the protection of the MRFFLG system.This research will enrich the theory and technology for the protection and restoration of MRFFLG systems,and provide guidance for the practice of ecological protection and restoration in Altay region.

Protection and Restoration of Soil and Water Ecology to Achieve Harmonious Coexistence between Human and Nature

At present,the ecological environment crisis of global concern,such as climate warming and biodiversity loss,the fundamental reason is the change and destruction of the earth's soil and water ecology.Therefore,protecting and restoring the authenticity,diversity,cleanliness and integrity of soil and water ecology,we should coordinate and deal with the relationship between human beings and soil and water ecology,and realize the harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature from the three aspects of protecting natural soil and water ecology,protecting and restoring natural soil and water ecology,building and regenerating artificial soil and water ecology.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay,Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia.Here,the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system(MRFFLGs)pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined,by complying with the core concept,i.e.,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life".The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin,which aim to reduce ecological water use,soil erosion,forest and grassland degradation,the ecological destruction of mines,water environment pollution and other issues.With overall protection,system restoration,district policy,and problem orientation as the overarching ideas,162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project.In addition,some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized(e.g.,the use of laws to solve historical problems,scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation,proactive guidance for the engagement of people,modern information technology support,and integration with local sustainable development).Lastly,four policy suggestions are proposed:(1)Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit;(2)Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms;(3)Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents,technology and capital;and(4)Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate"industry,city,people,and tourism"for carrying out a large-scale system project.

Protection and Ecological Restoration of Water Level Fluctuation Zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water level fluctuation zone(hereinafter referred to as "WLFZ") is a transitional ecosystem between terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem,and also a key area to control its neighboring terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. After the Three Gorges Reservoir was put into use,ecological environment of its WLFZ has aroused wide concern from domestic and foreign experts. On the basis of introducing characteristics of WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,current ecological environment and main problems of this area were analyzed,plant selection and configuration was elaborated as well as the implementation effect of many WLFZ protection and ecological restoration modes. In view of the actual conditions,pertinent suggestions were proposed for WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir,namely classified protection and ecological restoration,enhancing monitoring and assessment of current situation and change tendency,carrying out technical researches and demonstration of WLFZ wetland ecological restoration.

Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

Aspects of forest restoration and hydrology:linking passive restoration and soil–water recovery in Brazilian Cerrado

Although the scientific knowledge about some associations between physical parameters of the soil is consolidated,studies focused on investigating the dynamics of forest restoration processes and the structure of soils remain incipient.The study area is located in Cerrado and is called as Private Natural Heritage Reserve(RPPN)Águas Perenes Forest(perennial water forest)and was selected as a“High Conservation Value Forest”,provides scope to investigate the soil physical properties recovery on passive restoration sites,with different ages but with the same land use history.So,the aim was to investigate the soil density,moisture,penetration resistance and infiltration rate with long-term from old(FA,46 year-old),medium(FB,11 year-old)and young(FC,8 year-old)passive restoration sites.It was observed differences in soil density,as well as in soil moisture,resistance to penetration and infiltration rate.Mean densities recorded for FA,FB and FC were 1.38,1.48 and 1.53 g cm^(-3),respectively.FA recorded higher mean soil moisture(14.9%)than FB(11.5%)and FC(10.0%),whereas mean soil resistance to penetration was increased from FA(0.87 MPa)to FB(0.91 MPa)and FC(1.10 MPa).The average infiltration rate was almost similar in FA and FB(FA=76.43 mm h^(-1);FB=77.48 mm h^(-1))and approximately 39%higher than FC(55.79 mm h^(-1)).Thus,although soil density and moisture were different in each passive restoration site,11 year-old passive restoration site showed similar resistance to penetration and infiltration rate to the old(46 years)passive restoration site.These features allowed seeing improvements in hydrological maintenance in the soil and revealed that passive restoration in Cerrado is able to improve the physical features on a soil presenting similar texture,climate and management history.

Research Advances on Marine Ecological Effect and Repairing Techniques of Coastal Mangrove Wetland

Coastal mangrove wetland is one of the areas whose global ecological environmental conditions have severely changed. Its ecosystem is vulnerable to damaged. The international community has paid attention to conservation and wisely use of mangrove wetland. This paper describes five parts of coastal mangrove wetland at home and abroad,including seawater's purification effect of nitrogen and phosphorus,seawater's adsorption of heavy metals,the functions of carbon sequestration and climate regulation,implant restoration techniques and the status of protection and management. And research trends of coastal mangrove wetland were proposed,in order to provide reference for the restoration and protection of China's coastal mangrove wetland.

