Nature’s Pharmacy under Siege: Investigating Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Endophytic Bacteria of Medicinal Plants

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant global health threat, necessitating a thorough understanding of its prevalence in various ecological contexts. Medicinal plants, renowned for their therapeutic properties, host endophytic bacteria that produce bioactive compounds. Understanding antibiotic resistance dynamics in these bacteria is vital for human health and antibiotic efficacy preservation. In this study, we investigated antibiotic resistance profiles in endophytic bacteria from five medicinal plants: Thankuni, Neem, Aparajita, Joba, and Snake plant. We isolated and characterized 113 endophytic bacteria, with varying resistance patterns observed against multiple antibiotics. Notably, 53 strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 14 exhibiting extensive drug resistance (XDR). Thankuni-associated bacteria displayed 44% MDR and 11% XDR, while Neem-associated bacteria showed higher resistance (60% MDR, 13% XDR). Aparajita-associated bacteria had lower resistance (22% MDR, 6% XDR), whereas Joba-associated bacteria exhibited substantial resistance (54% MDR, 14% XDR). Snake plant-associated bacteria showed 7% MDR and 4% XDR. Genus-specific distribution revealed Bacillus (47%), Staphylococcus (21%), and Klebsiella (11%) as major contributors to MDR. Our findings highlight diverse drug resistance patterns among plant-associated bacteria and underscore the complexity of antibiotic resistance dynamics in diverse plant environments. Identification of XDR strains emphasizes the severity of the antibiotic resistance problem, warranting further investigation into contributing factors.

Main Species and Medicinal Value of Wild Edible(Medicinal) Fungi in Yunnan Province

Yunnan Province is rich in wild edible( medicinal) fungus resources,where there are about 882 species,96 genera,35 families,11 orders,and 2 classes,and the species of the resources accounts for 40. 7% of the world's resources and 90. 0% of China's resources,so Yunnan is known as " the kingdom of medicinal and edible fungi". Edible fungi contain a variety of functional ingredients,such as polysaccharides,peptide amino acids,nucleosides,triterpenes,minerals,vitamins,etc.,so they have important medicinal value. In order to understand and rationally develop wild edible( medicinal) fungus resources in Yunnan,the main trading species of wild edible( medicinal) fungi in Yunnan Province were investigated,and the biological characteristics and medicinal value of these wild edible( medicinal) fungi were summarized.Moreover,the development prospects of wild edible fungi in Yunnan Province in edible and medicinal fields were discussed.

Antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Philippine medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activities of crude ethanol extracts of 12 Philippine medicinal plants.Methods: Crude ethanol extracts from 12 Philippine medicinal plants were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycinresistant Enterococcus, extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Results: The leaf extracts of Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri, Ehretia microphylla and Piper betle(P. betle) showed antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. P. betle showed the highest antibacterial activity for these bacteria in the disk diffusion(16-33 mm inhibition diameter), minimum inhibitory concentration(19-156 μg/m L) and minimum bactericidal concentration(312 μg/m L) assays. P. betle leaf extracts only showed remarkable antibacterial activity for all the Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria(extended spectrum β-lactamaseproducing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and metallo-β-lactamase-producing) in the disk diffusion(17-21 mm inhibition diameter), minimum inhibitory concentration(312-625 μg/m L) and minimum bactericidal concentration(312-625 μg/m L) assays. Conclusions: P. betle had the greatest potential value against both Gram-negative and Grampositive multidrug-resistant bacteria. Favorable antagonistic activities were also exhibited by the ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri and Ehretia microphylla.

