The Impact of Chinese Trade and Investment on West African Economic Growth: A Spatial Econometrics Approach

This paper has studied the West African region or Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) which includes fifteen countries and its relationship with China. Three countries (Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria) of the fifteen countries which are economically representative in the west African region to represent the overall-region were studied. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the spatial effect of Chinese trade and investment on the economic growth of West Africa. The study focuses on the period from 1960-2014 using the dynamic panel data approach and spatial autoregressive approach for the econometric analysis of this topic. Empirically, the results show that trade openness with China has a positive impact on the neighboring countries of the region, especially for those who share the same border. Chinese investment is vital to the region’s economic growth as the results show that one dollar investment increase from China to the host country increases the economic growth in the neighboring countries by 0.328%.

Impact of openness, economic policy reform and regional shocks on trade and growth of Thailand： An econometric study

Thailand has currently enhanced and promoted intensive trade and investment liberalization and implemented long-term growth policy according with current regional economic integration, WTO obligations and globalization. Nevertheless, several recent internal and external factors e.g. the massive SARS and avian flu outbreaks, the Indian Ocean tsunami devastation, the Asia financial crisis and domestic policy reforms （ICSEAD, 2006） have also impeded this policy. While the issues are important for Thailand and developing countries in Asia, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate them. The paper conducts a substantive quantitative study to contribute to these trade and development policy issues. A new econometric modelling policy method, namely the generalized gravity theory （Tran Van Hoa, 2004） is used to develop a simple flexible simultaneous-equation econometric model of Thailand＇s openness model with its seven major trade partners （ASEAN-4, Australia, the USA, the EU, China, Japan and India）. Using data from the ICSEAD, the World Development Indicators and the Bank of Thailand databases, the paper reveals efficient and reliable empirical findings on trade-growth causality, trade determination including the impact of shocks and policy reform on trade and growth between Thailand and its major trade partners over the past two decades. The paper also provides evidence on the linkages between trade in goods, FDI and services and regional economic integration for more credible policy implications.

Macroeconomic and Social Impacts of Economic Partnership Agreements on Ivorian Economy： A New Assessment

This study reassesses the macroeconomic and social impacts of Economic Partnership Agreements （EPAs） on Ivorian economy using Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） model with positive externalities of public investment in education, health, and economic infrastructure. Previous studies highlight negative effect of these agreements stressing particularly on losses in government revenues due to the removal of all tariffs on imports. This analysis aims to provide some insight into this question by refreshing the debate to show how this situation could be transformed into opportunities for Ivory Coast in order to promote growth and reduce poverty. To do so, this study postulates that government spending （investment） in economic infrastructure （roads, bridges, communication network, etc.）, in education and health sectors produces positive externalities in each industry. This assumption has not been set anymore in previous studies. Simulation results reveal that, despite this decline in government revenues, if it invests in economic infrastructure, health and education sector, EPAs will generate more revenue for government due to the rise in income tax on firms and households, and tax on overall production. Furthermore, household income will increase which will in turn stimulate （final） consumption. There won＇t also be a decline in economic growth.

形成消费和投资相互促进良性循环新局面

内需是国民经济总需求的主体,是大国经济最根本的发展动力。总需求不足是当前经济运行面临的突出矛盾。消费是生产的最终目的与动力,投资是实现消费需求的工具与途径,消费和投资是驱动内需的双轮,两者紧密联系、相互影响,扩大内需必须坚持消费和投资共同发力。从消费与投资的关系看,投资是实现消费需求的工具与途径,投资的适度增长和投资结构的优化能够更好地满足更大规模和更高水平的消费需求,促进消费规模扩大和消费率增长;消费是生产的目的与动力,消费提质扩容和新消费需求涌现等变化会引起生产和供给变化,进而影响投资规模和投资结构。为促进内需潜力充分释放,要增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用和投资对优化供给结构的关键作用,形成促消费稳投资的合力,转向依靠消费和投资良性互动促进经济发展的模式,推进消费和投资相协调的高质量发展,疏通消费领域的体制机制障碍与制约消费实现的堵点,破除投资进入消费领域的障碍和隐形壁垒,形成消费和投资相互促进良性循环新局面。

Exploring the moderating role of financial development in environmental Kuznets curve for South Africa:fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach

The extant literature has produced mixed evidence on the relationship between finan-cial development and ecological sustainability.This work addresses this conundrum by investigating financial development’s direct and indirect consequences on ecologi-cal quality utilizing the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)methodological approach.Our empirical analysis is based on the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations approach for South Africa between 1960 and 2020.The results,which used five distinct financial development measures,demonstrate that financial develop-ment boosts ecological integrity and environmental sustainability over the long and short terms.In the instance of South Africa,we additionally confirm the validity of the EKC theory.More importantly,the outcomes of the indirect channels demonstrate that financial development increases energy usage’s role in causing pollution while attenuating the detrimental impacts of economic growth,trade openness,and foreign direct investment on ecological quality.Moreover,the presence of an inadequate financial system is a requirement for the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis(PHH),which we examine using trade openness and foreign direct investment variables.PHH for both of these variables disappears when financial development crosses specified thresholds.Finally,industrial value addition destroys ecological quality while tech-nological innovation enhances it.This research provides some crucial policy recom-mendations and fresh perspectives for South Africa as it develops national initiatives to support ecological sustainability and reach its net zero emissions goal.

经济增长与能源消耗的关系研究——技术进步和资本投入视角

文章针对经济增长和能源消耗关系的实证研究问题,以2005—2020年我国30个省市面板数据为研究对象,运用脱钩指数和循环效应模型从技术进步和资本投入视角实证研究经济增长与能源消耗的关系。研究结果表明:能源消耗和经济增长呈现相对脱钩的状态;能源消耗与经济增长之间存在循环效应,且在两者关系中技术进步起中介作用,资本投入起调节作用;能源消耗能显著地影响经济增长。

Revisiting the nexus between fiscal decentralization and CO_(2)emissions in South Africa:fresh policy insights

The argument over fiscal decentralization and carbon dioxide emission(CO_(2))reduction has received much attention.However,evidence to back this claim is limited.Economic theory predicts that fiscal decentralization affects environmental quality,but the specifics of this relationship are still up for debate.Some scholars noted that fiscal decentralization might lead to a race to the top,whereas others contended that it would result in a race to the bottom.In light of the current debates in environmental and development economics,this study aims to provide insight into how this relationship may function in South Africa from 1960 to 2020.In contrast to the existing research,the present study uses a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation approach to assess the positive and negative changes in fiscal decentralization,scale effect,technique effect,technological innovation,foreign direct investment,energy consumption,industrial growth,and trade openness on CO_(2)emissions.The following are the main findings:(i)Fiscal decentralization had a CO_(2)emission reduction impact in the short and long run,highlighting the presence of the race to the top approach.(ii)Economic growth(as represented by the scale effect)eroded ecological integrity.However,its square(as expressed by technique effect)aided in strengthening ecological protection,validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.(iii)CO_(2)emissions were driven by energy utilization,trade openness,industrial value-added,and foreign direct investment,whereas technological innovation boosted ecological integrity.Findings suggest that further fiscal decentralization should be undertaken through further devolution of power to local entities,particularly regarding environmental policy issues,to maintain South Africa’s ecological sustainability.South Africa should also establish policies to improve environmental sustainability by strengthening a lower layer of government and clarifying responsibilities at the national and local levels to fulfill the energy-saving functions of fiscal expenditures.

消费需求对经济增长质量的影响及传导路径

提出了消费需求影响经济增长质量的假说,采用Global Malmquist指数对中国经济增长质量进行测算.结合2005年~2017年中国30个省市数据,采用两步GMM工具变量法对消费需求影响经济增长质量的路径进行检验.研究表明:1)总消费水平、城镇居民消费水平显著提升中国经济增长质量,且研发投入起到部分中介效应;2)总物质型消费、城镇居民物质型消费及农村居民物质型消费均显著提升经济增长质量,且研发投入起到部分中介效应;3)由于物质型消费的挤压,总服务型消费、城镇居民服务型消费抑制了经济增长质量的提升,但研发投入遮掩了这种负向影响;农村居民服务型消费受农村居民物质型消费挤压有限,显著提升了经济增长质量,且研发投入具有部分中介效应;4)进一步研究发现,现阶段产业结构高度化对总消费水平、总服务型消费影响经济增长质量起着积极调节作用,产业结构合理化有利于总服务型消费提升经济增长质量.

