Multinational enterprises(MNEs)make investment decisions according to the distance factors at a sub-national level.This paper made estimates using the gravity model with provincial foreign direct investment(FDI)data f...Multinational enterprises(MNEs)make investment decisions according to the distance factors at a sub-national level.This paper made estimates using the gravity model with provincial foreign direct investment(FDI)data from 2000 to 2012 and employed three concepts of distance.Our emprical results indicate that geographic distance and cultural distance have significant negative effects on FDI flow,whereas economic distance has a significant positive effect.It suggests that FDI prefers to locate in regions that are geographically and culturally close but economically distant from the home country,which further implies that FDI in China is dominated by vertical FDI.Our findings suggest that Chinese provincial governments should place emphasis on attracting FDI from culturally close countries and provide institutional support to encourage and promote horizontal FDI.展开更多
Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop an...Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification.The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion.Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost(LCC)and economic distance limit,each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option.A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed.It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration.Additionally,off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area.Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined.Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses.The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification.The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions,whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions,photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical.展开更多
文摘Multinational enterprises(MNEs)make investment decisions according to the distance factors at a sub-national level.This paper made estimates using the gravity model with provincial foreign direct investment(FDI)data from 2000 to 2012 and employed three concepts of distance.Our emprical results indicate that geographic distance and cultural distance have significant negative effects on FDI flow,whereas economic distance has a significant positive effect.It suggests that FDI prefers to locate in regions that are geographically and culturally close but economically distant from the home country,which further implies that FDI in China is dominated by vertical FDI.Our findings suggest that Chinese provincial governments should place emphasis on attracting FDI from culturally close countries and provide institutional support to encourage and promote horizontal FDI.
文摘Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification.The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion.Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost(LCC)and economic distance limit,each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option.A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed.It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration.Additionally,off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area.Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined.Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses.The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification.The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions,whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions,photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical.
