Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

Aspects of forest restoration and hydrology:linking passive restoration and soil–water recovery in Brazilian Cerrado

Although the scientific knowledge about some associations between physical parameters of the soil is consolidated,studies focused on investigating the dynamics of forest restoration processes and the structure of soils remain incipient.The study area is located in Cerrado and is called as Private Natural Heritage Reserve(RPPN)Águas Perenes Forest(perennial water forest)and was selected as a“High Conservation Value Forest”,provides scope to investigate the soil physical properties recovery on passive restoration sites,with different ages but with the same land use history.So,the aim was to investigate the soil density,moisture,penetration resistance and infiltration rate with long-term from old(FA,46 year-old),medium(FB,11 year-old)and young(FC,8 year-old)passive restoration sites.It was observed differences in soil density,as well as in soil moisture,resistance to penetration and infiltration rate.Mean densities recorded for FA,FB and FC were 1.38,1.48 and 1.53 g cm^(-3),respectively.FA recorded higher mean soil moisture(14.9%)than FB(11.5%)and FC(10.0%),whereas mean soil resistance to penetration was increased from FA(0.87 MPa)to FB(0.91 MPa)and FC(1.10 MPa).The average infiltration rate was almost similar in FA and FB(FA=76.43 mm h^(-1);FB=77.48 mm h^(-1))and approximately 39%higher than FC(55.79 mm h^(-1)).Thus,although soil density and moisture were different in each passive restoration site,11 year-old passive restoration site showed similar resistance to penetration and infiltration rate to the old(46 years)passive restoration site.These features allowed seeing improvements in hydrological maintenance in the soil and revealed that passive restoration in Cerrado is able to improve the physical features on a soil presenting similar texture,climate and management history.

Research Advances on Marine Ecological Effect and Repairing Techniques of Coastal Mangrove Wetland

Coastal mangrove wetland is one of the areas whose global ecological environmental conditions have severely changed. Its ecosystem is vulnerable to damaged. The international community has paid attention to conservation and wisely use of mangrove wetland. This paper describes five parts of coastal mangrove wetland at home and abroad,including seawater's purification effect of nitrogen and phosphorus,seawater's adsorption of heavy metals,the functions of carbon sequestration and climate regulation,implant restoration techniques and the status of protection and management. And research trends of coastal mangrove wetland were proposed,in order to provide reference for the restoration and protection of China's coastal mangrove wetland.

A drone‑and feld‑based investigation of the land degradation and soil erosion at an opencast coal mine dump after 5 years’evolution of natural processes

Opencast coal mining has a large impact on the land surface,both at the mining pits themselves and at waste sites.After artifcial management is stopped,a reclaimed opencast coal mine dump is afected by wind and water erosion from natural processes,resulting in land degradation and even safety incidents.In this paper,the soil erosion and land degradation after 5 years of such natural processes,at the Xilinhot opencast coal mine dump in Inner Mongolia,were investigated.A multisource data acquisition method was applied:the vegetation fraction coverage(VFC)was extracted from GF-1 satellite imagery,high-precision terrain characteristics and the location and degree of soil erosion were obtained using a drone,and the physical properties of the topsoil were obtained by feld sampling.On this basis,the degree and spatial distribution of erosion cracks were identifed,and the causes of soil erosion and land degradation were analyzed using the geographical detector.The results show that(1)multi-source data acquisition method can provide efective basic data for the quantitative evaluation of the ecological environment at dumps,and(2)slope aspect and VFC are the main factors afecting the degree of degradation and soil erosion.Based on above analysis,several countermeasures are proposed to mitigate land degradation:(1)The windward slope be designed to imitate the natural landform.(2)Reasonable engineering measures should be applied at the slope to restrain soil erosion.(3)The Pioneer plants should be widely planted on the platform at the early stage of reclamation.

