Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets a...Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets and when predicting the responses of ENFs to current and future climate.Methods:We compared the fluxes of ten AmeriFlux ENF sites to investigate cross-site variability in net ecosystem exchange of carbon(NEE),gross primary production(GPP),and evapotranspiration(ET).We used wavelet cross-correlation analysis to examine responses of NEE and ET to common climatic drivers over multiple timescales and also determined optimum values of air temperature(T_(a))and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)for NEE and ET.Results:We found larger differences in the NEE spectra than in the ET spectra across sites,demonstrating that spatial(site-to-site)variability was larger for NEE than for ET.The NEE and ET were decoupled differently across ENF sites because the wavelet cospectra between ET and climate variables were similar at all sites,while the wavelet cospectra between NEE and climate variables were higher(i.e.,closer coupling between NEE and climatic drivers)in semi-arid and Mediterranean sites than in other sites.Ecosystem water use efficiency(EWUE)based on annual GPP/ET ranged from 1.3±0.18 to 4.08±0.62 g C mm^(−1) ET,while EWUE based on annual net ecosystem production(NEP)/ET ranged from 0.06±0.04 to 1.02±0.16 g C mm^(−1) ET)among ENFs.Responses of NEE and ET to T_(a) varied across climatic zones.In particular,for ENF sites in semi-arid and Mediterranean climates,the maximum NEE and ET occurred at lower ranges of T_(a) than in sites with warm and humid summers.The optimum T_(a) and VPD values were higher for ET than for NEE,and ET was less sensitive to high values of T_(a) and VPD.Conclusions:Large spatial variability in carbon and water vapor fluxes among ENFs and large variations in responses of NEE and ET to major climate variables among climatic zones necessitate sub-plant functional type parameterization based on climatic zones to better represent climate sensitivity of ENFs and to reduce uncertainty in model predictions.展开更多
基金supported in part by grants from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA,Grant No.2013-69002 to P.Wagle,X.Xiao,and P.Gowda,and Grant No.2013-67003-20652 to B.Law)the National Science Foundation EPSCoR(IIA-1301789 to X.Xiao)+8 种基金supported by US Department of Energy(Grant No.65076)to B.Lawsupported by the North American Carbon Program/USDA CREES NRI(2004-35111-15057,2008-35101-19076)Science Foundation Arizona(CAA 0-203-08)to T.Kolbsupported by grants from US Department of Energy[the National Institute for Climate Change Research(NICCR)and Terrestrial Carbon Processes Program(TCP)]the National Science Foundation Environmental Biology(Grant 0918565)supported by an agreement among the University of Washington,the Pacific Northwest Research Station,and the Gifford Pinchot National Forestsupported by DOE BER-TES awards number 7090112 and 11-DE-SC-0006700USDA NIFA CAP 560 Award 2011-68002-30185USDA Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center Grant 08-JV-11330147-038。
文摘Introduction:Understanding the differences in carbon and water vapor fluxes of spatially distributed evergreen needleleaf forests(ENFs)is crucial for accurately estimating regional or global carbon and water budgets and when predicting the responses of ENFs to current and future climate.Methods:We compared the fluxes of ten AmeriFlux ENF sites to investigate cross-site variability in net ecosystem exchange of carbon(NEE),gross primary production(GPP),and evapotranspiration(ET).We used wavelet cross-correlation analysis to examine responses of NEE and ET to common climatic drivers over multiple timescales and also determined optimum values of air temperature(T_(a))and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)for NEE and ET.Results:We found larger differences in the NEE spectra than in the ET spectra across sites,demonstrating that spatial(site-to-site)variability was larger for NEE than for ET.The NEE and ET were decoupled differently across ENF sites because the wavelet cospectra between ET and climate variables were similar at all sites,while the wavelet cospectra between NEE and climate variables were higher(i.e.,closer coupling between NEE and climatic drivers)in semi-arid and Mediterranean sites than in other sites.Ecosystem water use efficiency(EWUE)based on annual GPP/ET ranged from 1.3±0.18 to 4.08±0.62 g C mm^(−1) ET,while EWUE based on annual net ecosystem production(NEP)/ET ranged from 0.06±0.04 to 1.02±0.16 g C mm^(−1) ET)among ENFs.Responses of NEE and ET to T_(a) varied across climatic zones.In particular,for ENF sites in semi-arid and Mediterranean climates,the maximum NEE and ET occurred at lower ranges of T_(a) than in sites with warm and humid summers.The optimum T_(a) and VPD values were higher for ET than for NEE,and ET was less sensitive to high values of T_(a) and VPD.Conclusions:Large spatial variability in carbon and water vapor fluxes among ENFs and large variations in responses of NEE and ET to major climate variables among climatic zones necessitate sub-plant functional type parameterization based on climatic zones to better represent climate sensitivity of ENFs and to reduce uncertainty in model predictions.