Advances in Research on Hypoglycemic Functions of Polysaccharides from Medicinal and Edible Plants

Plant polysaccharides have an excellent hypoglycemic effect through various ways such as promoting insulin secretion,improving insulin resistance,regulating related enzyme activities,improving sugar,protein and fat metabolism,promoting hepatic glycogen synthesis,inhibiting gluconeogenesis,and improving immune system function and resistance.At present,more than 200 polysaccharides derived from traditional Chinese medicines have been reported,and most of them are isolated and purified from plants.With the deepening of research on plant polysaccharides,more and more attention has been paid to the development of safe and economical natural hypoglycemic products.This paper first introduced the hypoglycemic effects of Folium Mori polysaccharides,Cucurbita moschata polysaccharides,Momordica charantia polysaccharides,Dioscoreae Rhizoma polysaccharides and Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze polysaccharides.Besides,it discussed the utilization ways of hypoglycemic plant polysaccharides,and the prospects of applying polysaccharide hypoglycemic effect to diabetes treatment,so as to provide reference for the research and utilization of plant polysaccharide hypoglycemic effects and the development of natural hypoglycemic foods.

Ethnostudy and Usage of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in Some Parts of Anambra State, Nigeria

Indigenous knowledge and use of edible and medicinal mushrooms in some parts of Anambra state were investigated. Eleven local government areas of the state (Anambra) were randomly surveyed in which six hundred and fifty-six households were interviewed. A well-structured questionnaire was designed to obtain crucial information from the respondents. Residents of Anambra State had indigenous knowledge of mushrooms and their use. Findings revealed that residents of Anambra State consumed edible mushrooms as food and medicine equivalent to USD 7.70. The study showed that more than 85% of respondents interviewed had eaten edible mushrooms as food. Only 2% of them used some of the mushrooms as medicine for treatment of diseases. It was clearly observed that respondents who consumed edible mushrooms because their medicinal importance was significantly (P 0.05) difference among the respondents who used edible mushrooms as an alternative to meat and fish when compared with those who did not use them in a similar manner. Investigation indicated that mushrooms served as an alternative source of income to rural people of Anambra State. Information gathered from respondents on the use of edible and medicinal mushrooms would form a baseline for further studies on ethnomedicinal practices among people of Nigeria and other nations of Africa.

Key Artificial Cultivation Technique by the Naxi Nationality for Dioscorea bulbifera:A Traditional Medicinal and Edible Plant

Dioscorea bulbifera is a medicinal and edible plant of the Naxi nationality living in Lijiang area,and its tuber as a vegetable has the functions of clearing away heat and detoxification,and its bulbil has the functions of clearing away heat and resolving phlegm,relieving cough and relieving asthma,dispersing the accumulation of evils and detoxification,etc.Related studies have shown that it mainly contains steroids,diterpene lactones,flavonoids,polyphenols,alkaloids and so on,and it can also fight cancer,inhibit bacteria,relieve pain,resist inflammation and so on.There is also related literature about hepatotoxicity after taking it.The key technique of traditional vegetable cultivation in Lijiang area is systematically summarized in this paper for reference in the future cultivation process.

The Edible and Medicinal Value of <i>Coix lacryma-jobi</i>and Key Cultivation Techniques for High and Stable Yield

In this paper, it was introduced that Coix lacryma-jobi is a traditional dual-use edible and medicine crops in China, and the nutritional components and medicinal value of Coix lacryma-jobi were described. Based on the published literature at home and abroad, a variety of chemical components found in Coix lacryma jobi and their medicinal effects were reviewed. At the same time, the problems existing in the production of Coix lacryma jobi were put forward. With the improvement of people’s living standards, the nutritional and health care value of Coix lacryma-jobi has been paid more and more attention. The problems of Coix lacryma-jobi in production were analyzed. Some biological characteristics of Coix lacryma-jobi, especially its hygrophyte characteristics, were re-recognized, which is very important to increase the yield of Coix lacryma jobi. In the paper, the key cultivation techniques for high and stable yield of Coix lacryma-jobi were also summarized. In order to obtain high quality, high and stable yield, we should adopt the new technical methods of “two wet, two dry and two water” in water management. At the same time, if artificial pollination is applied in the peak of flowering period, the seed setting rate and the yield will be increased.

