Ecological Restoration Technology and Carbon Reduction Paths of Abandoned Mines in Zoige Alpine Grassland Area

At first,the ecological restoration technology of abandoned mines is summarized,and the paths and models of mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area under the background of carbon neutrality are analyzed.Moreover,the problems and deficiencies in the current research on mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area are initially identified,and the future research trend is prospected to provide a reference for the path of carbon reduction by mine ecological restoration in Zoige grassland area and other alpine grassland areas in the future.

Ecosystem Development of Haizhou Bay Ecological Restoration Area from 2003 to 2013

Two Ecopath mass-balance models were implemented for evaluating the structure and function of Haizhou Bay Ecological Restoration Area ecosystem using 14 ecological indicators in two distinctive years(2003 and 2013). The results showed that the size of HZERA ecosystem became larger as total biomass was increased in last decade, especially in primary producer and zooplankton groups. Total system throughput increased from 7496.00 t km^(-2) yr^(-1) to 9547.54 t km^(-2) yr^(-1). The P/R(production/respiration) ratio decreased over the decade. Finn's cycling index and Finn's mean path length increased over the decade. No keystone species(KS) occurred during ten years; however, evidences of top-down control in 2003 and 2013 models were demonstrated by high KS value belonging to Lophius litulon group in food web. Drawing upon Odum's theory of ecosystem maturity, the structured, web-like ecosystem of 2013 model had developed into a highly mature system compared with that of 2003 model.

Design of Landscape Ecological Restoration for “Five Mining Areas” of the Laoqing Mountain in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Through analyzing basic conditions of the "five mining areas" in the Laoqing Mountain of the Dianchi Lake Basin, in Kunming City, South China, the ecological restoration design of "integrating engineering protection and biological restoration, building the landscape ecological security pattern of the Laoqing Mountain" was proposed. Considering the different ecological functional areas, varying engineering measures, greening patterns, and irrigation means were selected for the ecological restoration, including site management, vegetation restoration, management and utilization etc.. These ecological restoration measures will produce favorable ecological benefits, and also take landscape effect and sustainable development into consideration, which will contribute to the ecological restoration of the "five mining areas", and provide a scientific and feasible reference for the ecological restoration in China.

Ecological Restoration of Rocky Desertification in Hongfeng Lake Karst Area Based on SWOT Analysis

In order to provide a reference for rocky desertification control in karst areas,we take the case of Hongfeng Lake Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control Demonstration Area in Qingzhen City of Guizhou Province,and expound strength,weakness,opportunity and challenge in its ecological restoration,using SWOT analysis method in management sciences.And we finally put forth scientific strategies for ecological restoration in this demonstration area.

Landscape pattern and its restoration for coal mine subsidence area in southern part of Tangshan in China

To investigate the ecosystem damage and environment pollution resulted from coal resources exploitation,based on remote sensing image,the landscape pattern was quantitatively analyzed with GIS and landscape pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS by utilizing multiform landscape pattern indexes,such as patch area,patch circumference,patch number,fractal dimension,fragmentation index,connectivity index and so on. Results indicate that the restored landscape type occupies the control status and accounts for the majority of the whole area,and needs to be further restored and adjusted because of its internal body with smaller patches,lower fractal dimension and better connectivity. The landscape type without restoration has destroyed the ecology and beauty of the whole landscape. In addition,some suggestive instructions for restoring various kinds of patches are put forward according to the quantitative analysis.

LUCC of large opencast mines in loess area during ecologi-cal restoration: a case study of Pingshuo Mine

Taking Pingshuo mine as an example, this paper studies land use, cover change in the process of reclaiming in mine area in the methods of survey in fixed places, indoor analysis, investigation and verification of history data. The results show that as a special land-use form, LUCC is drastic. The change of LUCC in the process that the landform is being restructured is reflected by the change of altitude, slope exposure, slope gradient, slope patterns and specific surface area; the change of LUCC in the process that the soil is being restructured is reflected by the change of soil physical character, chemical character, biological character and erosion character; and the change of LUCC in the process that vegetation is being restructured is reflected by the increase of 91 artificial vegetations and the intrusive growth of 95 wild species.

Harmony between Industrial Landscape and Natural Ecology—Landscape Design of the Former Area in Wangfenggang Coal Mine of Anhui Huainan

Taking landscape design of the former area in Wangfenggang coal mine of Anhui Huainan as an example,the whole thinking and specific implementations were discussed from aspects including scenic spot planning,plant landscape and characteristics of scenic spots,and created landscape in mining areas,squares and residential districts by combining section peculiarity,old building characteristics and circumstance in the landscape design of mining areas,which aimed to realize sustainable development of landscape in mining areas.