Growth rates of Eucalyptus and other Australian native tree species derived from seven decades of growth monitoring

There is widespread interest in estimating and forecasting individual tree and forest growth rates for restoration and carbon sequestration objectives. Outside intensively managed forests, past attempts have been limited by the lack of accurate long-term monitoring in multi-age mixed native forests to provide estimates of both expected mean diameter increments and the statistical variation in those estimates. A dataset from Eucalyptus-dominated native forests in subtropical Queensland, Australia offers an opportunity to provide accurate estimates of tree and forest growth rates. Over 86,400 trees from 155 native species were identified and remeasured between 1936 and 2011 in 641 permanent sample plots across a 500-2000 mm mean annual rainfall gradient. Individual tree diameter at breast height （DBH） increments observed for all species ranged mainly from 0.01 to 0.5 cm yr-1 （94 % of values）, with consistentdifferences between rainfall zones （mean of 500- 2000 mm yr-1）, and varying differences between species （155） and stem diameter class （10-100 cm）. For some spe- cies, diameter increment increased progressively with rain- fall （e.g. Eucalyptus siderophloia, Eucalyptus propinqua, and Lophostemon confertus）, but in others （e.g. Corymbia citriodora subsp, variegata, Corymbia intermedia, and Eucalyptus biturbinata） the greatest diameter increments were recorded between 1200 and 1600 mm yr-1. Where there were sufficient data, most species exhibited a quadratic relationship between DBH increment and DBH class, but two species （ Callitris glaucophylla and Eucalyptus crebra） native to the 500-800 mm annual rainfall zone showed lin- ear increases in DBH increment with increasing DBH. Continued monitoring of these plots would add to their already great value.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

综合景观管理:理论范式、行动框架与应用探索

综合景观管理是面向“人与自然和谐共生”“社会-经济-自然复合生态系统协同高质量发展”的时代命题,实现生态环境修复与农户生计改善目标双赢、自然景观质量与居民福祉水平协同提升的理论与实践框架。遵循生态与生计包容性发展理念,基于国外综合景观管理的理论成果与项目实践,通过综合景观管理的语义结构剖析、价值逻辑梳理、理论范式呈现、行动框架建构与应用实践探索,为中国生态治理体系和治理能力现代化提供新视域。研究结果表明:第一,综合景观管理是协同实现农业生产、生态系统保护、可持续自然资源管理、人类健康和福祉等多重目标的战略框架。第二,综合景观管理是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的直接体现,协调“生产空间-生活空间-生态空间”的具体实践,协同增进“生态安全-生产安全-生计安全”的最佳办法,“自上而下”与“自下而上”融合调适的治理制度。第三,综合景观管理是多目标协同、多主体对话、多尺度联动、多行动链接、多环节调适的生态治理复合逻辑。第四,综合景观管理是确定问题清单与相关主体、明晰行动目标与治理措施、设计管理方案与支持机制、实施综合行动与监测评估等组成的生态治理系统行动。基于上述结论,该研究结合中国退耕还林工程的运行实践,嵌入综合景观管理的理论范式与行动框架,科学反思退耕还林工程政策的可能性改进方向,为综合景观管理提供实践例证。

Impacts of revegetation management modes on soil properties and vegetation ecological restoration in degraded sandy grassland in farming-pastoral ecotone

Focusing on the impact of various vegetation management modes on sandy grassland's soil property and vegetation ecological restoration of farming-pastoral ecotone,field surveys and lab analysis were conducted to study the correlation between the characteristics of soil properties and vegetation ecological restoration under four different vegetation management modes,i.e.,unenclosed natural restoration,enclosed natural restoration,unenclosed artificial restoration and enclosed artificial restoration,which have a restoration history of 15 years in the southern edge of the degraded sandy land area of Mu Us Desert in Leilongwan Town,Hengshan County,Shaanxi Province.After 15 years of vegetation restoration,these four vegetation management modes all proved to be useful for improving the vegetation ecological restoration and the soil quality of the degraded sandy grassland not only by enhancing the aboveground vegetation height,coverage and biomass but also increasing the content of soil clay,organic matter,CEC,total nitrogen,available nutrient while reducing soil bulk density.The vegetation ecological restoration effect and soil quality under enclosed or artificial restoration management are better than those of unenclosed or natural restoration management;and the most satisfactory vegetation ecological restoration effects and soil quality can be achieved under the integration of enclosed and artificial restoration management.Severely degraded sandy grassland,during the vegetation restoration,would form an interactional coordinating relationship with the vegetation and soil properties.Vegetation properties as height,coverage and biomass have significant positive correlations with organic matter,CEC,total nitrogen and available nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contained in soil.Only the adoption of the strict enclosure system,implementation of aggressive artificial vegetation restoration measures and the realization of the regurgitation-feeding policy of industry towards husbandry can guarantee the gradual restoration of degraded sandy grassland in farming-pastoral ecotone,so that it can continue to play the role of ecological protective screen.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay,Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia.Here,the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system(MRFFLGs)pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined,by complying with the core concept,i.e.,"mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life".The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin,which aim to reduce ecological water use,soil erosion,forest and grassland degradation,the ecological destruction of mines,water environment pollution and other issues.With overall protection,system restoration,district policy,and problem orientation as the overarching ideas,162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project.In addition,some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized(e.g.,the use of laws to solve historical problems,scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation,proactive guidance for the engagement of people,modern information technology support,and integration with local sustainable development).Lastly,four policy suggestions are proposed:(1)Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit;(2)Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms;(3)Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents,technology and capital;and(4)Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate"industry,city,people,and tourism"for carrying out a large-scale system project.

