Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change(LUCC)is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities,and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value(ESV).In this study,we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China from 1975 to 2018.During the study period,LUCC in the study region varied significantly.Except grassland and unused land,all the other land use/cover types(cultivated land,forestland,waterbody,and construction land)increased in areas.From 1975 to 2018,the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced.The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10^(8) CNY,which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land.Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types.Ultimately,understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.

Temporal and spatial responses of ecological resilience to climate change and human activities in the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China

In the Anthropocene era,human activities have become increasingly complex and diversified.The natural ecosystems need higher ecological resilience to ensure regional sustainable development due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as other intensified human activities,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.In the study,we chose the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(EBNSTM)in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China as a case study.By collecting geographic data and statistical data from 2010 and 2020,we constructed an ecological resilience assessment model based on the ecosystem habitat quality(EHQ),ecosystem landscape stability(ELS),and ecosystem service value(ESV).Further,we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecological resilience in the EBNSTM from 2010 to 2020 by spatial autocorrelation analysis,and explored its responses to climate change and human activities using the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model.The results showed that the ecological resilience of the EBNSTM was at a low level and increased from 0.2732 to 0.2773 during 2010–2020.The spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecological resilience exhibited a spatial heterogeneity characteristic of"high in the western region and low in the eastern region",and the spatial clustering trend was enhanced during the study period.Desert,Gobi and rapidly urbanized areas showed low level of ecological resilience,and oasis and mountain areas exhibited high level of ecological resilience.Climate factors had an important impact on ecological resilience.Specifically,average annual temperature and annual precipitation were the key climate factors that improved ecological resilience,while average annual evapotranspiration was the main factor that blocked ecological resilience.Among the human activity factors,the distance from the main road showed a negative correlation with ecological resilience.Both night light index and PM2.5 concentration were negatively correlated with ecological resilience in the areas with better ecological conditions,whereas in the areas with poorer ecological conditions,the correlations were positive.The research findings could provide a scientific reference for protecting the ecological environment and promoting the harmony and stability of the human-land relationship in arid and semi-arid areas.

Evolution of economic linkage network of the cities and counties on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,China

The exchanges between cities and counties in the northern slope economic belt of Tianshan Mountains(NSEBTM)are increasingly frequent and the economic linkages are increasingly close,but the spatial distribution of economic development and linkages among the cities and counties within NSEBTM is uneven.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the evolution of spatial-temporal pattern of the economic linkage network of cities and counties on NSEBTM to promote the coordinated and integrated development of the regional economy on NSEBTM.In this study,we used the modified gravity model and social network analysis method to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the economic linkage network structure of cities and counties on NSEBTM in 2000,2010,and 2020.The results showed that the comprehensive development quality level of cities and counties on NSEBTM increased from 2000 to 2020,its growth rate also increased,and its gap between cities and counties continued expanding.Both the spatial distribution patterns of the comprehensive development quality level of cities and counties on NSEBTM in 2000 and 2010 were presented as“high in the middle and low at both ends”,while the spatial distribution pattern of 2020 was exhibited as“high value and low value staggered”.The total amount of external economic linkages of cities and counties on NSEBTM showed an obvious upward trend,and its gap between cities and counties continued expanding,presenting a pattern of“a strong middle section and weak ends”.The direction of economic linkages of NSEBTM existed obvious central orientation and geographical proximity.The density of economic linkage network of NSEBTM increased from 2000 to 2020,and the structure of economic linkage network changed from single-core structure centered with Urumqi City to multicore structure centered with Urumqi City,Karamay City,Shihezi City,and Changji City,shifting from unbalanced development to balanced development.In the future,we should accelerate the construction of urban agglomeration on NSEBTM,cultivate a modern Urumqi metropolitan area,improve comprehensive development quality of the cities and counties at the eastern and western ends,strengthen the intensity of economic linkages between cities and counties,optimize the economic linkage network,and promote the coordinated and integrated development of regional economy.

Sensitivity of mountain runoff to climate change for Urumqi and Kaidu rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains

The mountain watersheds of Kaidu River and Urumqi River, which separately originate from the south and north-side of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are selected as the study area. The characteristics and trends on variation of temperature, precipitation and runoff, and the correlativity between temperature, precipitation, and runoffwere analyzed based on the past 40 years of observational data from the correlative hydrological and weather stations in the study areas. Various weather scene combinations are assumed and the response models of runoff to climate change are established in order to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff to climate change in the study areas based on the foregoing analysis, Results show that all variations of temperature, precipitation, and runoff overall present an oscillating and increasing trend since the 1960s and this increase are quite evident after 1990. There is a markedly positive correlation between mountain runoff, temperature, and precipitation while there are obvious regional differences of responding degree to precipitation and temperature between mountain runoff of Ummqi River and Kaidu River Basins Also, mountain runoff of Urumqi River Basin is more sensitive to precipitation change than that of Kaidu River Basin, and mountain runoff of Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to temperature change than that of Ummqi River Basin.

Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

The Tianshan Mountains is a high and huge mountain body lying across the central part of Xinjiang, China, and is also the main area where the runoff forms in Xinjiang. In this paper, a set of RS-based study methods is put forward for deriving the information about the natural change of the ecology in arid areas, and the relationship between the climate change trend and the corresponding ecological response on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is analyzed from the scales of the land cover ecosystems and landscapes based on the observed data of climate, hydrology, modern glaciers and lakes on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years and the satellite RS data since recent 10 years by using the RS and GIS technologies. The results are as follows: (1) The overall trend of climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is that both air temperature and precipitation are increased, especially the increase amplitudes of air tempera-ture, precipitation and annual runoff volume are high since the decade of the 1990s; (2) the in-tegrated indexes of the vegetation in all the geographical divisions on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains are obviously increased since recent 10 years, especially in the artificial oases and the foothill belts, such a change trend is advantageous for improving the vegetation ecology; and (3) the vegetation ecology in the arid areas is extremely sensitive to the climate change, the vegetation coverage and the biomass on the northern slope of the Tianshan Moun-tains are continuously increased because of the climate change since recent 10 years, their in-crease amplitudes in the plains and during the late stage are obviously higher than that in the mountainous regions and during the early stage.

348-YEAR PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION FROM TREE-RINGS FOR THE NORTH SLOPE OF THE MIDDLE TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS

Correlation census shows that the correlation between the tree-ring chronologies in the Urumqi River Basin and precipitation during July in the last year to February in the concurrent year is significant,and the best single correlation coefficient is 0.74,with significance level of 0.0001. Using two residual chronologies collected from west Baiyanggou and Boerqingou,precipitation for 348 years can be reconstructed in the North Slope of middle Tianshan Mountains,its explained variance is 62%.According to much verification from independent precipitation data,historical climate records,glacier and other data.it shows that the reconstructed precipitation series of 348 years is reliable.Analysis of precipitation features indicates that there were three wet periods occurring during 1671(?)—1692,1716—1794 and 1825—1866 and three dry periods during 1693 —1715,1795—1824 and 1867—1969.Two wet periods,during 1716—1794 and 1825—1866, correspond to the times of the second and the third glacial terminal moraine formation,which is in front of No.1 glacier in Urumqi River source.According to computation,corresponding annual precipitation amounts are 59mm and 30mm more than now.The reconstructed precipitation series has a significant drying trend from 1716 to 1969.and has better representativeness to the precipitation of Urumqi and Changji Prefecture on the North Slope of Tianshan Mountains.

Spatio-temporal correlation between human activity intensity and land surface temperature on the north slope of Tianshan Mountains

Research on the spatio-temporal correlation between the intensity of human activities and the temperature of earth surfaces is of great significance in many aspects,including fully understanding the causes and mechanisms of climate change,actively adapting to climate change,pursuing rational development,and protecting the ecological environment.Taking the north slope of Tianshan Mountains,located in the arid area of northwestern China and extremely sensitive to climate change,as the research area,this study retrieves the surface temperature of the mountain based on MODIS data,while characterizing the intensity of human activities thereby data on the night light,population distribution and land use.The evolution characteristics of human activity intensity and surface temperature in the study area from 2000 to 2018 were analyzed,and the spatio-temporal correlation between them was further explored.It is found that:(1)The average human activity intensity(0.11)in the research area has kept relatively low since this century,and the overall trend has been slowly rising in a stepwise manner(0.0024·a-1);in addition,the increase in human activity intensity has lagged behind that in construction land and population by 1-2 years.(2)The annual average surface temperature in the area is 7.18℃with a pronounced growth.The rate of change(0.02℃·a-1)is about 2.33 times that of the world.The striking boost in spring(0.068℃·a-1)contributes the most to the overall warming trend.Spatially,the surface temperature is low in the south and high in the north,due to the prominent influence of the underlying surface characteristics,such as elevation and vegetation coverage.(3)The intensity of human activity and the surface temperature are remarkably positively correlated in the human activity areas there,showing a strong distribution in the east section and a weak one in the west section.The expression of its spatial differentiation and correlation is comprehensively affected by such factors as scopes of human activities,manifestations,and land-use changes.Vegetation-related human interventions,such as agriculture and forestry planting,urban greening,and afforestation,can effectively reduce the surface warming caused by human activities.This study not only puts forward new ideas to finely portray the intensity of human activities but also offers a scientific reference for regional human-land coordination and overall development.