Drug Sensitive Test on Main Pathogenic Bacteria of Cow Recessiveness Mastitis Using Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation “Zengrujianniusan”

According to the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine, four different preparations of compound Chinese medicine ＂Zengrujianniusan＂ were composed, and the prepared water decoction was used to carry on the bacteriostatic test on main pathogens of cow recessiveness mastitis. The results showed that the four different prescriptions of water decoction all had antibacterial effects. The prescription 3 was sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while the other three prescriptions showed high sensitivity, and the prescription 3 had the strongest bacteriostatic effects.

The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight plants against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,which are the most prevalent causes of infections in inpatients.Methods:The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller-Hinton broth in a microdilution method.Results:The best antibacterial activity,calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values,against MRSA was shown by the Kaempferia pandurata(Roxb)(K.pandurata)extract(256 μg/mL) and the Senna alata(S.alata) extract(512 μg/mL).Phytochemical screening of dried S.alata leaf and its extract showed the presence of flavonoids,alkaloids,saponins,quinones,tannins and sterols,while dried K.pandurata and its extract only showed the presence of flavonoids and sterols/triterpenoids.Conclusions:K.pandurata and S.alata have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents,especially against MRSA strain,but further in vivo research and discovery of the mode of its action are still needed to shed light on the effects.

Treatment of Chinese Traditional Medicine Wastewater by Photosynthetic Bacteria

The influence factors treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction by photosynthetic bacteria are tested and discussed. The results indicate that the method of photosynthetic bacteria can eliminate COD and BOD from wastewater in high efficiency. And it also has high load shock resistance. On the conditions of slight aerobic and semi-darkness, treating wastewater of Chinese traditional medicine extraction, the method has better efficiency to eliminate COD and BOD from the wastewater than those by anaerobic illumination and aerobic darkness treatments. After pretreatment of hydrolytic acidization, the removal rate of COD in the wastewater reached more than 85 %, and that rate of BOD reached more than 90% in the treating system of photosynthetic bacteria. It may be more feasible and advantageous than traditional anaerobic biological process to treat organic wastewater using PSB system.

Observation of Traditional Chinese Medicine's Anti-bacterial Effect on the Main Pathogenic Bacteria of Dairy Cow Recessive Mastitis

[Objective]This paper aimed to study the anti-bacterial effect of traditional Chinese medicine on cow recessive mastitis＇ s main pathogenic bacteria and provide basis for its clinical application.[Method]Plating and test-tube methods were used to determine the anti-bacterial diameter,minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC）and minimum bactericidal concentration（MBC）of 20 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine on dairy cow recessive mastitis＇ s clinically isolated main pathogenic bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae.[Conclusion]The results indicated that 7 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine,Herba Taraxaci,Rhizoma Coptidis,Fructus Forsythiae,Herba Andrographis,Radix Scutellar iae,Flos Carthami,Flos Chrysanthemi Indici had strong anti-bacterial effect.

Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Pathogenic Bacteria of Cow Mastitis

[Objective]The paper was to analyze the clinical therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine on pathogenic bacteria of cow mastitis.[Method]Eight Chinese herbs and three compound extracts were selected for the treatment of cow mastitis.Four kinds of pathogenic bacteria were successfully isolated from cows with mastitis by flat perforation irrigation method and tube double dilution method.In addition,in vitro antibacterial test was carried out,and in vitro inhibitory effects of single and compound Chinese medicine extracts on pathogenic bacteria causing cow mastitis were studied.[Result]A total of seven Chinese herbs had good inhibitory effect,such as Taraxacum mongolicum,Viola yedonensis and Polygala japonica,which received good effect of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis,clearing away heat and toxic materials.[Conclusion]As good Chinese herbal medicines,T.mongolicum,V.yedonensis and P.japonica could be popularized.