Effects of ecological projects on vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China

The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir and the resettlement project have caused increasing contradictions between human and land,and led to the deterioration of the ecological environment. In order to ameliorate ecological environment of the Three Gorges Area, the government carried out several ecological restoration projects to improve the vegetation coverage from 1990 s. This paper aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of ecological projects on the vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China. Landsat and MODIS data from 1992 to 2015 were used to estimate vegetation coverage. In addition, the land cover data of the European Space Agency(ESA) was used to explore the impact of ecological projects on land cover change. The cropland accounted for about 62% and the forestland accounted for about 34% of the total area. There was more than 90% of the study area covered with high or very high vegetation coverage.From 1992 to 2015, a total of 272.7 km;croplands were converted into forestland in the Ecological Migration Project(EMP), 795.6 km;in the Grain for Green Project(GGP), and 13.77 km;in the Ecological Restoration Zone Project(ERZP). Among the three projects, the GGP was the most powerful measure,with a contribution rate of 1.6%. The implementation of the ecological projects improved vegetation coverage, which indicated that the ecological projects measures were effective in ecological restoration.

Landscape Design of Water Conservancy Scenic Area Based on Ecological Protection Concept

Targeting at the development needs of ecological cities, the landscape design of water conservancy scenic areas has begun to take the ecological protection concept as the design essence, based on the theory of landscape ecology, ecological restoration and ecological compensation. The principles and methods of ecological design are summarized in this paper to achieve the unity of economic benefits and ecological benefits in water conservancy scenic areas and create a livable environment for cities.

Driving forest succession in karst areas of Chongqing municipality over the past decade

Background:Karst areas in southwestern China exhibit ecological degradation in the form of rocky desertification.Local governments launched large-scale afforestation and other ecological restoration programs to curb this trend.Soil thickness is a key limiting factor for vegetation restoration in Karst areas,but the relationship between ecological restoration and soil thickness remains unclear.Further,afforestation consumes large amounts of water,which impacts water supply in karst areas.In this study,we used GIS and statistical analyses to determine rocky desertification sensitivity and its driving factors in karst areas of Chongqing municipality over the past decade.Results:Soil thickness is one of the key factors that restrict ecological restoration of rocky desertification.From 2000 to 2010,rocky desertification sensitivity in karst areas was on the rise along with an increase in afforestation.Areas of high sensitivity were mainly distributed in Pengshui County,Wulong District,and Youyang County;Shizhu County had the lowest overall incidence of desertification.Spatial distribution of rocky desertification was significantly affected by rainfall and soil thickness.Regression analysis showed that the main factors controlling changes in rocky desertification in natural forest over time were precipitation which explained 23.73%of total variance,and soil thickness which explained 23.42%of total variance.Soil thickness and soil water content had a higher correlation coefficient(at 0.516)in natural forests than in planted forests.Conclusion:This study showed that increases in soil thickness in a karst area had a significant positive impact on the fragile ecological environment.This indicates that ecosystem restoration in karst areas will benefit from addressing soil thickness.

Ecological Optimization Design Methods for the Green Space System in Densely Built-up Areas

This paper is aimed at studying the environmental degradation of densely built-up areas in the process of urbanization in Qiina. In consideration of the severe environmental conditions of die densely built-up afeas, such as the lack of green space and. open space, ecological disturbance in some areas, poor landscape quality, this paper focused on the ecological space optimization in the process of urban renewal Firstly, theories related to this field were analyzed, and a comprehensive ecological efficiency evaluation sjrstem was established based on disciplines such as urban ecology, landscape ecology, urban sociology, behavioral psychology, biology, urban planning and design. Secondly, this system was used to judge the ecological efficiency of typical blocks on GIS platform and to find out the key spatial nodes that need to be updated. Thirdly, in different cases, space optimization projects witii different theories were designed, and the spatial model of influence was used to comprehensively evaluate their ecological efficiency. Finally, the parameters under different conditions were corrected to get a systematic system for evaluating the green space system in densely built-up areas＊ Due to the lack of undetstanding of the ecological fonction of green space in the past, die environmental condition of densely built-up areas is not good. Therefore, the most important task of urban oigauic renewal is ecological restoiation. In this paper, die exploiation is based on the reservation for built-up afeas to avoid repeated reconstruction and interference. Authors of this paper tried to find out a way to rebuild green space system that performed more complex functions with limited spatial resources. The application of “micfo-ttansfotmation” of green space system in densely built-up areas turns out to improve the quality of landscape while reducing the construction costrds

