Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

Aspects of forest restoration and hydrology:linking passive restoration and soil–water recovery in Brazilian Cerrado

Although the scientific knowledge about some associations between physical parameters of the soil is consolidated,studies focused on investigating the dynamics of forest restoration processes and the structure of soils remain incipient.The study area is located in Cerrado and is called as Private Natural Heritage Reserve(RPPN)Águas Perenes Forest(perennial water forest)and was selected as a“High Conservation Value Forest”,provides scope to investigate the soil physical properties recovery on passive restoration sites,with different ages but with the same land use history.So,the aim was to investigate the soil density,moisture,penetration resistance and infiltration rate with long-term from old(FA,46 year-old),medium(FB,11 year-old)and young(FC,8 year-old)passive restoration sites.It was observed differences in soil density,as well as in soil moisture,resistance to penetration and infiltration rate.Mean densities recorded for FA,FB and FC were 1.38,1.48 and 1.53 g cm^(-3),respectively.FA recorded higher mean soil moisture(14.9%)than FB(11.5%)and FC(10.0%),whereas mean soil resistance to penetration was increased from FA(0.87 MPa)to FB(0.91 MPa)and FC(1.10 MPa).The average infiltration rate was almost similar in FA and FB(FA=76.43 mm h^(-1);FB=77.48 mm h^(-1))and approximately 39%higher than FC(55.79 mm h^(-1)).Thus,although soil density and moisture were different in each passive restoration site,11 year-old passive restoration site showed similar resistance to penetration and infiltration rate to the old(46 years)passive restoration site.These features allowed seeing improvements in hydrological maintenance in the soil and revealed that passive restoration in Cerrado is able to improve the physical features on a soil presenting similar texture,climate and management history.

Research Advances on Marine Ecological Effect and Repairing Techniques of Coastal Mangrove Wetland

Coastal mangrove wetland is one of the areas whose global ecological environmental conditions have severely changed. Its ecosystem is vulnerable to damaged. The international community has paid attention to conservation and wisely use of mangrove wetland. This paper describes five parts of coastal mangrove wetland at home and abroad,including seawater's purification effect of nitrogen and phosphorus,seawater's adsorption of heavy metals,the functions of carbon sequestration and climate regulation,implant restoration techniques and the status of protection and management. And research trends of coastal mangrove wetland were proposed,in order to provide reference for the restoration and protection of China's coastal mangrove wetland.

A drone‑and feld‑based investigation of the land degradation and soil erosion at an opencast coal mine dump after 5 years’evolution of natural processes

Opencast coal mining has a large impact on the land surface,both at the mining pits themselves and at waste sites.After artifcial management is stopped,a reclaimed opencast coal mine dump is afected by wind and water erosion from natural processes,resulting in land degradation and even safety incidents.In this paper,the soil erosion and land degradation after 5 years of such natural processes,at the Xilinhot opencast coal mine dump in Inner Mongolia,were investigated.A multisource data acquisition method was applied:the vegetation fraction coverage(VFC)was extracted from GF-1 satellite imagery,high-precision terrain characteristics and the location and degree of soil erosion were obtained using a drone,and the physical properties of the topsoil were obtained by feld sampling.On this basis,the degree and spatial distribution of erosion cracks were identifed,and the causes of soil erosion and land degradation were analyzed using the geographical detector.The results show that(1)multi-source data acquisition method can provide efective basic data for the quantitative evaluation of the ecological environment at dumps,and(2)slope aspect and VFC are the main factors afecting the degree of degradation and soil erosion.Based on above analysis,several countermeasures are proposed to mitigate land degradation:(1)The windward slope be designed to imitate the natural landform.(2)Reasonable engineering measures should be applied at the slope to restrain soil erosion.(3)The Pioneer plants should be widely planted on the platform at the early stage of reclamation.

