The Chinese economy has achieved remarkable development over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.However,with the narrowing of potential for efficiency improvement from resources reallocation and changes in pop...The Chinese economy has achieved remarkable development over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.However,with the narrowing of potential for efficiency improvement from resources reallocation and changes in population age structure,the Chinese economy has moved from high-speed growth to high-quality development.In this setting,understanding factor endowment and comparative advantages of the economy from a perspective of human capital structure so as to enhance industrial structure adaptability by riding the trend is of significance for cultivating new driving force for economic development.This paper,following a theoretical paradigm of new structural economics,demonstrates how human capital structure matches industrial structure and the presence of optimal human capital structure using mathematical deduction.On this basis,national level panel data and instrumental variables are adopted for generalized method of moments,the results of which shows that there are varied impacts on economic growth in light of different human capital structure characteristics.The proportions of high-level human capital and medium-level human capital boost economic development,while that of low-level human capital has an inhibitory effect on economic growth.The policy implication of this study is that large economies should diversify efforts as per different human capital structure characteristics in terms of development need of tapping growth impetus from human capital structure improvement.It is of equal importance to raise the proportion of high and medium human capital in order to stimulate economic growth and to cut the proportion of low human capital that hinders economic development.展开更多
In endogenous growth theories, with the endogeneity of technology and its inclusion into the model, the new technologies produced by individuals equipped with knowledge, skills, and experience by using this technology...In endogenous growth theories, with the endogeneity of technology and its inclusion into the model, the new technologies produced by individuals equipped with knowledge, skills, and experience by using this technology were regarded as the human capital investments of countries. Later, the effects of human capital on economic growth became a significant topic in the empirical literature. In this study, initially the basic approaches to human capital were theoretically investigated. Then, the relationships between human capital and economic growth were analyzed with cointegration and causality tests by using the data of Turkey for the period 1961-2011. Our findings revealed a dual causality relationship between human capital and economic growth variables.展开更多
The paper develops an endogenous economic growth model about allcation of physical and human capital in three sectors. Optimal allocation of physical capital and human capital in three sectors is derived, the fraction...The paper develops an endogenous economic growth model about allcation of physical and human capital in three sectors. Optimal allocation of physical capital and human capital in three sectors is derived, the fraction of physical and human capital in each sector is positively related. The balanced values and the growth rates at steady state are given under certain conditions. Finally relations between the fractions of human capital and parameters are analyzed elaborately.展开更多
This study analyzes the interaction between non-regular employment of women and economic growth patterns by an overlapping-generations model.Declining Birthrate White Paper-Cabinet Office(2013)shows the ideal number o...This study analyzes the interaction between non-regular employment of women and economic growth patterns by an overlapping-generations model.Declining Birthrate White Paper-Cabinet Office(2013)shows the ideal number of children per household is 2.42 compared to the current number of 2.07,which is the lowest so far in Japan.The main reason households do not have the ideal number of children is“the costs burden of childcare and education”and the ratio amounts to 60.4%.In recent years in Japan,households in which both the husband and the wife work are increasing,whereas those in which only the husband works are decreasing.Additionally,although women have same educational background and abilities as men,most women become non-regular employees after marriage and childbirth,which reduces household income.In such a situation,raising the rate of pension insurance will be a big burden for the household and the declining birthrate may be caused by high levels of educational expenditure and pension insurance.The Japanese government has discussed raising the wages of non-regular employees.This paper finds that a rise in the wage rate of non-regular employment is needed under the public pension policy that raises the rate of pension insurance,and it must be at an adequate level.That is,there is a high risk that this policy will have a negative effect on Japan’s economic growth if an adequate level is not achieved.展开更多
With human capital levels.Jar lower when compared to developed countries, large developing countries derive their comparative advantages from the coupling between heterogeneous human capital and a diverse industrial s...With human capital levels.Jar lower when compared to developed countries, large developing countries derive their comparative advantages from the coupling between heterogeneous human capital and a diverse industrial structure, physical capital investment and technological level. This theory explains that despite low levels of human capital, large developing countries can still achieve rapid economic growth. Empirical research using the coupling factor model has supported this theoretical hypothesis. The policy implications are obvious： Large developing countries should enhance the adaptation of human capital to diversify their industrial structure, physical capital investment and technological level while constantly increasing human capital investment. This approach will tap their full potential, avert their weaknesses and promote rapid and sustained economic development.展开更多