A Review of the History and Development of Integrated Pest Management(IPM)

The evolvement of IPM has experienced several significant stages. IPM is an ecosystem as a governance unit. It allows the presence of low numbers of pests because a direct or indirect relationship between biological species and their associated environmental living conditions could keep a long-term ecological balance. IPM also emphasizes overall benefits; it is necessary to integrate all kinds of safe, effective, economic, and simple managements as far as possible. When synthesizing and coordinating various managements, effective control object, effective time limit, effective scope, and effective degree of the individual method should be analysed first. The ultimate goal of IPM is for the sustainable development of agriculture. In the future IPM system engineering, crop resistance, the role of natural enemies, agricultural control, and the application of biological control technologies will be greatly strengthened, and the role of chemical pesticides will be significantly reduced. Safe, effective, and long-lasting control of pest populations will be below the level of harm caused, which could protect the ecological environment and the health of people and livestock, and promote the development of production.

Review of Restoration Technology and Multi-environmental Factors Analysis of West Lake Ecosystem in Hangzhou City

The urban lake ecosystem has the characteristics of long-term,complex and comprehensive in its ecological restoration process because it is related to social and economic activities at multiple levels.Located in Hangzhou City,China,the West Lake is a national-level scenic spot and a world heritage cultural landscape.It provides key ecosystem services for the city and has a significant impact on the urban ecological environment and the well-being of citizens.The West Lake has undergone an 1800-year governance process in history,realizing the harmonious coexistence with Hangzhou City.Since modern times,due to the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization,the water quality of the West Lake and its freshwater ecosystem have been greatly damaged.Since 2002,Hangzhou City has achieved the overall restoration of the West Lake ecosystem through a series of measures,such as water diversion projects,dredging projects,and the West Lake comprehensive protection project,and the water environment and lakeshore landscape have been greatly improved.This study analyzed the restoration technology of the West Lake ecosystem from two scales of the watershed and the site and discussed the water ecological governance system of the West Lake in the past 20 years.Through thedata analyses of the West Lake land use,vegetation,TP,TN,NH_(3)-N,COD_(Mn) and other multi-environmental factors,the results showed that the water quality,transparency and eutrophication of the West Lake had been greatly improved.At the same time,the application of large-scale restoration methods and technologies also required long-term observation,and attention should be paid to the proliferation of alien species and the loss of heritage value,so as to further avoid potential ecological risks caused by ecological restoration.

情境优化、结构重塑与行为纠偏:农村生态河道长效管护的路径突破

加强农村河湖管理是实施乡村振兴战略的重要任务。在自上而下的政策引导下,各级政府全面推进农村生态河道建设工作。然而,农村生态河道管护是一项长期任务和系统工程。反思既有研究从单一维度分析农村生态河道管护的局限性,在对P镇生态河道管护的运行逻辑及长效机制分析基础上发现农村生态河道要实现真正意义上的长效管护,必须构建集保障、组织、运行于一体的管护体系,并从情境优化、结构重塑、行动纠偏等三个层面提出相应的治理思路。

退化海洋生态系统修复相关概念与修复模式的探讨

退化海洋生态系统的修复是确保海洋资源可持续利用、保护海洋生态环境及建设海洋生态文明的关键举措,也是当前国内、外共同关注的焦点。本文在梳理海洋生态系统概念的形成与发展脉络,以及生态修复与退化海洋生态系统内涵的基础上,深入探讨了三个关键科学问题:提升科学认知、采用先进技术和加强适应性管理。这些问题的解决对于海洋生态系统的研究和修复工程的实施至关重要。

江苏省平原水网区河湖生态水位确定探索与实践

保障河湖生态流量,事关江河湖泊健康。本文在分析江苏平原水网区域特点的基础上,选择生态水位作为河湖生态流量的表征指标,根据水利部确定的江苏省26条全国生态流量保障重点河湖名录,科学选定控制断面,采用1990—2020年水文序列资料,选用Qp法分析计算90%、95%、99%保证率下的水位,同步对比分析近10年最枯月水位、最低通航保证水位,最终确定了26条河湖的生态水位。通过制定保障措施方案、开展监测预警评估、强化统一调度管理等措施,全面保障区域河湖生态水位,为平原水网地区河湖生态水位的确定与保障提供了经验。