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

云南省生态环境质量与生态修复区识别

[目的]分析云南省生态环境时空变化,识别生态修复优先序,为该省低碳的可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于遥感生态指数(RSEI)研究生态环境质量时空变化及空间相关性,与区域生态系统碳储量及生态保护红线结合识别云南省生态修复优先序。[结果]①22 a间云南省RSEI均值呈S形变化趋势,分别以2005年和2011年作为上升和下降的拐点。②2000—2022年空间上生态环境质量均表现为“西高东低”的态势,西部地区生态环境质量较好,而中部城市群及东部喀斯特地区生态环境质量较差。③2000—2005年受退耕还林政策的影响生态环境质量变好。2005—2011年则因旱灾和建设用地的剧烈扩张导致生态环境质量大幅下降。2011—2016年是旱灾后恢复时段,除中部城市化快速发展地区外,其他地区生态环境质量在逐渐恢复。2016—2022年受国家政策的影响,生态环境质量进一步变好。④云南省生态环境质量在空间上表现出明显的空间全局与局部自相关。⑤2000—2022年云南省碳储量呈先增加后减少的趋势,22 a间总碳储量减少2.38×10^(7)t,在空间上总体表现为“南北高,中间低”的地带性分布特征。⑥云南省生态修复极优先区主要分布在北部及东部地区,约占总面积的18.08%,生态修复优先区及中等优先区则分布较为广泛,约占总面积的70.17%。生态修复一般优先区主要位于普洱市等地,约占总面积的11.76%。[结论]云南省2000—2022年生态环境质量在时空上均呈现一定规律,在此基础上进行生态修复区划分,因地制宜地治理生态环境,推进云南省生态及低碳的可持续发展。

1995—2021年榆神府矿区景观生态风险时空异质性研究

煤炭开采作为一种强烈的人类活动影响了矿区生态系统服务功能和经济价值,而相同气候环境不同地貌长时序空间尺度上矿区开发后景观生态风险演化特征对比研究较欠缺。以半干旱榆神府矿区为研究对象,基于1995—2021年Landsat数据,通过构建景观生态风险指数以及空间统计学分析,探究了近30年来矿区黄土丘陵和覆沙地两种不同地貌类型景观生态风险时空演化特征。结果表明:①1995—2000年间榆神府矿区两种地貌生态风险格局整体无明显变化;2000—2010年间黄土丘陵区景观低生态风险区向更高等级生态风险转变,2010年黄土丘陵区中高、中和中低生态风险区占比为70%,而覆沙区高生态风险区域虽增加但不显著,仍以中低生态风险区为主,占比为31%;2010—2021年矿区景观生态格局向着均匀化的方向发展,黄土丘陵区逐渐稳定为以中低、中和中高生态风险等级为主,2021年3个风险等级占比为74%,覆沙区也形成了以低、中低和中生态风险等级为主的分布情况,3个风险等级占比为77%,生态风险等级逐渐趋于稳定,生态风险格局不断优化;②1995—2021年榆神府矿区景观生态风险在空间上有明显的集聚分布特征,局部生态风险具有明显的热点、冷点区域,生态风险热点主要分布于煤炭开发时间长、地质环境损害较严重的东北部和东南部黄土丘陵区,生态风险冷点主要位于目前仍处于资源勘探普查的中部覆沙区;③人为干扰度是对榆神府矿区景观生态风险影响最大的驱动因子,黄土区与覆沙区决定力q值大小分别在0.49~0.72和0.38~0.55,在黄土丘陵区植被覆盖度是第二大影响因子,决定力q值在0.27~0.46之间,气温因子影响程度次之,而覆沙区植被覆盖度与气温的影响程度在1995—2021年间互有高低,两种地貌类型景观生态风险均受高程影响最小,q值均小于0.10;④景观生态风险时空演化相关分析表明,榆神府矿区生态修复过程中,应根据不同地貌类型特征优化景观生态格局,在黄土丘陵区应优化开采方案减小地表生态损害、积极开展损害地主动修复策略,在覆沙区由于开采对该区景观格局影响较小,矿区损害地可实施引导型生态自修复等以保障矿区生态安全。

矿区生态环境调研评估与修复方案研究

以某矿区为例,对矿区水文环境、工程地质、基本设施等生态环境进行调研分析,结合调研结果预估矿山地质环境影响,分析矿区采矿活动对各类矿区地质环境因素所造成的影响。根据地质环境影响预测评估结果,实施矿区地质环境治理分区,介绍工程生态环境修复方案设计,为后续矿区生态环境修复方案设计,提供调研评估方法与修复设计方案参考。