Growth rates of Eucalyptus and other Australian native tree species derived from seven decades of growth monitoring

There is widespread interest in estimating and forecasting individual tree and forest growth rates for restoration and carbon sequestration objectives. Outside intensively managed forests, past attempts have been limited by the lack of accurate long-term monitoring in multi-age mixed native forests to provide estimates of both expected mean diameter increments and the statistical variation in those estimates. A dataset from Eucalyptus-dominated native forests in subtropical Queensland, Australia offers an opportunity to provide accurate estimates of tree and forest growth rates. Over 86,400 trees from 155 native species were identified and remeasured between 1936 and 2011 in 641 permanent sample plots across a 500-2000 mm mean annual rainfall gradient. Individual tree diameter at breast height （DBH） increments observed for all species ranged mainly from 0.01 to 0.5 cm yr-1 （94 % of values）, with consistentdifferences between rainfall zones （mean of 500- 2000 mm yr-1）, and varying differences between species （155） and stem diameter class （10-100 cm）. For some spe- cies, diameter increment increased progressively with rain- fall （e.g. Eucalyptus siderophloia, Eucalyptus propinqua, and Lophostemon confertus）, but in others （e.g. Corymbia citriodora subsp, variegata, Corymbia intermedia, and Eucalyptus biturbinata） the greatest diameter increments were recorded between 1200 and 1600 mm yr-1. Where there were sufficient data, most species exhibited a quadratic relationship between DBH increment and DBH class, but two species （ Callitris glaucophylla and Eucalyptus crebra） native to the 500-800 mm annual rainfall zone showed lin- ear increases in DBH increment with increasing DBH. Continued monitoring of these plots would add to their already great value.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

综合景观管理:理论范式、行动框架与应用探索

综合景观管理是面向“人与自然和谐共生”“社会-经济-自然复合生态系统协同高质量发展”的时代命题,实现生态环境修复与农户生计改善目标双赢、自然景观质量与居民福祉水平协同提升的理论与实践框架。遵循生态与生计包容性发展理念,基于国外综合景观管理的理论成果与项目实践,通过综合景观管理的语义结构剖析、价值逻辑梳理、理论范式呈现、行动框架建构与应用实践探索,为中国生态治理体系和治理能力现代化提供新视域。研究结果表明:第一,综合景观管理是协同实现农业生产、生态系统保护、可持续自然资源管理、人类健康和福祉等多重目标的战略框架。第二,综合景观管理是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的直接体现,协调“生产空间-生活空间-生态空间”的具体实践,协同增进“生态安全-生产安全-生计安全”的最佳办法,“自上而下”与“自下而上”融合调适的治理制度。第三,综合景观管理是多目标协同、多主体对话、多尺度联动、多行动链接、多环节调适的生态治理复合逻辑。第四,综合景观管理是确定问题清单与相关主体、明晰行动目标与治理措施、设计管理方案与支持机制、实施综合行动与监测评估等组成的生态治理系统行动。基于上述结论,该研究结合中国退耕还林工程的运行实践,嵌入综合景观管理的理论范式与行动框架,科学反思退耕还林工程政策的可能性改进方向,为综合景观管理提供实践例证。

城市再野化的理论基础与实践前景

【目的】随着城市化进程的推进和工业发展,人类生存环境日益恶化,人类与荒野自然的联系愈加疏远。生态环境领域的学者们认识到城市再野化的必要性,并力求在城市中重塑人类与野性自然的联系。对城市再野化基础理论的探讨能够为未来城市绿化建设和管理提供一定理论参考。【方法/过程】阐释城市再野化的背景和内涵;总结城市再野化的相关基础理论并阐明各理论之间的联系,相关基础理论包括城市生态学、再野化、基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS)和亲生命性(biophilia)、景观生态学、生物多样性、群落构建、群落演替、自我设计与人为设计、入侵生态学、景观干扰与韧性、暴露生态学、景观偏好;为了展示各理论之间的有机联系,对这些理论从城市生态系统和再野化视角进行梳理,从实践环节和城市生态系统要素方面阐释上述理论,分析归纳城市再野化的开展思路以及各个步骤所对应的理论;探讨城市再野化未来的研究和实践方向。【结果/结论】通过对城市再野化相关基础理论的梳理和分析,表明各个理论是有机联系的而非机械的组合,从而系统性地分析总结出城市再野化的理论基础,为今后城市再野化理论体系的建立提供支持,也为该领域学术研究与应用实践提供思路。