河流伦理研究及其在流域综合管理中的应用

流域水资源综合管理蕴含诸多的河流伦理问题。通过介绍河流伦理的内涵及内容,分析黄河“八七”分水方案、新安江生态补偿方案、小水电清理整改方案、都江堰生态水利工程、淮河“水量-水质-水生态”联合调度等案例,重点研讨了流域水资源综合管理面临的河流伦理问题,包括流域水资源分配的公平,河流健康权利,水资源综合管理的公平性、正义性和责任性等。案例表明,河流伦理思想和相关研究将在流域水资源分配、流域生态保护及流域治理中起到重要的基础与支撑作用。展望未来,变化环境下的流域智慧管理与河流伦理的交叉研究,将会产生更加深入结合与发展的成果。

社会资本参与生态保护修复市场化机制模式与实现路径研究

实施生态保护修复工程是构建人与自然和谐共生现代化社会的关键性举措,由于其公益性和外部性特征,难以形成稳定长效的回报机制,社会资本参与门槛高风险大。面对日益增长的修复需求,建立和完善生态保护修复项目的市场化机制不仅有助于缓解政府财政压力,更能通过市场机制的引入优化资源配置、推动产业结构优化。本文从生态保护修复市场化的逻辑前提出发,系统论述生态保护修复市场化实现的必要条件,归纳社会资本参与生态保护修复项目模式,针对生态保护修复市场化的发展,结合市场化在不同项目中的具体实现路径,提出发展和优化建议,旨在探索社会资本参与生态保护修复项目进入难、实施难的解决方案,推动生态保护修复市场化的健康发展。

综合景观管理:理论范式、行动框架与应用探索

综合景观管理是面向“人与自然和谐共生”“社会-经济-自然复合生态系统协同高质量发展”的时代命题,实现生态环境修复与农户生计改善目标双赢、自然景观质量与居民福祉水平协同提升的理论与实践框架。遵循生态与生计包容性发展理念,基于国外综合景观管理的理论成果与项目实践,通过综合景观管理的语义结构剖析、价值逻辑梳理、理论范式呈现、行动框架建构与应用实践探索,为中国生态治理体系和治理能力现代化提供新视域。研究结果表明:第一,综合景观管理是协同实现农业生产、生态系统保护、可持续自然资源管理、人类健康和福祉等多重目标的战略框架。第二,综合景观管理是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的直接体现,协调“生产空间-生活空间-生态空间”的具体实践,协同增进“生态安全-生产安全-生计安全”的最佳办法,“自上而下”与“自下而上”融合调适的治理制度。第三,综合景观管理是多目标协同、多主体对话、多尺度联动、多行动链接、多环节调适的生态治理复合逻辑。第四,综合景观管理是确定问题清单与相关主体、明晰行动目标与治理措施、设计管理方案与支持机制、实施综合行动与监测评估等组成的生态治理系统行动。基于上述结论,该研究结合中国退耕还林工程的运行实践,嵌入综合景观管理的理论范式与行动框架,科学反思退耕还林工程政策的可能性改进方向,为综合景观管理提供实践例证。

城市再野化的理论基础与实践前景

【目的】随着城市化进程的推进和工业发展,人类生存环境日益恶化,人类与荒野自然的联系愈加疏远。生态环境领域的学者们认识到城市再野化的必要性,并力求在城市中重塑人类与野性自然的联系。对城市再野化基础理论的探讨能够为未来城市绿化建设和管理提供一定理论参考。【方法/过程】阐释城市再野化的背景和内涵;总结城市再野化的相关基础理论并阐明各理论之间的联系,相关基础理论包括城市生态学、再野化、基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS)和亲生命性(biophilia)、景观生态学、生物多样性、群落构建、群落演替、自我设计与人为设计、入侵生态学、景观干扰与韧性、暴露生态学、景观偏好;为了展示各理论之间的有机联系,对这些理论从城市生态系统和再野化视角进行梳理,从实践环节和城市生态系统要素方面阐释上述理论,分析归纳城市再野化的开展思路以及各个步骤所对应的理论;探讨城市再野化未来的研究和实践方向。【结果/结论】通过对城市再野化相关基础理论的梳理和分析,表明各个理论是有机联系的而非机械的组合,从而系统性地分析总结出城市再野化的理论基础,为今后城市再野化理论体系的建立提供支持,也为该领域学术研究与应用实践提供思路。