欧盟经济安全战略析要

Against the backdrop of the accelerating changes unseen in a century and the intensifying major-country competition,the European Union(EU) has significantly modified its economic security concepts,as illustrated by the release of its first-ever strategy on economic security in 2023,which will continue to be advanced in 2024.This article discusses the possible pathways for the EU to implement its economic security strategy in the context of “de-risking” by taking stock of the evolution of EU economic security concepts and its relevant policy documents and foreign economic policies and practices in recent years.Finally,this article will analyze some of the negative impacts of the latest EU policy on the global economy and trade,as well as on European economic prospects.

Investing in Cybersecurity: Insights from the Gordon-Loeb Model

Given the importance of cybersecurity to the survival of an organization, a fundamental economics-based question that must be addressed by all organizations is: How much should be invested in cybersecurity related activities? Gordon and Loeb [1] presented a model to address this question, and that model has received a significant amount of attention in the academic and practitioner literature. The primary objective of this paper is to discuss the Gordon-Loeb Model with a focus on gaining insights for the model’s use in a practical setting.

Global Economic Scene Vs. Economic Security at the Turn of Century

Financial Power and Its Strategic Significance A financial crisis hit Asia in 1997. It was both a predatory monetary war a-gainst developing nations launched by the hedge funds and a scramble for fi-nancial supremacy among the monopoly capital in America, Western Eu-rope and Japan. Indeed, the term "Asian financial crisis" is a misnomer. It can nolonger faithfully reflect the scope and essence of the financial storm. Over the pasttwo years, financial turmoil has visited upon Russia and Brazil and has shaken theentire capitalist economic system. In this crash, while Asian nations have

New Trend of Japan's Economic Security Strategy

Japan's economic security strategy has a long history.However,Japan has significantly accelerated its economic security strategy in recent years,especially since the Kishida government came into power.At present,Japan is gradually forming a comprehensive economic security strategy that has clear strategic objectives,sound institutional settings,enhanced economic control,and closer external cooperation.The Japanese government is accelerating its economic and security strategy because of the changing international environment and Japan's own strategic considerations.Japan hopes to achievemany strategic goals such as improved economy and security through its economic and security strategy,but its strategic effect needs to be verified due to the constraints of many factors.

Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on Azerbaijan’s Financial Security

The emergence of the COVID-19 crisis,similar to the financial crisis of the 1980s and 1990s,has once more threatened the international economic systems.The rapid transmission of the Coronavirus has created travel bans and commuting restrictions on national and international scales,causing a severe recession in the world economy.This is more conspicuous in oil-exporting countries as petroleum products and prices have plummeted down.A good example of the countries that depend on oil and gas exports is Azerbaijan,a country whose domestic economy has not been unaffected by the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores how the COVID-19 crisis has affected Azerbaijan’s economic security.The hypothesis is that due to this pandemic and the reduction of petroleum prices on an international scale,the Azerbaijan’s economy now has declined and the government faces the reduction of oil production,and the devaluation of Azerbaijan’s currency,manat.Moreover,travel bans due to the Coronavirus have dramatically affected Azerbaijan’s other economic sectors and industries such as tourism.All these issues have seriously threatened Azerbaijan’s economic security and the economy will not grow significantly in the near future.

Research on Real Estate Economic Security and Government Control

With the development of economy and the progress of society,people’s living standards are gradually improving,and the requirements for housing are also gradually improving.The development of the real estate industry provides conditions for people’s modern life,and its development meets the needs of China’s socialist development.In such a social background,the future planning of the real estate industry is gradually clear,promoting the steady rise of the real estate economy,which is an important development prospect of the current real estate industry.In this paper,through the analysis of real estate economic security and government control,aiming at the existing problems,put forward some effective measures to promote the advantages of real estate development and the combination of government macro-control to stabilize the healthy development of the real estate industry.

