Changing Process and Impact Factors of Ecosystem in Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland of China

By introducing geological and natural conditions of Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland,a national nature reserve,and borrowing Landsat5 TM wetland data of the year 1987 and 2005,the core area of Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland is studied,areas of its natural water,mudflat,seepweed beach,culture zone,reservoir and swag,reed field,rice field and non-wetland landscape are respectively analyzed,as well as the changes of wetland community,water quality,waterfowl quantity and species.It is found that the study area is suffering from serious fragmentation of wetland,reducing reed yield,degrading water quality,decreasing bird species and amount,which implies that the degraded wetland environment has imposed threats on the survival of some wetland species.Root causes of such a result are analyzed from the perspectives of regional climate changes and human interventions;while regional climate changes include obvious temperature increase and precipitation decrease,human interventions include oil exploration,reclamation of land from the lake,overuse of biotic resources,environment pollution.Due to the interactive influence of these two factors,ecosystem of Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland has experienced drastic changes,which should be attached sufficient importance by relevant departments so as to enhance its protection and management.

Interlinking climate change with waterenergy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes in California case studies

Global climate change creates critical challenges with increasing temperature,reducing snowpack,and changing precipitation for water,energy,and food,as well as ecosystem processes at regional scales.Ecosystem services provide life support,goods,and natural resources from water,energy,and food,as well as the environments.There are knowledge gaps from the lack of conceptual framework and practices to interlink major climate change drivers of water resources with water-energy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes.This paper provided an overview of research background,developed a conceptual framework to bridge these knowledge gaps,summarized California case studies for practices in cross sector ecosystem services,and identified future research needs.In this conceptual framework,climate change drivers of changing temperature,snowpack,and precipitation are interlinked with life cycles in water,energy,food,and related key elements in ecosystem processes.Case studies in California indicated climate change affected variation in increasing temperature and changing hydrology at the regional scales.A large variation in average energy intensity values was also estimated from ground water and federal,state,and local water supplies both within each hydrological region and among the ten hydrological regions in California.The increased regional temperature,changes in snowpack and precipitation,and increased water stresses from drought can reduce ecosystem services and affect the water and energy nexus and agricultural food production,as well as fish and wildlife habitats in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta(Delta)and Central Valley watersheds.Regional decisions and practices in integrated management of water,energy,food,and related ecosystem processes are essential to adapt and mitigate global climate change impacts at the regional scales.Science and policy support for interdisciplinary research are critical to develop the database and tools for comprehensive analysis to fill knowledge gaps and address ecosystem service complexity,the related natural resource investment,and integrated planning needs.

A field experimental study on the impact of Acer platanoides,an urban tree invader,on forest ecosystem processes in North America

Background:Invasive species affect community dynamics and ecosystem functions,but the mechanisms of their impacts are poorly understood.Hypotheses on invasion impact range from Superior Competitor to Novel Function,from Enemy Escape to Microbial Mediation.In this study,we examined the effects of an urban tree invader,Acer platanoides(Norway maple,NM),on a mesic deciduous forest in contrast to its native congener Acer rubrum(red maple,RM)with a split-plot design experiment.A total of 720 maple seedlings were transplanted to 72 plots under 24 trees of three canopy types.The three experimental treatments were removal of resource competition at above-and belowground and removal of leaf-litter effect.Soil moisture and nitrogen-related microbial activities were followed for each plot.Results:We found that partial canopy removal increased canopy openness and light transmission to the forest floor,but to a greater extent under NM than under RM trees.NM seedlings were more shade tolerant than RM seedlings in height growth.During the reciprocal transplantation in the mixed forest,biomass accumulation of NM seedlings under RM trees were twice as much as under NM,while that of RM seedlings under NM trees was 23.5%less than under RM.Soil net nitrification and relative nitrification were significantly higher,but mineralization rate was much lower under NM than under RM trees,which would lead to faster N leaching and lower N availability in the soil.Plots with litter removal had significantly higher seedling mortality due to herbivory by the end of 2 years,especially for NM seedlings under NM trees.Trenching enhanced soil water availability but there was no difference among canopy types.Conclusions:Our results demonstrated that invasion of NM not only altered forest canopy structure but also changed herbivory rate for seedlings and N dynamics in the soils.NM seedlings were more shade tolerant under NM canopies than RM seedlings and were more protected by NM litter under NM canopies than under RM canopies.These altered biotic and abiotic environments will likely facilitate further invasion of NM in the forests,hence positive feedbacks,and make it an increasingly serious tree invader in North America.