刺通草的营养成分分析及其氨基酸评价

目的研究刺通草各部位营养成分,评价其氨基酸营养价值。方法通过对刺通草花苞、嫩叶、老叶、茎皮等部位的蛋白质、总灰分、氨基酸、氮、磷、钾、钙进行测定与分析,综合评价各部位的营养情况。结果刺通草不同部位的营养成分存在差异,花苞的蛋白质及氮、磷、钾含量最高,分别为18.60%、2.98%、0.512%、3.00%;茎皮中总灰分和钙含量最高,分别为31.32%、7.28%,约为花苞和叶的3倍。各部位均检测到16种氨基酸和6种必需氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为47.59~106.57 mg/g,必需氨基酸含量为17.07~38.14 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的34.70%~40.27%。精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸为花苞和茎皮的主要氨基酸;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸为嫩叶和老叶的主要氨基酸;刺通草各部位的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸;各部位呈味氨基酸和药用氨基酸含量丰富,分别占总氨基酸的88%和56%以上。各部位的氨基酸比值系数分(score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC)值介于65.42~71.11之间,平均值为67.16。结论刺通草花苞的蛋白质等营养含量丰富,叶的氨基酸营养价值较高,茎皮中钙含量非常丰富。本研究可为刺通草资源开发和利用提供科学参考。

菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫、抗氧化和生长相关激素指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫、抗氧化和生长相关激素指标的影响,为复方中草药在断奶仔猪生产上的应用提供理论依据。试验采用单因素随机化设计,选用健康、体重相近的(28±2)日龄断奶仔猪160头,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的菌酶协同发酵复方中草药。试验期为28 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白蛋白(ALB)和总蛋白(TP)含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-1(IL-1)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著升高(P<0.05),1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清生长激素(GH)和胃泌素(GAS)含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清皮质醇(COR)含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T 3)和四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T 4)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药能够提高断奶仔猪生长性能,增强机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力,提高血清生长相关激素含量。本试验条件下,饲粮中菌酶协同发酵复方中草药适宜添加水平为1.0%。

药食同源药材与中国老年人认知损害关系的横断面研究

目的明确药食同源药材与老年人认知损害的关系,并探讨这种作用在各特征分层人群中的差异性。方法基于中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey,CLHLS)2018年的数据,采用二元Logistic回归分析药食同源药材与中国老年人认知损害的相关性;并按人口学、社会经济、健康及生活方式等特征分层后进行全调整模型亚组分析。结果共有10564名受访者纳入分析,相对于很少食用药食同源药材组,经常食用药食同源药材组可以降低认知风险28%(OR:0.72,95%CI:0.52~0.99)。亚组分析显示经常(几乎每天)食用药食同源药材,80岁以上、家庭高收入组、患有1种或多种心血管代谢和神经疾病、体重偏低或超重的老年人,可以分别降低认知损害风险30%(OR:0.70,95%CI:0.492~0.983)、57%(OR:0.43,95%CI:0.23~0.80)、46%(OR:0.54,95%CI:0.35~0.85)、67%(OR:0.33,95%CI:0.16~0.71)和64%(OR:0.36,95%CI:0.15~0.87)。结论老年人经常食用药食同源药材(人参、黄芪、当归、枸杞子)的一种或多种有可能降低认知损害的风险。80岁以上、家庭高收入组、患有心血管代谢及神经疾病、体重偏低或超重、居住在东部地区的老年人食用药食同源药材更有可能获益。应优先在我国东部地区,重点识别患有心血管代谢及神经疾病、体重偏低或超重的老年人,采用因地制宜的方案开展药食同源药材预防痴呆。

云南小凉山地区端午药市的民族药用植物资源研究

目的:了解云南小凉山地区端午药市药用植物交易现状,发掘民族医药传统知识。方法:采用民族植物学等方法对云南小凉山地区端午药市进行调查,完成包括基原名、药用部位、用途和用法等内容的药用植物编目。结果:经过整理和鉴定,云南小凉山地区端午药市药用植物有153种,隶属72科,123属,被《中国药典》收录49种,作为保健品使用的药材共28种,药食同源的植物共29种。药材药用部位有8类[根类(根或块根或根茎)、全草类或全株类、果类、鳞茎、花类、子实体类、油类、叶类],其中以根类入药最多,占总种数的47.7%。药材主要用于益气补血、益肾强筋、键脾和胃、调节免疫、祛风除湿、活血祛瘀、温里散寒、温经止痛、抗炎、镇痛及清热解毒等功效。药材使用方法以水煎服为主,其次是多种配伍炖肉,煎汤熏洗或沐浴,捣烂外敷,泡酒涂擦。药材治疗疾病用于治疗消化系统最多(56种,36.6%),其次是治疗肌肉骨骼系统与结缔组织疾病(54种,35.3%)。结论:云南小凉山地区端午药市药用植物种类丰富多样,被用于药用、食用和保健品,药用独具民族特色,成为发掘新药源、新用途的潜在资源。