Impacts of revegetation management modes on soil properties and vegetation ecological restoration in degraded sandy grassland in farming-pastoral ecotone

Focusing on the impact of various vegetation management modes on sandy grassland's soil property and vegetation ecological restoration of farming-pastoral ecotone,field surveys and lab analysis were conducted to study the correlation between the characteristics of soil properties and vegetation ecological restoration under four different vegetation management modes,i.e.,unenclosed natural restoration,enclosed natural restoration,unenclosed artificial restoration and enclosed artificial restoration,which have a restoration history of 15 years in the southern edge of the degraded sandy land area of Mu Us Desert in Leilongwan Town,Hengshan County,Shaanxi Province.After 15 years of vegetation restoration,these four vegetation management modes all proved to be useful for improving the vegetation ecological restoration and the soil quality of the degraded sandy grassland not only by enhancing the aboveground vegetation height,coverage and biomass but also increasing the content of soil clay,organic matter,CEC,total nitrogen,available nutrient while reducing soil bulk density.The vegetation ecological restoration effect and soil quality under enclosed or artificial restoration management are better than those of unenclosed or natural restoration management;and the most satisfactory vegetation ecological restoration effects and soil quality can be achieved under the integration of enclosed and artificial restoration management.Severely degraded sandy grassland,during the vegetation restoration,would form an interactional coordinating relationship with the vegetation and soil properties.Vegetation properties as height,coverage and biomass have significant positive correlations with organic matter,CEC,total nitrogen and available nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contained in soil.Only the adoption of the strict enclosure system,implementation of aggressive artificial vegetation restoration measures and the realization of the regurgitation-feeding policy of industry towards husbandry can guarantee the gradual restoration of degraded sandy grassland in farming-pastoral ecotone,so that it can continue to play the role of ecological protective screen.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay,Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia.Here,the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system(MRFFLGs)pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined,by complying with the core concept,i.e.,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life".The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin,which aim to reduce ecological water use,soil erosion,forest and grassland degradation,the ecological destruction of mines,water environment pollution and other issues.With overall protection,system restoration,district policy,and problem orientation as the overarching ideas,162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project.In addition,some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized(e.g.,the use of laws to solve historical problems,scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation,proactive guidance for the engagement of people,modern information technology support,and integration with local sustainable development).Lastly,four policy suggestions are proposed:(1)Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit;(2)Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms;(3)Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents,technology and capital;and(4)Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate"industry,city,people,and tourism"for carrying out a large-scale system project.

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

典型河湖治理经验及对长江流域生态保护的启示

为做好长江生态环境修复保护工作,选取欧洲莱茵河、英国泰晤士河、韩国清溪川和美国奥基乔比湖4个具有典型特征的河湖作为案例,整理和归纳了这4个河湖的污染治理过程与对应的政治、经济、金融、法律相关的治理措施。针对长江流域生态治理中存在的同类问题,总结了这4个河湖在跨区域协同治理、跨部门统筹管理、健全法律体系、加强公众参与和商业运营等方面的经验,提出建立跨区域共同协商的流域水污染管理体制、强化不同部门之间的统筹管理机制、完善流域统一的环境保护法律体系、公共参与等措施和建议。研究成果可为协同长江的保护与发展、进一步提升长江流域的水生态环境质量提供参考。