采动含水层生态功能修复:概念内涵、理论与技术框架

针对我国保水采煤研究现状及煤矿区采损生态修复的技术需求,提出应开展采动含水层生态功能修复研究,并将其纳入绿色开采技术体系中。在充分阐述采动含水层生态功能修复概念与内涵的基础上,构建了以采动含水层失水流动规律及水径流阻隔关键技术为主的理论与技术框架,分析了当前相关研究进展与未来攻关方向。含水层的损伤失水与生态功能退化本质源于采煤引起的岩层运动与裂隙发育,应在充分掌握含水层失水机制与规律的基础上对其开展生态功能修复理论与技术研究。深入揭示含水层失水路径分布与水流动力耗散规律,将失水流量集中分布的采动影响区作为重点修复的靶区,合理运用“边采边修”、“采后再修”等方式实施水流通道封堵与修复。同时,应充分利用采动岩体裂隙自修复机制及其引起的含水层自恢复效应,开展采动含水层生态功能引导修复研究与实践;基于水-气-岩相互作用产生化学沉淀促进导水裂隙自修复的降渗机理,提出了向含水层下方裂隙岩体中灌注可与地下水产生化学沉淀的修复试剂,以诱导沉淀物在裂隙中吸附-固结并封堵通道的含水层生态功能修复技术路径。在此基础上,阐述了利用铁/钙质化学沉淀进行导水裂隙修复降渗的研究现状,提出未来应重点研究形成利于不同类型导水通道高效封堵的化学沉淀诱导生成对策。研究可望为西北部生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采地下水保护与生态修复提供参考。

西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态环境损伤特征及修复机制

我国煤炭开发重点已战略西移,实现煤炭资源绿色开采与生态协调发展,成为保障国家能源安全的重要举措之一。西部煤层大多数埋藏浅、上覆基岩薄、煤层厚,有利于一次采全高大规模井工开采或露天开采。但该地区气候干旱少雨、生态条件脆弱,大规模高强度对矿区及周边生态环境造成的损伤大。由于对开采过程中生态损伤演变机制及采后修复机理尚不清楚,没有成熟的修复理论和方法作指导,成为制约该地区煤炭高质量发展的重大难题。针对上述难题开展系统研究,认为精准勘测煤炭开采全周期工作面地质-水文地质条件和矿区生态演化特征,有助于阐明开采诱致上覆土岩破损机理、水资源散失富集与循环调运规律、生态损伤演变机理和承载力,并揭示采后矿区土岩层、水资源循环、生态自适应机理。采用植物-微生物组合修复方法,初步构建井工和露天矿山人工与自然协同的水-土-生立体耦合修复理论,提出了生态修复机制的新思考,在浅埋深矿区开采形成的裂缝发育犹如农田松土一般,成为生态修复新的契机,促进水-土-生再分配,并利用微生物修复技术,可促进矿区生态环境的正向协同发展,实现西部煤矿脆弱生态区开发“金山银山”,再造“绿水青山”的思维转变。

基于生态本底-格局-潜力框架的国土空间生态修复分区研究——以粤港澳大湾区为例

文章以粤港澳大湾区为例,在生态系统服务评价、生态安全格局构建的基础上,尝试将生态恢复潜力、修复效率纳入研究范畴,建构了生态本底-格局-潜力的国土空间生态修复分区框架,通过生态优先修复区的识别实现修复效率的提升。结果表明:2010—2020年大湾区生态系统服务水平显著下降,自然恢复力良好与保护政策支持强的地区存在空间错配。以乡镇为单元进行生态修复分区,发现:1)生态维持区占总面积的7.7%,应以综合改善为主,促进经济与生态的可持续。2)生态保护区面积占44.5%,作为生态安全的底线区域,应以保护为主,加大政策管制力度。3)生态提升区面积占11.9%,应通过多样化、持续的维育措施为主,以强化区域生态网络的冗余度。4)生态修复区面积占35.9%,此中,优先修复区是拥有较高的自然恢复力与政策扶持的地区,应以实施长期、渐进式的修复工程为主;协同修复区拥有较高的自然恢复力,但政策支持力度不足,应当协同上级政府或区域联合治理,提升区域整体修复效率。

干旱砾漠区不同地貌单元植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

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基于街区小气候环境冬夏协同优化的城市绿地生态网络精准修复

越来越多城市绿地生态网络建设进入存量更新和结构性优化并存发展的阶段,生态安全优先基础上如何进一步提升城市绿地生态网络的多种生态系统服务功能是当前风景园林实践研究的重要议题。应对全球气候变化、极端天气多发导致的人居环境宜居性下降问题,目前基于气候适应的城市绿地生态网络规划关注促进自然通风以缓解夏季热岛效应,尚忽视了其冬季可能带来的负效应。从气候调节视角切入,探讨城市绿地生态网络在协同冬夏季小气候环境中的低效空间识别与精准修复技术方法。以江苏省昆山市密集城区的189个街区单元为研究对象,通过遥感反演的方法对其冬、夏季小气候环境进行分析,聚类获得7类小气候特征街区。之后,叠加现状绿地生态网络与计算流体力学模拟风环境结果,提取现状适于通风的生态廊道,从宽度、方向、类型等方面分析其潜在通风效能,耦合街区冬夏小气候环境特征,识别研判现状绿地生态网络在冬夏温湿环境调节上存在的低效问题,并提出冬夏协同的精准修复策略,为优化人居环境宜居性、提升城市绿地生态网络生态系统服务综合效能提供技术参考。