典型河湖治理经验及对长江流域生态保护的启示

为做好长江生态环境修复保护工作,选取欧洲莱茵河、英国泰晤士河、韩国清溪川和美国奥基乔比湖4个具有典型特征的河湖作为案例,整理和归纳了这4个河湖的污染治理过程与对应的政治、经济、金融、法律相关的治理措施。针对长江流域生态治理中存在的同类问题,总结了这4个河湖在跨区域协同治理、跨部门统筹管理、健全法律体系、加强公众参与和商业运营等方面的经验,提出建立跨区域共同协商的流域水污染管理体制、强化不同部门之间的统筹管理机制、完善流域统一的环境保护法律体系、公共参与等措施和建议。研究成果可为协同长江的保护与发展、进一步提升长江流域的水生态环境质量提供参考。

风沙黄土区排土场不同植被类型下土壤生态化学计量特征

[目的]准确评价风沙黄土区露天矿区排土场不同植被类型下土壤改良效益,并揭示其植被恢复的养分限制性,进而为该区生态重建与环境改善构建高效的植被恢复模式提供理论依据。[方法]选取鄂尔多斯武家塔排土场乔、灌、草3种植被类型的10种恢复模式的土壤为研究对象,以新排土为对照,开展其土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷与其化学计量特征及关系的研究。[结果]风沙黄土区排土场土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量变化分别为0.62~18.60 g/kg, 0.09~0.36 g/kg和0.04~0.21 g/kg,其中乔、灌林地的土壤有机碳、全氮养分含量显著高于新排土(p≤0.05),乔木林地的全磷含量显著低于其他3种样地(p≤0.05);在土层垂直剖面,3种植被类型的土壤养分均表现为表层富集性,灌木林地的土壤全氮含量在不同土层均表现最高,乔木林地土壤有机碳平均含量最高,草地的全磷平均含量最多。土壤C/N在不同植被类型间无显著差异(p>0.05),土壤C/P和N/P受植被类型的影响较大,均表现为乔木林地>灌木林地>草地>新排土;在土层垂直剖面,C/N整体呈现增大的变化趋势,N/P先减小后增大的趋势。土壤有机碳与C/N,C/P,N/P均呈极显著正相关关系(p≤0.01);土壤全氮与C/P,N/P呈极显著正相关关系(p≤0.01),土壤全磷则反之。乔木林地土壤N/P较高,植被生长受磷含量的限制;草地、灌木林地土壤N/P较低,植被生长受氮含量的限制。[结论]在植被恢复初期先种植草灌改善土壤表层养分,并适当施加氮肥,随着土壤肥力的提高再逐步种植乔木,配施磷肥以增强复垦效果。

我国北方生态受损河流复苏路径探索——以永定河为例

永定河是京津冀区域重要水源涵养区、生态屏障和生态廊道。20世纪以来,上游来水减少,沿线用水量增加,流域下游生态环境逐步恶化,河流生态严重受损。为复苏河流生态环境,启动了永定河综合治理与生态修复工程,跨行政单元对流域进行综合治理,探索出一条受损河流生态环境复苏的实践路径:通过流域整体规划和分段设计引导河道治理方案,明确不同区段的治理导则;探索用生态的办法解决生态的问题,模拟自然力驱动修复方式,推动河道地貌形态和生态环境的自然恢复;通过河道综合整治、水源地保护及地下水压采等措施对河流进行综合治理,为河流复苏做好保障;基于治理过程中要素及边界条件的动态变化,提出过程联动的系统治理方案,通过治理策略的动态优化实现永定河生态环境复苏的最优实践路径。