气候和采矿活动对荒漠化草原露天矿区植被的影响

研究露天矿采矿坑与排土场的植被破坏及复垦状况,可为矿区植被损伤诊断、植被自然恢复和人工修复评估提供生态学依据。基于Sentinel-2数据计算非红边植被指数(NDVI、EVI)和红边植被指数(RENDVI、MSR_RE、CIre、TCARI)为生态修复评价指标;采用回归分析、趋势分析和相关性分析方法,分析2018—2021年采矿活动和气候变化对5个露天矿(乌兰哈达露天矿、经纬露天矿、武家塔露天矿、狼窝渠露天矿和鸿盛源露天矿)植被长势的影响,获取矿区采矿坑、排土场和缓冲区植被的时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)鸿盛源露天矿采矿坑植被受损程度最严重(拟合斜率k=-0.2996),但其排土场人工修复效果最好(拟合斜率k=0.1364)。(2)对比5个露天煤矿5 km缓冲区,发现逐像元RENDVI变化趋势均以退化为主,退化面积均占50%以上。(3)在荒漠化草原地区,植被NDVI变化受降水的影响小于气温。露天开采会加剧荒漠化草原植被的退化,排土场的人工修复对改善区域植被生长状况成效显著。

风沙黄土区排土场不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量特征

[目的]准确评价风沙黄土区露天矿区排土场不同植被类型下土壤改良效益,并揭示其植被恢复的养分限制性,进而为该区生态重建与环境改善构建高效的植被恢复模式提供理论依据。[方法]选取鄂尔多斯武家塔排土场乔、灌、草3种植被类型的10种恢复模式的土壤为研究对象,以新排土为对照,开展其土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷与其化学计量特征及关系的研究。[结果]风沙黄土区排土场土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量变化分别为0.62~18.60 g/kg, 0.09~0.36 g/kg和0.04~0.21 g/kg,其中乔、灌林地的土壤有机碳、全氮养分含量显著高于新排土(p≤0.05),乔木林地的全磷含量显著低于其他3种样地(p≤0.05);在土层垂直剖面,3种植被类型的土壤养分均表现为表层富集性,灌木林地的土壤全氮含量在不同土层均表现最高,乔木林地土壤有机碳平均含量最高,草地的全磷平均含量最多。土壤C/N在不同植被类型间无显著差异(p>0.05),土壤C/P和N/P受植被类型的影响较大,均表现为乔木林地>灌木林地>草地>新排土;在土层垂直剖面,C/N整体呈现增大的变化趋势,N/P先减小后增大的趋势。土壤有机碳与C/N,C/P,N/P均呈极显著正相关关系(p≤0.01);土壤全氮与C/P,N/P呈极显著正相关关系(p≤0.01),土壤全磷则反之。乔木林地土壤N/P较高,植被生长受磷含量的限制;草地、灌木林地土壤N/P较低,植被生长受氮含量的限制。[结论]在植被恢复初期先种植草灌改善土壤表层养分,并适当施加氮肥,随着土壤肥力的提高再逐步种植乔木,配施磷肥以增强复垦效果。

我国北方生态受损河流复苏路径探索——以永定河为例

永定河是京津冀区域重要水源涵养区、生态屏障和生态廊道。20世纪以来,上游来水减少,沿线用水量增加,流域下游生态环境逐步恶化,河流生态严重受损。为复苏河流生态环境,启动了永定河综合治理与生态修复工程,跨行政单元对流域进行综合治理,探索出一条受损河流生态环境复苏的实践路径:通过流域整体规划和分段设计引导河道治理方案,明确不同区段的治理导则;探索用生态的办法解决生态的问题,模拟自然力驱动修复方式,推动河道地貌形态和生态环境的自然恢复;通过河道综合整治、水源地保护及地下水压采等措施对河流进行综合治理,为河流复苏做好保障;基于治理过程中要素及边界条件的动态变化,提出过程联动的系统治理方案,通过治理策略的动态优化实现永定河生态环境复苏的最优实践路径。

地质矿产勘查中的环境保护与生态修复研究

鉴于资源勘探行为对生态环境可能产生的不良影响日渐显著,强化地质矿产勘查过程中的环境保护及生态恢复工作变得格外关键,本项学术探究通过细致分析矿业活动所引发的环境损害原理,构建了一套环境保护方案与生态修复手段,旨在降低对生态环境的破坏程度并助力受影响区域的生态复原,本项探究运用尖端监测手段与先进的修复技术,对各项措施的环境效果进行了评估,其目的在于为矿产资源的可持续开发制定出一套有效的环境管理策略。研究结果揭示了,将地质勘探活动与环境保护相结合的全面管理策略,能够切实减轻对生态系统的冲击,从而为矿山区域的生态恢复提供了坚实的科学理论基础和技术保障。