新疆中天山北坡断裂带不同海拔高度土壤温度分布特征

研究中天山断裂带从高山带到准噶尔盆地边缘整个过渡带的土壤温度分布特征有助于理解干旱区土壤环境特征,从而为土地利用、农业生产提供依据。本文选取新疆中天山断裂带海拔高度呈梯度分布的6个气象站2005年至2020年各层土壤温度的日观测数据,利用统计方法分析了不同地形、不同深度土壤温度随海拔高度的变化特征以及不同海拔高度土壤温度随深度的变化特征。分析表明:中天山北坡土壤温度变幅随海拔高度的降低而升高。不同地形的土壤最高温和最低温的年温差浅层大于深层,由浅至深年最高温度和年最低温度出现的时间逐渐推迟;年内中天山北坡不同海拔高度0~20 cm的土壤日平均温度曲线大致呈余弦函数曲线,320 cm深度的土壤温度基本呈正弦函数分布,较0~20 cm地温的最高和最低晚3个月左右。研究区土壤温度随海拔高度降低呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在海拔为3539~600 m高度范围,土壤温度随着海拔的升高而降低。在600~441 m高度范围,土壤温度随着海拔的下降而下降;0~20 cm为土壤温度变化的活跃层,40 cm深度的土壤温度可称之为过渡层,320 cm深度称为土壤温度的稳定层,80~160 cm称为土壤温度的次稳定层。

天山北坡西部雪岭云杉海拔梯度生态弹性变化

基于天山北坡西部温泉哈夏林区间隔100 m海拔高度采集的雪岭云杉梯度样本的断面积生长量资料,分析树木生态弹性变化。干旱事件是区域生态弹性最主要的干扰因子,高温事件也是干扰因子之一。干扰因子的强度会造成生态弹性梯度特征的变化。在极端干旱年份,哈夏林区梯度生态弹性特征最显著,即中高海拔为强抵抗力和弱恢复力,而低海拔则呈相反态势,并出现生长衰退现象。中旱事件时不同海拔均为强抵抗力和较强的恢复力,高温年份低海拔呈现弱抵抗力和弱恢复力。在发生持续干旱时,不同海拔高度的树木生长均受到遏制,但低海拔衰退强度大于高海拔区域,高海拔区域树木对干旱的适应能力要强于中低海拔。

天山北坡经济带城乡聚落格局变化与影响因素分析

以天山北坡经济带城乡聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局指数、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、位序-规模法等分析1980-2020年间城乡聚落格局的变化,结合地理探测器从自然、区位及社会经济因素探究城乡聚落格局的影响因素。结果表明:1980-2020年间,城乡聚落数量、规模持续扩张且趋于集聚,前20 a扩张以耕地、草地为主,后20 a以未利用地为主;城乡聚落密度变化显著,高密度区主要集中在各绿洲呈现“多核集中分布”特征,中密度区沿高密度区周围扩张,低密度区沿绿洲边缘分布并在非绿洲区有扩张;首位聚落规模发展较好,趋于位序-规模曲线,中型聚落略微发育,小型聚落数量持续减少;交通等区位因素是天山北坡城乡聚落格局的首位影响因素,社会经济因素次之,自然地理因素影响较小,各影响因素差异显著。

近30年天山北坡改进型遥感生态指数时空变化及其驱动因素

天山北坡是西北地区重要的生态功能区和重要经济带,受气候变化和人类活动的影响,脆弱的生态环境面临着巨大挑战,但目前对该地区生态环境质量时空变化、特征及驱动力的认识较少。为此,本文利用改进型遥感生态指数(ERSEI)、空间自相关分析、多元线性回归分析和地理加权分析方法揭示天山北坡1990、2000、2010和2020年4个时期生态环境质量时空变化、特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1990-2020年天山北坡ERSEI先大幅下降后逐渐恢复并持续上升,生态环境质量逐渐改善并趋于稳定,总体呈“东优西劣”的空间格局;(2)天山北坡生态环境对气候变化较为敏感,温度是ERSEI变化的最重要驱动因子;(3)不同驱动因素对ERSEI的影响存在显著的空间异质性,自然因素对局部ERSEI空间分异起主导作用,人为因素则对年际ERSEI变化产生重要影响。这表明气候变化和人类活动显著影响ERSEI变化,未来应科学规划各类经济活动,减缓气候变化效应,提升天山北坡生态安全和环境可持续性。