A spatial-explicit dynamic vegetation model that couples carbon,water,and nitrogen processes for arid and semiarid ecosystems

Arid and semiarid ecosystems, or dryland, are important to global biogeochemical cycles. Dryland＇s community structure and vegetation dynamics as well as biogeochemical cycles are sensitive to changes in climate and atmospheric composition. Vegetation dynamic models has been applied in global change studies, but the com- plex interactions among the carbon （C）, water, and nitrogen （N） cycles have not been adequately addressed in the current models. In this study, a process-based vegetation dynamic model was developed to study the responses of dryland ecosystems to environmental changes, emphasizing on the interactions among the C, water, and N proc- esses. To address the interactions between the C and water processes, it not only considers the effects of annual precipitation on vegetation distribution and soil moisture on organic matter （SOM） decomposition, but also explicitly models root competition for water and the water compensation processes. To address the interactions between C and N processes, it models the soil inorganic mater processes, such as N mineralization/immobilization, denitrifica- tion/nitrification, and N leaching, as well as the root competition for soil N. The model was parameterized for major plant functional types and evaluated against field observations.

Understory flora and community physiognomy of planted forests in the degraded purple soil ecosystem, South China

The flora and community physiognomy of degraded plantation ecosystems onpurple soil were investigated in Ninghua County of Fujian Province, China to understand therelationship between plant diversity and ecosystem processes.. Four different restorationcommunities (labeled as ecological restoration treatment Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) were selected byspace-time replacement method according to the erosion intensity in degraded purple soil ecosystem.The results showed that there were totally 86 plant species belonging to 78 genera and 43 familiesin the degraded purple soil ecosystem. Of the 15 types of distribution area in spermatophyte genus,12 types were found in the purple soil ecosystem. Along restoration gradient from low to high, plantgrowth type and life form spectra became abundant more and more, and the spermatophyte genera foreach distribution area type and genera numbers for different foliage characters increased as well.It is concluded that the plant flora and physiognomy in ecological restoration process become morecomplex and diverse, indicating that the forest ecosystem on purple soil tends to be more stable.

Spatial analysis of plant detritus processing in a Mediterranean River type: the case of the River Tirso Basin, Sardinia, Italy

The river continuum concept represents the most general framework addressing the spatial variation of both structure and function in river ecosystems. In the Mediterranean ecoregion, summer drought events and dams constitute the main sources of local disturbance to the structure and functioning of river ecosystems occurring in the river basin. In this study, we analysed patterns of spatial variation of detritus processing in a 7th order river of the Mediterranean ecoregion(River Tirso, Sardinia-Italy) and in three 4th order sub-basins which were exposed to different summer drought pressures. The study was carried out on Phragmites australis and Alnus glutinosa leaf detritus at 31 field sites in seasonal field experiment Detritus processing rates were higher for Alnus glutinosa than for Phragmites australis plant detritus. Processing rates of Alnus glutinosa leaves varied among seasons and study sites from 0.006 d -1 to 0.189 d -1 and those of Phragmites australis leaves ranged from 0.0008 d -1 to 0.102 d -1, with the lowest values occurring at sites exposed to summer drought. Seasons and sites accounted for a significant proportion of such variability. Alder detritus decay rates generally decreased with increasing stream order, while reed detritus decay rates generally increased on the same spatial gradient. Summer drought events affected these spatial patterns of variation by influencing significantly the decay rates of both plant detritus. The comparisons among and within sub-basins showed strong negative influence of summer drought on detritus processing rates. Similarly, in the entire River Tirso basin decay rates were always lower at disturbed than at undisturbed sites for each stream order; decay rates of reed detritus remained lower at those sites even after the end of the disturbance events, while alder decay rates recovered rapidly from the summer drought perturbations. The different recovery of the processing rates of the two leaves could also explain the different patterns of spatial variation observed between the two leaves.