湖南经济增长与消费、投资、出口的长期均衡和短期波动关系

利用协整技术分析了湖南消费、投资、出口与经济增长的长期均衡与短期动态关系。在协整检验的基础上,建立了各变量之间的长期均衡关系模型。并通过自回归模型和误差修正模型,对各变量之间的长期和短期因果关系进行了Granger检验。研究结果表明,投资与湖南经济增长之间存在显著的长短期因果关系,因此保持投资的持续稳定增长是湖南经济增长的最重要的宏观经济政策。

区域经济增长影响因素的贡献率分析—以宁波为例

文章对宁波市经济增长的重要因素进行了实证分析,涉及投资、消费,净出口和三次产业等方面,试图寻求拉动经济增长的关键成分,并给出若干政策建议,给人以一定的启示。

我国经济增长中合理投资率的确定

本文针对我国高的投资率和低的消费率问题,建立了一个确定实现充分就业目标的合理投资率模型,并用该模型估算了我国合理的投资率及相应的消费率。分析表明,实现充分就业目标的投资率高低取决于经济自然增长率和技术上可行的投资生产率,但主要取决于后者。由于不同经济组织具有不同的投资生产率,估算结果表明,更高效率的个体、外资等经济成分在国民经济中比重提高,会内在要求投资率下降,收敛于18%—25%区间内。在当前我国所有制结构下,合理投资率或储蓄率不应该超过32.4%,相应地,消费率不应低于67.6%。

南方集体林区林业经济增长因素分析

采用1994-2007年南方集体林区10个省份14年的统计数据，利用包涵固定资本存量、人力资本存量、贸易总额、经济结构和财政预算等变量的生产函数，对南方集体林区林业经济增长的影响因素进行了面板数据分析。结果表明，人力资本存量和固定资本投资对林业经济发展起到重要的推进作用，贸易总额与财政预算对于林业经济增长的贡献不明显，而林业产值占总产值比重对于林业经济增长有着重要的意义。有必要加大林业人力资本投资，优化林业产业结构，提高林业占总产值比重，以利于促进林业经济增长。

碳排放、中国对外贸易和金融发展关联性实证研究

当前环境问题日益受到人们的关注,其中温室气体排放是近年来国际社会关注的重点之一.温室气体减排与对外贸易、金融发展等主要变量之间的关联性尚未得到深入研究.利用1982～2011年的数据对碳排放、对外贸易、金融发展、能源消耗、经济增长等主要影响因素之间的关系进行实证研究,通过ARDL边限检验法对各个变量之间的长期协整关系进行检验,得出长期关系和短期误差修正模型.研究结果表明金融深化对碳排放的影响是非线性倒U型关系,能源消耗与碳排放量之间呈正相关关系,经济增长与碳排放量之间的关系满足环境库兹涅茨曲线,贸易开放与排放量之间呈负相关关系,对外贸易并未引起污染转移.中国应该积极参与国际分工,推动金融向有益于碳减排的方向发展.

新疆FDI、对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证研究

本文利用新疆1985～2008年的年度经济数据,对新疆外商直接投资(FDI)、对外贸易与经济增长之间的关系进行实证研究:协整检验结果表明,新疆FDI、对外贸易和经济增长之间存在着长期均衡关系;Granger因果检验发现,FDI与经济增长、出口与经济增长、FDI与进口分别存在双向因果关系;脉冲响应函数分析和方差分解显示,从长期来看经济增长对FDI、出口和进口的动态影响都表现为正向响应,但FDI、进出口对GDP的影响力度并不大.

出口贸易、教育投入与经济增长:理论模型与经验证据

笔者借鉴获得性技能模型思想,研究教育投入通过影响外贸发展间接影响经济增长的路径,并重点考察两者对经济增长的联合影响机制。利用2004年～2009年31个省市数据进行实证分析,结果表明:教育投入对经济增长的边际影响为负且教育行业投入与出口贸易对经济增长的联合影响正向显著。可见教育投入对经济增长的直接促进作用,远远小于其通过促进外贸发展间接促进经济增长的作用。