天山北坡城市群国土空间格局识别与时空变化分析

气候变化和人类活动大环境下,探索国土空间格局演化特征及其规律对进一步缓和绿洲地区人地矛盾有着重要的意义。以天山北坡城市群为例,选取2000、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据及DEM数据,基于“三生”空间理论对天山北坡城市群国土空间结构数量与空间分布进行分析。结果表明:(1)20 a间天山北坡城市群“三生”空间类型面积呈不同程度的增减,其中水域和林地生态空间的转出量最多,牧草和其他生态空间两者间相互的转换数量最大;(2)研究区除阜康市、木垒哈萨克自治县、奇台县、石河子市及乌鲁木齐市的国土空间利用程度综合指数呈小幅度增加和递减外,其他县域呈逐年提高趋势;(3)生产空间的核密度高值区呈东南-西北条带状,连片分布于研究区的中部,而生态空间的核密度高值区则分布于研究区外围;生活空间的核密度高值区以乌鲁木齐市为中心呈点状分布,周围衍生出许多零碎的中值点,总体分布较为破碎,空间连接性较低。

近60a天山北坡经济带天然径流量时空变化及归因识别

天山北坡经济带地处干旱的亚洲腹地,厘清天然径流量(NR)时空变化及成因对统筹区域发展、维持生态安全至关重要。为此,采用Sen’s斜率估计法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等分析径流量时空变化,基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程定量评价降水、潜在蒸散发及下垫面对NR变化的贡献。结果表明:(1)近60a天山北坡经济带NR总体呈显著增加趋势,年变化率0.68mm·a-1。1961—1986年波动较大,1987—2012年波动变小且NR增加明显,2013年后NR显著减少。(2)NR大小与海拔变化在空间上高度叠合,天山北坡经济带西部和南部NR较大,西南部与西北部增长幅度大。(3)NR突变点为1980年与2013年,降水一直是NR变化的主导因素,但下垫面影响不断加大,近60a贡献率从31.5%增至45.5%。(4)2012年前天然径流量主要受降水主导,但不同区域影响不同。2013年,西部、东部与中南部下垫面对径流量的影响已超过降水成为主导因素。研究成果深化了天山北坡经济带NR变化的认识,为天山北坡经济带高质量发展提供科学支撑。

天山北坡经济带经济韧性与生态韧性的时空耦合

如何平衡经济-生态间的关系,以应对外部扰动和冲击,成为促进区域可持续发展的关键。借鉴韧性理论,构建了生态韧性和经济韧性评价指标体系,基于多源数据,利用耦合协调度模型和核密度方法分析了天山北坡经济带经济韧性与生态韧性的时空耦合特征,并探索了各要素对二者耦合协调度的影响。结果发现:①2000—2020年天山北坡经济带经济韧性总体以中等水平为主,呈现天山北坡“中段>西段>南部>东段”的空间分异特征;②生态韧性则总体处于低水平,呈现“西北高东南低”“低值集聚、高值分散”的空间分布特征;③经济韧性和生态韧性一直处于“失调”状态,但逐渐由轻度失调向濒临失调转变,且西段和中段的耦合协调度高于东段和南部;④经济韧性与生态韧性各要素对耦合协调度的影响存在差异,其中经济潜力韧性和生态系统抵抗力对经济韧性和生态韧性耦合协调关系的阻滞作用最强,经济结构韧性和生态系统恢复力对经济韧性和生态韧性耦合协调关系的推动作用最强。通过时空动态分析和关键影响因素的识别,本研究为可持续发展政策提供了综合视角。平衡这两个方面不仅对该地区当前的稳定至关重要,也是确保其在未来挑战中长期生存的关键所在。

基于资源约束的新疆天山北坡乡村建设发展模式探究

新疆地理环境特殊、生态脆弱、气候干旱、经济滞后、人文环境独特。该区域乡村的发展在自然资源的约束下面临更大的局限性和挑战性。基于上述背景,新疆乡村走出自己的发展路径、提高自然环境适应能力迫在眉睫。文章对天山北坡的区域资源进行梳理和归纳,根据区域现状调研和分析,将其分为农牧业资源、区位资源、人文生态资源,总结出3种大类资源下的7种乡村建设模式。为自然资源匮乏的乡村建设发展提供参考与借鉴。