Extreme events as ecosystems drivers： Ecological consequences of anomalous Southern Hemisphere weather patterns during the 2001/2002 austral spring-summer

The frequency and severity of extreme events associated with global change are both forecast to increase with a concomitant increase expected in perturbations and disruptions of fundamental processes at ecosystem, community and population scales, with potentially catastrophic consequences. Extreme events should thus be viewed as ecosystem drivers, rather than as short term deviations from a perceived ＇norm＇. To illustrate this, we examined the impacts associated with the extraordinary weather pattern of the austral spring/summer of 2001/2002, and find that patterns of ocean-atmosphere interactions appear linked to a suite of extreme events in Antarctica and more widely across the Southern Hemisphere. In the Antarctic, the extreme events appear related to particular ecological impacts, including the substantial reduction in breeding success of Ade1ie penguins at sites in the Antarctic Peninsula as well as for Adelie penguin and snow petrel colonies in East Antarctica, and the creation of new benthic habitats associated with the disintegration of the Larsen B Ice Shelf. Other major impacts occurred in marine and terrestrial ecosystems at temperate and tropical latitudes. The suite of impacts demonstrates that ecological consequences of extreme events are manifested at fundamental levels in ecosystem processes and produce long-term, persistent effects relative to the short-term durations of the events. Changes in the rates of primary productivity, species mortality, community structure and inter-specific interactions, and changes in trophodynamics were observed as a consequence of the conditions during the 2001/2002 summer. Lasting potential consequences include reaching or exceeding tipping points, trophic cascades and regime shifts.

数字平台生态系统形成的过程机制研究——基于海尔的探索性案例分析

采用探索性单案例研究方法,以海尔数字平台为研究对象,构建了数字平台生态系统形成的过程机制模型。研究表明:企业数字平台在万物互联等因素驱动下,推动了数字平台生态系统形成;数字平台生态系统可分为员工、组织、生态3个子系统;数字平台生态系统形成过程能创造出商业价值、社会价值与生态价值,3类价值相互作用、相互促进;数字技术更迭、商业模式创新等内部支持要素具有重要支撑作用,可提高数字平台生态系统形成效果。

Analysis of Land Use Change and Associated Implications on Soil Ecosystem Functions in South Eastern Nigeria

Land use change affects soil functions and its capacity to provide ecosystem services. Though much of the tropics are experiencing accelerated increases in land use change, associated impacts of such changes are poorly understood and studied. This study assessed the extent to which land use changes affect the soil ecosystem functions in a rainforest zone of south eastern Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 24 sample locations in selected natural forest, cashew and palm plantations. Samples were analyzed in triplicate in the laboratory for geochemical analysis, after which the result was subjected to statistical analysis—ANOVA, correlation and regression. Forest carbon had higher % mean carbon content;though there was no significant difference (F (2, 21) = .246, p = .784) in carbon level across land uses. R value of .301 showed low correlation between % carbon, organic matter and % loss in ignition. Furthermore, R2 value of 9.1% total variation in the dependent variable could only be explained by the independent variables. CEC, Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus content of the land uses did not differ significantly: CEC (F (2, 21) = .844, p (.44);Nitrogen (.243), p (.79), Potassium (.140), p (.87), Phosphorus (.783), p (.47). This showed that there was no significant variation in soil fertility of the land uses, although natural forest had higher concentrations for these variables. Across the land uses, soil texture equally had no significant variations: % sand (F (2, 21) = .320, p (.729) % clay (.430), p (.656), % silt (.043), p (.958). Soil carbon was seen to be more enhanced in natural forest ecosystems than other land uses. Though plantations had reduced capacities to provide ecosystem functions, establishing such in modified landscapes is still advocated as they can coexist with such and yet ensure ecosystem functions.