基于PLS的消费、投资、出口与经济增长关系的重新检验

利用H-P滤波法来研究投资、消费、出口的周期变动与经济周期之间关系,研究表明在1978-2008年间我国经济周期大致分为3个阶段;然后分别以三个阶段为样本,将最终消费分解为城镇居民消费、农村居民消费和政府消费,利用偏最小二乘法研究投资、城镇居民消费、农村居民消费、政府消费、出口和产业结构对经济增长的贡献,研究表明投资、出口、农村居民消费的产出弹性有上升的趋势,城镇居民消费和政府消费的产出弹性先上升后下降,产业结构对经济增长的影响呈现下降的趋势。农村居民消费需求不足和产业结构不合理已成为制约中国经济发展的主要瓶颈,扩大农村居民的消费需求和调整产业结构已成当务之急。

新型城镇化的经济增长效应及其传导路径

新型城镇化已上升为拉动我国经济增长的重要战略性举措。文章构建指标体系计算了我国30个省市新型城镇化率这一综合指数,并以此为核心解释变量,检验了我国2000—2014年新型城镇化率与经济增长的关系及传导路径。研究发现:城镇化与经济增长是一种循环累积因果效应关系;新型城镇化对我国经济增长具有显著的正向效应,而且这一效应在不断增强;分省数据的深入研究发现,新型城镇化促进我国经济增长的传导路径为:西部欠发达地区城镇化的增长效应中投资效应明显,而老牌、成熟的大型城市则消费效应明显。因此,对于欠发达地区要发挥巨大的消费潜力,对于发达地区则要培育新的消费增长点,让消费在促进我国经济可增长中发挥更加重要的作用。

基于向量自回归模型的中国农村消费、投资与经济增长的动态关系

在当前中国农村需求不足的情况下,农村消费与投资对中国经济增长带动能力的大小及作用的持久性,成为扩大农村需求等调控政策能否取得经济刺激效果的主要原因。鉴于此,基于向量自回归(VAR)模型,对中国农村消费、投资与经济增长之间的动态关系进行了分析。实证结果表明,农村消费增加与经济增长间存在双向因果关系,经济快速增长与农村消费需求增加是农村投资扩大的格兰杰原因,而它们的反向因果关系则不成立。相对于投资的贡献而言,农村消费对中国经济增长的拉动能力更强,且影响时间更为持久。要实现中国经济的快速发展,应在保持经济政策长期稳定性的同时,深入挖掘农村消费潜力,充分发挥农村消费的经济驱动作用。

四川省投资、消费内部结构及对经济增长影响的研究

基于投资、消费内部结构及其细分项目对地区经济增长影响的视角,对四川省1978～2010年的投资、消费与经济增长之间的关系作了回归分析,研究结果表明:四川省公共投资总体过度中存在局部不足,其中公共基础设施投资、教育与科技事业投资仍有进一步增加投入的空间;私人投资对经济增长起总体促进作用,且对经济增长的产出弹性大于公共投资,但其中向第一产业领域的投资已出现过度,应避免继续盲目增加该领域的投入;消费呈现整体不足,其各细分项目对四川省经济增长均起正向促进作用,但从产出弹性来看,消费各细分项目均小于公共投资、私人投资。

人口结构转变及其对宏观经济运行影响评述

人口结构转变如何影响宏观经济运行既是一个国际性的命题也是一个颇具中国特色的典型问题,国内外学者已就此展开了长时间的多角度探索,但鲜有研究对此进行系统性总结。本文以人口结构转变理论演进为切入点,结合现有分析方法和结论对人口结构转变影响宏观经济运行的传导路径进行了回顾性梳理。结论表明,首先就方法论而言,人口对宏观经济影响的文献已经从早期的总量分析过渡到了如今的结构性分析,并且学者在分析过程中也逐渐从人口如何影响一国或地区的消费、储蓄、投资、进出口贸易以及国际资本流动等中间变量的角度来思考人口对宏观经济影响的具体传导路径;其次,尽管文献结论倾向于认为人口结构转变会对这些中间变量产生影响,但影响的方向与幅度远未达成一致,从而意味着人口结构转变对宏观经济运行的最终影响并无定论;这既与理论分析未成定论相对应,也与学者所采用的数据和方法不同等密切相关。因此,本文认为尽管分析人口对宏观经济影响的研究颇多,但在中国特色国情背景下相关方面的研究仍任重道远。