药食同源中药材中多环芳烃的污染溯源与风险评估

目的研究4种不同药用部位药食同源中药材中多环芳烃的污染现状、溯源解析与健康风险。方法采用固相分散萃取前处理技术联合高效液相色谱-紫外荧光串联检测器(HPLC-UV-FLD)同时在线检测技术,对中药材中4种不同药用部位进行污染检测、来源解析和健康风险评估。结果中药材中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平范围在ND~150.50μg/kg,芘(Pyr)的检出率最高(51.43%),其次为䓛(Chr,45.71%),苯并[a]芘在所有样品中均未检出。2~6环中,4环占比最高(41.22%~50.95%),其次为3环(22.23%~49.05%)和2环(ND~36.56%),5~6环均未检出。特征比率分析表明,石油、煤炭和生物质燃烧是药食同源中药材多环芳烃的主要来源。荧蒽(Flu)的致癌毒性贡献率最高(37.06%),其次为苯并[a]蒽(BaA,23.59%)。药食同源中药材终生致癌风险范围在2.90×10^(-8)~1.75×10^(-7),ILCR值小于10^(-6)。结论35种药食同源中药材中4种不同药用部位普遍存在PAHs污染,但其致癌风险可以忽略。

2019~2023年某中医院6种多重耐药菌临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解本院6种多重耐药菌的分布及耐药情况。方法对北京中医药大学东方医院2019年1月至2023年12月分离的菌株进行分析,统计6种临床常见耐药菌的检出情况。结果耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌(CRECO)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率呈逐步上升趋势;耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKPN)、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)呈波浪形下降趋势;耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)起伏波动较大;万古霉素耐药肠球菌(VRE)总体检出率较低,变化趋势不大。6种多重耐药菌主要分布于脑病内科、脑病外科、呼吸热病科、急诊科、重症监护、肿瘤科等科室。标本来源中CRKPN、CRPA、CRAB、MRSA均以痰标本为首,CRECO、VRE均以尿标本为首。性别方面,CRKPN、CRPA、CRAB、MRSA男性多于女性,CRECO和VRE则反之;6种耐药菌年龄分布均以60岁以上老年患者为主;季节分布上,CRKPN、CRPA、VRE以冬季占比最高,CRAB以夏季占比最高,CRECO、MRSA则是以秋季占比最高。CRECO、CRKPN、CRAB对多种抗菌药物耐药率均较高。结论应加强对多重耐药菌的监控,延缓细菌耐药发生。

中药空气清新剂研究概述

空气污染现象严重,杀菌、消毒、除臭是净化空气与预防疾病的重要措施。选用中药开发研制具有抑菌、消毒的功能性空气清新剂,其安全性高、绿色环保、气味清香、能达到净化空气的作用。文章就中药空气清新剂的剂型、类别、用途、安全性及其存在的问题等方面进行论述,以期为其后续相关产品开发提供一定的参考。

在线流动-蒸馏法分析药食同源食品中二氧化硫残留量

采用在线流动-蒸馏法测定分析百合、芡实药食同源食品中二氧化硫残留量,采用碱性溶液震荡提取,流动注射法分析了多批次百合、芡实药食同源的二氧化硫残留量,在0.5~10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2=0.9991,平均回收率97.3%,RSD为2.1%~4.6%,检出限为1.0 mg/kg,定量限为3.0 mg/kg。实验结果与传统蒸馏滴定法比较,两种方法结果没有显著性差异。该方法提取方式简单、耗时短、准确度高,适用于大批量药食同源食品分析检测。