人地耦合视角下喀斯特石漠化地区生态系统服务提升

针对喀斯特石漠化治理转型面临恢复效果区域差异大、生态功能稳定性弱、忽视社会系统与生态系统的协同等问题,系统梳理了当前我国石漠化治理存在的主要挑战与科技需求,提出从侧重自然生态系统转向社会-生态系统的整体性视角,以区域生态系统服务整体提升为目标,聚焦喀斯特关键带地上-地下耦合过程,加强石漠化与社会-生态过程的互馈机制、功能微生物-钙协同促进土壤碳氮高效固持机理、基岩生境植被恢复关键带水分养分保障机制等研究,突破喀斯特社会-生态系统耦合、岩溶多界面蓄水-保土协同增效、岩土组构与生态位互补的植被群落改造、生物固氮与有机废弃物高效利用的种养协调、生态-岩溶过程协同的固碳能力提升等关键技术,形成喀斯特生态产品供给能力提升与农业产业转型协同的绿色发展模式,有助于实现喀斯特区域人地耦合与生态系统服务整体提升,为西南喀斯特地区石漠化治理工程与乡村振兴提供科技支撑。

黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究进展与展望

地球关键带是21世纪地球科学的前沿和重点领域之一。黄土约占全球陆地面积的10%,中国的黄土高原是典型的地球关键带之一。土壤水文过程驱动着黄土高原关键带不同尺度的系列生物地球化学循环过程,决定土壤−植被−大气连续体的演化方向与可持续性。基于地球关键带“4M”研究框架,综述了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的热点与前沿,梳理了不同尺度土壤水文过程的观测方法与技术、模型模拟与填图、深层土壤干化管理等研究进展;在此基础上,围绕黄土高原关键带土壤水资源优化利用与生态系统服务功能提升,提出了全球气候变化和大规模人类活动共同影响下黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程的优化管理对策和建议,展望了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的未来趋势。以期深化黄土高原关键带研究的科学认知,促进地球关键带科学的发展,为黄土高原自然资源优化管理、山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学参考。

基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法--以欧美地区的实践为例

科学划定自然保护地的边界关系到保护目标的实现和管理措施的制定,是自然保护地规划和建设的首要环节。该文以欧美地区的实践案例为例,介绍了基于生态系统完整性的自然保护地边界划定方法。首先对现有自然保护地边界划定方法进行梳理,在此基础上介绍了面向实施的景观单元(Operational Landscape Units)的概念和划定流程;其次梳理了韦斯特布鲁克圩田保护边界划定和旧金山湾海岸带保护边界划定的案例;最后为我国自然保护地的边界划定提出建议。

陆表自然和人文要素相互作用——“全球变化及应对”重点专项研究进展

在国家重点研发计划支持下,项目提出了陆表不均一性检测和订正的新方法,解决了渐变型不均一性检测和订正的难题,构建了中国地表太阳辐射、气温、地温、风速和降水等参数均一化站点和格点数据集,修订了关于中国地表风速变化趋势、增温格局及其形成机制的结论。融合多源数据,构建并验证了千米级、流域级或县域级的电厂、人口、生物质能、取水量、氮排放、二氧化碳排放等影响自然系统的关键人文要素历史和未来预估数据集。构建了未来关键人文要素情景,研制了碳中和目标下甲烷和氧化亚氮排放情景和用于驱动全球模式的未来情景,预估了中国碳中和战略的实施对全球变暖的减缓作用,发现中国碳中和对远期和中期全球变暖的减缓作用显著。给出了中国各省份水体氮排放安全阈值及超越时间,阐明了中国粮食产量与氮施肥的关系,提出了在保障粮食安全的前提下减少水体氮排放的有效途径,指出重构城乡养分循环体系是同时保障粮食安全和恢复水质的必要途径。发现全球饱和水汽压差的年际变化与大气二氧化碳浓度上升速率的年际变化显著相关,阐明了饱和水汽压差变化在调控生态系统生产力中的重要角色以及多因素耦合作用在生态系统生产力变化中的复杂影响。建议更全面细致地评估中国各种碳中和实现路径的社会经济和自然生态影响,以保证碳中和目标与其他可持续发展目标的协同实现。