天山北坡玛纳斯河355a来年径流量的重建与分析

玛纳斯河树轮年表序列与该河肯斯瓦特水文站年径流总量相关显著,使用5个树轮年表序列较好地重建出天山北坡玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特水文站355a来的年径流总量,解释方差达61%.355a重建流量变化表明:1)玛纳斯河年径流总量355a来大致经历了11个偏枯水期和10个偏丰水期,最长的偏丰水期为1670—1699年,持续了30a,最长的偏枯水期为1949—1994年,持续了46a;2)最显著的两个百年流量变枯趋势为1872—1995年和1671—1775年,径流量减少率分别为0.19×108m3·(10a)-1和0.26×108m3·(10a)-1;3)在1711—1712年、1872年重建流量发生过两次突变,前者年径流量由多到少突变,后者相反;4)重建流量最丰水的年代为17世纪80—90年代,比现今偏多17.9%～18.1%,最枯水的年代为19世纪60年代,比现今偏少16.7%;5)重建流量存在着58～59、9.6、27.2、16.9、4.8、4.3、2.9～3.0a的变化周期.

新疆天山南坡表土花粉的初步研究

横亘于亚洲中部的天山山系是一个完整的自然地理单元,山地植被和土壤具有垂直分布明显和区域性差异大的特点,故对花粉的传播、保存、搬运与沉积具有重大影响。根据对西北干旱地区天山中段南坡一条从海拔4 285 m的天山一号冰川到海拔1 200 m的和静段的样带所采集的38个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式、植被样方调查资料以及排序结果,探讨了南坡垂直带的植被与表土花粉之间的关系,并对南北坡样带的表土花粉组合特征进行了比较。该区表土孢粉谱可分为5个孢粉组合带,分别对应高山流石滩稀疏植被带、高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、山地荒漠带和典型荒漠带等植被带。与北坡相比,南坡孢粉组合带因缺少典型的森林和森林草原孢粉带,其垂直带谱并不完整。其次,相同孢粉带在南坡的分布高度明显比北坡高。值得注意的是,在亚高山草甸草原带的花粉组合是以云杉属为主,AP/NAP(木本植物/非木本植物花粉)比值处于最高值,在该带之上的云杉属花粉含量也较高,可能与天山地区特殊地貌地形所形成的局地气流有一定关系。

天山南、北坡河流出山径流对气候变化的敏感性分析——以开都河与乌鲁木齐河出山径流为例

选取开都河与乌鲁木齐河山区流域为研究区域,利用有关水文气象台站1960～2005年的观测资料,对研究区域的气温、降水与出山径流的变化特征及趋势进行了分析,并根据研究区域气候变化的特征与趋势及出山径流与山区降水、气温之间的关系,假定不同的气候情景组合,建立山区径流对气候变化的响应模型,以揭示天山南、北坡河流出山径流对气候变化的响应及其差异。结果表明,开都河与乌鲁木齐河山区径流与气温、降水量均呈正相关关系,受山区降水、气温持续增加和上升的影响,出山径流总体呈上升趋势,1990年代以后的升幅尤为显著;相对而言,乌鲁木齐河山区径流对降水变化更为敏感,而开都河出山径流对气温变化的敏感性略甚于气温。

天山北坡西部树木年轮对气候因子的响应分析及气温重建

利用博尔塔拉蒙古自治州三个采点的树轮宽度年表，通过相关和响应面分析的方法，分析三个树木年轮宽度对气候因子的响应。分析表明，三个年表与博州地区的年平均最低气温和7月降水量呈较显著的正相关，且呈现相同的响应，仅在气温偏低时，三个年表响应不一致。通过分析，选择年最低气温作为重建对象，具有明显的树木生理学意义。利用树轮年表重建了博州1576—2002年的年最低气温，通过逐一剔除检验，发现重建值稳定可靠。在427a中，存在2～3a和40～50a左右的周期性振荡，1631年、1832年、1920年和1961年左右发生过突变。

天山北坡经济带绿洲生态经济脱钩分析

本文根据脱钩理论与模型的基本思想,引入转移投入概念,建立了绿洲脱钩分析模型,对"七五"以来四个五年计划期间GDP快速增长的天山北坡绿洲经济带的生态—经济关系进行了分析,提出了经济带脱钩关系特点,进一步提出了绿洲经济优化调控的建议。