Information Segmentation and Investing in Cybersecurity

This paper provides an analysis of how the benefits of information segmentation can assist an organization to derive the appropriate amount to invest in cybersecurity from a cost-benefit perspective. An analytical model based on the framework of the Gordon-Loeb Model ([1]) is presented that provides a set of sufficient conditions for information segmentation to lower the total investments in cybersecurity and the expected loss from cybersecurity breaches. A numerical example illustrating the insights gained from the model is also presented.

An Exploration of the Economic Significance of Social Security

The modem social security carries some elements of humanitarianism or social stability, but it is more an economic means. It can reduce overproduction, increase effective demand and facilitate the balance between the demand and supply, and prevent the frequent occurrence of economic crisis. All the creatures of the God are there for a reason. The amount of production is based on the amount of currency. But some parts of currency are transformed into savings, and savings cannot be turned into investment immediately. The entailing overproduction breaks the balance between the demand and supply, and results in economic crisis. In modem society, it is the social security or those ＂lazy bones＂ that represses and eliminates the overproduction, which can be expressed by the equation： Savings = Investment ＋ Social security （consumption）. In this way, the balance between the demand and supply is realized.and the social production and life can continue in a normal way.

China should Guard against Economic Security Loopholes

Many heated debates have taken place recently upon the economic security brought about by foreign acquisitions.This should be a good sign,as different views are being aired in contrast to the one uniform voice and hasty generalization has been replaced by ever-intensifying debate,which is indeed historical progress.

Empirical Investigation of Threats to Loyalty Programs by Using Models Inspired by the Gordon-Loeb Formulation of Security Investment

Loyalty program (LP) is a popular marketing activity of enterprises. As a result of firms’ effort to increase customers’ loyalty, point exchange or redemption services are now available worldwide. These services attract not only customers but also attackers. In pioneering research, which first focused on this LP security problem, an empirical analysis based on Japanese data is shown to see the effects of LP-point liquidity on damages caused by security incidents. We revisit the empirical models in which the choice of variables is inspired by the Gordon-Loeb formulation of security investment: damage, investment, vulnerability, and threat. The liquidity of LP points corresponds to the threat in the formulation and plays an important role in the empirical study because it particularly captures the feature of LP networks. However, the actual proxy used in the former study is artificial. In this paper, we reconsider the liquidity definition based on a further observation of LP security incidents. By using newly defined proxies corresponding to the threat as well as other refined proxies, we test hypotheses to derive more implications that help LP operators to manage partnerships;the implications are consistent with recent changes in the LP network. Thus we can see the impacts of security investment models include a wider range of empirical studies.

Measuring the agricultural sustainability of India:An application of Pressure-State-Response(PSR)model

Analyzing agricultural sustainability is essential for designing and assessing rural development initiatives.However,accurately measuring agricultural sustainability is complicated since it involves so many different factors.This study provides a new suite of quantitative indicators for assessing agricultural sustainability at regional and district levels,involving environmental sustainability,social security,and economic security.Combining the PressureState-Response(PSR)model and indicator approach,this study creates a composite agricultural sustainability index for the 14 mainstream agro-climatic regions of India.The results of this study show that the Trans-Gengatic Plain Region(TGPR)ranks first in agricultural sustainability among India's 14 mainstream agro-climatic regions,while the Eastern Himalayan Region(EHR)ranks last.Higher livestock ownership,cropping intensity,per capita income,irrigation intensity,share of institutional credit,food grain productivity,crop diversification,awareness of minimum support price,knowledge sharing with fellow farmers,and young and working population,as well as better transportation facilities and membership of agricultural credit societies are influencing indicators responsible for higher agricultural sustainability in TGPR compared with EHR.Although,the scores of environmental sustainability indicators of EHR are quite good,its scores of social and economic security indicators are fairly low,putting it at the bottom of the rank of agricultural sustainability index among the 14 mainstream agroclimatic regions in India.This demonstrates the need of understanding agricultural sustainability in relation to social and economic dimensions.In a nation as diverse and complicated as India,it is the social structure that determines the health of the economy and environment.Last but not least,the sustainability assessment methodology may be used in a variety of India's agro-climatic regions.