干旱区气候变化及其对山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响研究进展

在干旱区,水是形成绿洲的根本要素。干旱区高寒山地是维系西北干旱区绿洲存在、是当地国民经济持续发展和生态环境稳定的水源地,山地森林生态系统具有重要的涵养水源功能,有“绿色水库”之称。气候变化将改变山地生态系统结构、组成和水循环,加剧水资源短缺,威胁干旱区绿洲安全。回顾并综述了干旱区气候变化及其对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程的影响研究进展,指出了研究中存在的问题,并提出未来在干旱区山地仍需要评估优于1 km空间分辨率的气候变化趋势,从多尺度、多界面、多学科、多方法开展气候变化对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响的综合研究,以促进干旱区山地生态学的发展,为干旱区管理部门提供适应和缓解气候变化、科学的制定气候变化条件下水资源管理方案、实现水资源的有效管理奠定理论基础,促进干旱区气候变化条件下的环境和社会经济可持续性发展。

大兴安岭次生林森林生态系统健康评价研究

以大兴安岭根河林区和黑龙江漠河林区次生林为研究对象,随机选取30块样地对其群落结构、土壤状况、林分空间结构、抵抗力指标、水源涵养状况进行调查分析,选择平均胸径、单位面积蓄积量、全氮等16个评价指标,建立评价指标体系。运用森林健康评价综合指数评价大兴安岭次生林的森林生态系统健康状况,利用层次分析法确定各项指标权重,并结合地面样地调查数据,将研究区森林健康指数划分为5个等级。结果表明:该研究区13.33%的样地处于亚健康状态,26块健康等级的样地总体占比86.67%,无不健康、中健康和优质森林。从林型角度分析,阔叶次生林森林健康状况较好,继续维持,以促进其向“优质”状态转变;针阔混交林森林健康状态偏低,适当植树造林、疏伐、修剪、施肥,还需加强森林防火工作,确保森林资源安全。在不同龄组中,健康状态最高的是幼龄林,亚健康状态最高的是成熟林。其中幼龄林健康占比91.18%,亚健康占比8.82%;中龄林健康占比87.30%,亚健康占比12.70%;近熟林健康占比74.96%,亚健康占比25.04%;成熟林健康占比33.33%,亚健康占比66.67%;过熟林健康占比66.67%,亚健康占比33.33%。总之,大兴安岭根河林区和黑龙江漠河林区的次生林森林具有较好的生态环境,大部分处于健康状态,而部分次生林需要采取一定的经营手段来提高其生态系统健康水平。

基于AHP的济南南部山区人居林生态脆弱性评价

以济南南部山区人居林为研究对象,采用层次分析法(AHP),综合评价该区域人居林的生态环境脆弱性,对其生态脆弱性影响因素进行分析评估,为济南南部山区人居林生态建设提供决策依据和保护管理方案。结果表明,影响南部山区人居林的六个因素中面积减少是人居林退化的最大影响因素。其次,地形和土壤环境的变化被认为是引起人居林生态系统质量变化的主要威胁因素。植被结构及其质量变化对人居林的影响低于栖息地环境变化的影响。在人居林生态脆弱性评估结果中,依据脆弱性等级提供不同保护管理方案。通过对不同影响因素的分析评价,对每个脆弱性因素制定对应的生态策略,以保证人居林生境的恢复和区域生态的可持续发展。

创新全过程视角下产学研创新团队潜在合作对象识别方法研究

[目的/意义]识别领域不同创新环节中的潜在合作对象,形成贯穿基础研究、应用研究与产业应用的多环节与多主体的产学研创新协同团队,助力科技创新及成果转移转化。[方法/过程]基于创新全过程视角,从产业机构出发,构建产业—技术—科学机构的多层网络分析模型,识别不同创新层中产学研机构的潜在合作对象。以中国干细胞研究领域为对象进行实证研究,验证了方法的可行性与有效性。[结果/结论]创新全过程视角下潜在合作对象识别方法突破了单一视角识别合作对象的局限性,实现了不同创新环节间创新主体潜在合作对象的识别,为创新生态下各主体识别与自身需求更匹配的合作伙伴提供了理论支撑与实践启示。

数智赋能下海上风电产业创新生态系统演化过程研究——基于明阳智能的扎根分析

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