水利水电工程扰动区生态护坡技术比较研究

水利水电工程建设中,易造成边坡生态退化,影响周边景观,造成生物多样性减少。为探究因工程扰动而导致的植被破坏和生长基质缺失问题,以及如何通过生态护坡技术来改善建设后河道或边坡等植被退化区域的环境,阐述了工程扰动植被退化区生态护坡的概念、机理、原则及其发展情况,并从植物生长基质特性的角度比较分析了现有生态护坡技术:人工植草护坡技术、骨架植草护坡技术、喷播植草护坡技术(包括液压喷播植草护坡、厚层基材喷射植被护坡、客土喷播植草护坡和植被混凝土喷播护坡)、植生袋护坡技术、框格梁植生袋护坡技术等。结果表明:现有生态护坡技术兼具边坡维稳和景观美学效益,但仍存在局限性和挑战,需将生态护坡技术与植被生长基质特性需求相结合,以实现生态修复的长期效果。

干旱区露天矿外排土场隔水层重构材料试验研究

新疆煤炭资源储量巨大,具备开发建设大型露天煤矿的条件与优势,但由于新疆干旱区气候特点,造成露天开采对生态环境影响和破坏范围广、程度高,开展干旱区露天矿生态修复具有重大实际意义。由于排土场物料松散、孔隙度大、渗透性大,对干旱区排土场生态修复提出严峻挑战。为解决我国西部干旱区露天煤矿生态修复过程中水资源的紧缺问题,提高干旱区露天矿生态修复效果,基于材料强度和渗透率双重技术目标,探究重构露天矿外排土场隔水层材料配比,以不同材料配比方案利用室内渗透性试验及单轴抗压强度开展相关研究。采用XRD衍射试验、单轴抗压试验与变水头渗透试验确定了不同配比试件的材料主要成分、单轴抗压强度与渗透率并研究了重构隔水层的材料配比参数。试验结果表明:固化剂掺比增加2%时,试件抗压强度提高22%,但增加趋势随着固化剂掺比超过8%时开始降低,固化剂掺比从8%增加至10%时,试件的抗压强度仅增加6%。随着粉煤灰掺比的增加其渗透率逐渐减小,粉煤灰掺比每增加2%可使渗透率降低28%。固化剂掺比量对试件抗压强度的影响程度大于粉煤灰掺比对其的影响程度,且对于渗透率而言,粉煤灰掺比的影响程度更高。粉煤灰掺比固定时,固化剂掺比与试件的单轴抗压强度呈正相关。固化剂掺比一定时,粉煤灰掺比增加其单轴抗压强度也在增大。

资源整合背景下露采转地采矿山地质环境治理方法探讨

为查明资源整合背景下楸树湾铜钼矿露采转地采矿山地质环境问题、矿区地质灾害现状及隐患、土地利用类型和各类土地的损毁及复垦情况,制定相应的矿山地质环境保护治理与土地复垦措施。通过资料收集与野外地质环境调查,对矿山生产活动造成的土地损毁与矿山地质环境影响进行综合性评估,确定保护与恢复治理分区的责任范围;从技术、经济、土地适宜性和水土资源平衡等方面提出矿山地质环境治理、修复与土地复垦措施;通过设置警示牌、防护网、修建挡土墙、排水渠、边坡复垦和表土复垦等工程技术措施,分阶段、有层次地进行修复治理。项目的有效实施消除了地质灾害隐患,避免了人员伤亡和财产损失;增加了复垦面积,提升了土地资源的综合利用率,有利于复垦区经济效益的综合提升;使因矿山开采对地质环境和土地资源的影响和破坏程度降到最低。为实施矿山地质环境保护、治理和监测及土地复垦,以及为自然资源主管部门的监管提供依据,改善矿区人居生态环境,促进区域经济的良性可持续发展。