河南省某玺石废弃矿山地质环境问题及生态修复治理

矿山长期开采对矿山地质环境和生态环境带来一定的影响,为实现矿山地质环境、生态环境的有效恢复,本文对矿山地质环境问题现状进行详细的分析,进而提出了相对应的生态修复治理措施。

永定河综合治理与生态修复管理实践

永定河历史上是一条排洪河道,治理多以防洪减灾为主。自20世纪80年代起,永定河水量逐年减少直到下游出现断流,生态环境恶化,因此对河道的治理理念发生了转变,由单一防洪治理逐渐转变为综合治理、生态修复。河道经过多年运行,且随着经济社会的发展,跨河建筑物的不断增多,加之近年来综合治理和生态修复的实施,自2019年起连续五年大规模的生态补水,实现了全线通水,初步实现了打造“流动的河”的目标。本文阐述了永定河实施综合治理前后的河道现状,并对新时期永定河生态修复存在的问题进行了分析,并据此提出了相应对策建议,研究成果可为永定河新时期的综合治理与生态修复提供参考。

水利水电工程扰动区生态护坡技术比较研究

水利水电工程建设中,易造成边坡生态退化,影响周边景观,造成生物多样性减少。为探究因工程扰动而导致的植被破坏和生长基质缺失问题,以及如何通过生态护坡技术来改善建设后河道或边坡等植被退化区域的环境,阐述了工程扰动植被退化区生态护坡的概念、机理、原则及其发展情况,并从植物生长基质特性的角度比较分析了现有生态护坡技术:人工植草护坡技术、骨架植草护坡技术、喷播植草护坡技术(包括液压喷播植草护坡、厚层基材喷射植被护坡、客土喷播植草护坡和植被混凝土喷播护坡)、植生袋护坡技术、框格梁植生袋护坡技术等。结果表明:现有生态护坡技术兼具边坡维稳和景观美学效益,但仍存在局限性和挑战,需将生态护坡技术与植被生长基质特性需求相结合,以实现生态修复的长期效果。

植物废弃物发酵基质对露天矿区排土场土壤改良研究

伴随着我国经济的高速发展,大量矿区资源被开采利用,尤其是开采过程中通过精矿筛选后剩余的大量岩石碎块和弃土弃渣形成的排土场,导致原有土地资源被占压和破坏。新形成的排土场土壤结构不完善、养分供应差,成为大量植物难以生长的废弃地区。研究围绕“山水林田湖草沙共治、人与自然和谐共生”的理念,利用矿区及周边的植物废弃物作为土壤基质,采用不同配比的植物废弃物对排土场土壤进行改良与提升。研究以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea“卡纳瓦罗”)作为植物材料,比较原土、未发酵、未发酵∶原土=7∶3、发酵∶原土=7∶3和纯发酵共五种基质类型对草地观感质量、生长情况,以及土壤理化性质的影响,并运用TOPSIS法对各指标进行综合评价,选出最适合高羊茅生长的基质类型。结果表明:发酵∶原土=7∶3处理的基质对高羊茅观感质量存在显著的促进作用;发酵处理后的草地地上生物量和地下生物量均与原土处理无明显差异,但显著高于未发酵的两组处理;发酵处理后的两组基质表现出适宜草地生长的土壤干密度,提高了土壤通气性,且能够显著提高土壤中氮磷钾的养分供应。运用TOPSISI法综合评价可以看出,发酵∶原土=7∶3处理的综合质量评价最优,为0.82,远高于原土处理的0.49;而未发酵处理的综合质量评价最差,仅为0.38。因此,将植物废弃物发酵后与原土以7∶3的比例混合是一种较为合理的植物废弃物处理方式与混合比例,能够对矿区排土场土壤进行显著的改良与提升。