Corporate Governance Intelligence： Minority Shareholder＇s Aspects （Evidence From Ukraine）

The paper is devoted to the corporate governance intelligence system investigation as the part of the complex stakeholder-related approach to the corporate strategic intelligence system （CSIS）. The special attention is given to the minority shareholders activism in the system of corporate governance. Some existing methods of abusing minority shareholders rights, made by joint-stock companies executives, are generalized. The recommendations for minority shareholder＇s rights protection are given. The necessity for the implementation of the stakeholders-oriented approach for the CSIS creation on the base of companies＇ security principles is substantiated.

What Are the Strategic Industries that Must Be Given Priority？

This paper presents the argument that the security of strategic industries is more important than financial security and lies at the heart of economic security. It further identifies the following industries as strategic industries： sustenance industry, infrastructure industry, equipment industry, environmental industry and information industry. For the health and security of the national economy, this paper proposes that a priority must be placed on researching the security of strategic industries.

Overheated Investment in China： The Alarm Bell Is Still Ringing

The growth of fixed assets investment in China soared to a high record in the first quarter of 2004 after gross domestic product （GDP） bounced substantially in 2003. A bubble is emerging posing threats to Chinese economic development. In order to cool down the overheated investment, Chinese government should promptly take effective measures in macroeconomic control to limit or guide the red-hot investment in some sectors and slow down its growth, thus implements the changes from administrative-driven investment to enterprise-driven investment and from investment-driven economic growth to consumption-driven growth.

NOT A MILITARY ALLIANCE——The SCO should continue to implement its founding principles,based on security and economic cooperation,rather than expanding its membership

In reinventing itself, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization should stick to being a regional cooperative organization guided by a new concept and prioritizing security and economic cooperation. Meanwhile, brash expansion of the organization will cause a lot of problems.

Assessing impacts to maritime shipping from marine chokepoint closures

Global supply chain disruptions caused by the six-day blockage of the Suez Canal in March 2021 and the reduction in shipping through the Bosporus Strait since the onset of the Ukraine War in February 2022 are recent demonstrations of the critical importance of marine chokepoints to international trade and thus global economic security.To better understand and anticipate effects of a chokepoint closure on global trade,we combine GIS data of international shipping lanes with 2019 bilateral trade data to estimate how the closure of each of eleven chokepoints could change trade flows through other chokepoints and between countries.Estimates from the closure scenarios reveal alternate-shipping route linkages between seven chokepoints whereby if one were closed for an extended period,trade through one or more of the others would change significantly.The estimates also underscore the economic importance of the Danish Straits,the Bosporus Strait,the Strait of Hormuz,and the South China Sea and East China Sea to those countries that must rely on these chokepoints for access to maritime trade.Moreover,the estimates project delays and shifts in coastal seaport activity that could lead to knock-on effects that disrupt global supply chains long after a chokepoint blockage is cleared.

An Assessment of Flexibility Reserves in Stochastic Modeling at Multiple Timescales

Due to recent technological achievements,stochastic optimization,which inherently captures the uncertainty of intermittent resources,is being used to capture the variability and uncertainty of wind and solar resources.However,due to persistent computational limitations,it is not practical to consider all possible variable generation scenarios.As a result,a reduced number of most likely scenarios is usually considered.While this helps reduce the computational burden,it also leaves the system operator vulnerable to some risk.In order to address this issue,this paper aims at providing insight into using an explicit reserve requirement in a stochastic modeling framework in order to provide system operators with greater confidence in stochastic dispatch solutions.This is accomplished by simulating a modified version of the IEEE 118 bus system in a fully stochastic,multi-timescale framework with flexibility reserve requirements.Results show that utilizing a stochastic flexibility reserve requirement within the stochastic modeling framework offers the most reliability benefit.

An Analysis of Tax Reform Measures and Trends in Ukraine

This article introduces general insights into the Ukrainian tax reforms made during 2020 and 2021,covering major tax legislation changes such as implementation of the BEPS Action Plan,interstate exchange of fiscal information,taxation of investment projects and economic security.It also underlines that up-to-date contactless IT-solutions and the adoption of international standards are top priorities of the future tax agenda.