“三水”融合视角下湖库型城市水体多源污染统筹治理方法探讨

厦门市杏林湾是一座围海筑堤而成的淡水湖库,由于污染来源复杂、生态基流匮乏,其水质一度恶化。近年来,随着村庄污水整治、环湾截污等治理工程实施,水质有所好转,但TN、TP指标不能稳定达到湖库Ⅴ类标准,呈现富营养化状态。聚焦杏林湾200 km^(2)流域尺度,充分尊重自然规律、着眼长远开展顶层设计,近期“集中控P、放宽控N”,远期“严格控P、达标控N”,逐步改善湖泊富营养化,恢复清水草型湖泊稳态水生态系统。按照控污为先、生态修复、引水扩容、建管并重策略,探索水资源、水环境、水生态“三水”融合的系统治理路径。

基于无人机和卫星影像的光伏电站植被协同管理研究

农光互补电站作为一种现代生态农业发展的新模式,亟须一种高精度、全过程的遥感技术以实现其对局域尺度光伏电站植被状况的准确监测和实时管控。提供准确的遥感信息有助于优化电站环境管理、推动生态修复,并深入了解光伏电站对周边生态环境的影响。这不仅可为农光互补电站的可持续发展提供技术支持,也为智慧农业和生态电站建设提供了重要的科学依据。本研究以浙江省各类典型农光互补电站为研究对象,利用无人机获取超高空间分辨率多光谱遥感数据对电站内不同土地利用类型的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)进行精确评估,并结合Sentinel-2MSI、Landsat-8/9OLI卫星的同期影像,以均值、动态范围和标准差三个指标定量分析了三类影像反演植被状况的能力,基于回归分析构建了电站全域范围内无人机和卫星影像NDVI数据的转换方程,实现了无人机NDVI数据在不同尺度的应用,并验证了其在浙江省的区域适用性。结果表明:光伏电站内地物空间异质性大、植被长势差异显著,农业种植对提升电站内的NDVI具有重要意义;无人机在全域和分区尺度上均表现出更强的植被探测能力,卫星影像则低估了电站的NDVI值;与Landsat相比,Sentinel-2和无人机之间的NDVI转换方程更有利于实现二者监测结果的互补(R2=0.86,RMSE=0.10)。研究结果拓展了无人机与卫星影像在农光互补电站中的协同应用场景,可为中高分辨率卫星影像在局域尺度碎片化的土地利用方式下的植被状况精准监测和管理提供技术参考。

LID理念下的韩国绿色基础设施建设实践与启示——以德津湖流域为例

韩国德津湖流域因水质恶化被指定为优先治理水域。近些年,该流域通过水生态修复项目,重获可持续的生态安全城市面貌和水友好型城市宜居环境。以德津湖流域为研究区域,梳理和介绍了其水生态修复过程中关于“德津湖流域LID-绿色基础设施建设项目”的实施背景、相关政策、技术方法、实践应用及其产生的协同效益,进而分析总结出其水生态修复实践的方法和具体策略,以期从低影响开发、多组织协作和多目标统筹3个方面为中国城市水生态修复建设提供借鉴与启示。

舒城县民主河水环境综合治理路径与措施研究

随着城市化的加速,水环境问题逐渐成为限制区域可持续发展的主要因素。文章探讨了安徽省舒城县民主河水环境综合治理项目如何通过污染源控制、生态修复和水质监测管理等措施,有效改善水质并提升区域竞争力。项目实施了农村污水处理设施、生态护岸和引水活源工程等关键措施,成功恢复了生态系统功能,提升了居民生活质量,并增强了区域吸引力。尽管面临资金、技术和社区参与挑战,但通过有效对策,这些挑战得到了妥善管理。舒城县的经验为其他地区提供了宝贵的水环境治理参考。

矿山石漠化生态治理技术与工程应用

石漠化加速生态环境恶化,使水土流失,岩石裸露面积扩大,可利用土地面积减少,土壤养分大量流失,有的甚至伴随着严重的环境污染。石漠化已成为我国西南地区和矿区面临的生态地质环境问题之一。本文重点围绕矿山重金属污染土壤原位稳定技术,地表径流梯度拦截阻隔与净化技术和矿山石漠化植被生态恢复技术开展研究,并通过工程应用示范,旨在为矿山石漠化生态治理提供技术和实践支撑。