文摘The Chinese economy has achieved remarkable development over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.However,with the narrowing of potential for efficiency improvement from resources reallocation and changes in population age structure,the Chinese economy has moved from high-speed growth to high-quality development.In this setting,understanding factor endowment and comparative advantages of the economy from a perspective of human capital structure so as to enhance industrial structure adaptability by riding the trend is of significance for cultivating new driving force for economic development.This paper,following a theoretical paradigm of new structural economics,demonstrates how human capital structure matches industrial structure and the presence of optimal human capital structure using mathematical deduction.On this basis,national level panel data and instrumental variables are adopted for generalized method of moments,the results of which shows that there are varied impacts on economic growth in light of different human capital structure characteristics.The proportions of high-level human capital and medium-level human capital boost economic development,while that of low-level human capital has an inhibitory effect on economic growth.The policy implication of this study is that large economies should diversify efforts as per different human capital structure characteristics in terms of development need of tapping growth impetus from human capital structure improvement.It is of equal importance to raise the proportion of high and medium human capital in order to stimulate economic growth and to cut the proportion of low human capital that hinders economic development.
文摘In endogenous growth theories, with the endogeneity of technology and its inclusion into the model, the new technologies produced by individuals equipped with knowledge, skills, and experience by using this technology were regarded as the human capital investments of countries. Later, the effects of human capital on economic growth became a significant topic in the empirical literature. In this study, initially the basic approaches to human capital were theoretically investigated. Then, the relationships between human capital and economic growth were analyzed with cointegration and causality tests by using the data of Turkey for the period 1961-2011. Our findings revealed a dual causality relationship between human capital and economic growth variables.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(70671047)
文摘The paper develops an endogenous economic growth model about allcation of physical and human capital in three sectors. Optimal allocation of physical capital and human capital in three sectors is derived, the fraction of physical and human capital in each sector is positively related. The balanced values and the growth rates at steady state are given under certain conditions. Finally relations between the fractions of human capital and parameters are analyzed elaborately.
文摘This study analyzes the interaction between non-regular employment of women and economic growth patterns by an overlapping-generations model.Declining Birthrate White Paper-Cabinet Office(2013)shows the ideal number of children per household is 2.42 compared to the current number of 2.07,which is the lowest so far in Japan.The main reason households do not have the ideal number of children is“the costs burden of childcare and education”and the ratio amounts to 60.4%.In recent years in Japan,households in which both the husband and the wife work are increasing,whereas those in which only the husband works are decreasing.Additionally,although women have same educational background and abilities as men,most women become non-regular employees after marriage and childbirth,which reduces household income.In such a situation,raising the rate of pension insurance will be a big burden for the household and the declining birthrate may be caused by high levels of educational expenditure and pension insurance.The Japanese government has discussed raising the wages of non-regular employees.This paper finds that a rise in the wage rate of non-regular employment is needed under the public pension policy that raises the rate of pension insurance,and it must be at an adequate level.That is,there is a high risk that this policy will have a negative effect on Japan’s economic growth if an adequate level is not achieved.
文摘With human capital levels.Jar lower when compared to developed countries, large developing countries derive their comparative advantages from the coupling between heterogeneous human capital and a diverse industrial structure, physical capital investment and technological level. This theory explains that despite low levels of human capital, large developing countries can still achieve rapid economic growth. Empirical research using the coupling factor model has supported this theoretical hypothesis. The policy implications are obvious： Large developing countries should enhance the adaptation of human capital to diversify their industrial structure, physical capital investment and technological level while constantly increasing human capital investment. This approach will tap their full potential, avert their weaknesses and promote rapid and sustained economic development.
