Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to ...Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.展开更多
Most of existed strategies for defending OFA (Objective Function Attack)are centralized, only suitable for small-scale networks and stressed on the computation complexity and traffic load are usually neglected. In thi...Most of existed strategies for defending OFA (Objective Function Attack)are centralized, only suitable for small-scale networks and stressed on the computation complexity and traffic load are usually neglected. In this paper, we pay more attentions on the OFA problem in large-scale cognitive networks, where the big data generated from the network must be considered and the traditional methods could be of helplessness. In this paper, we first analyze the interactive processes between attacker and defender in detail, and then a defense strategy for OFA based on differential game is proposed, abbreviated as DSDG. Secondly, the game saddle point and optimal defense strategy have proved to be existed simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed DSDG has a less influence on network performance and a lower rate of packet loss.More importantly, it can cope with the large range展开更多
Accumulating evidence indicates that inhalation anesthetics induce or increase the risk of cognitive impairment. GLYX-13（rapastinel） acts on the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors（NMDARs） and has been ...Accumulating evidence indicates that inhalation anesthetics induce or increase the risk of cognitive impairment. GLYX-13（rapastinel） acts on the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors（NMDARs） and has been shown to enhance hippocampus-dependent learning and memory function. However, the mechanisms by which GLYX-13 affects learning and memory function are still unclear. In this study, we investigated these mechanisms in a mouse model of long-term anesthesia exposure. Mice were intravenously administered 1 mg/kg GLYX-13 at 2 hours before isoflurane exposure（1.5% for 6 hours）. Cognitive function was assessed using the contextual fear conditioning test and the novel object recognition test. The mRNA expression and phosphorylated protein levels of NMDAR pathway components, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B（NR2B）-Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II（CaMKII）-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein（CREB）, in the hippocampus were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot assay. Pretreatment with GLYX-13 ameliorated isoflurane exposure-induced cognitive impairment and restored NR2B, CaMKII and CREB mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels. Intracerebroventricular injection of KN93, a selective CaMKII inhibitor, significantly diminished the effect of GLYX-13 on cognitive function and NR2B, CaMKII and CREB levels in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings suggest that GLYX-13 pretreatment alleviates isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by protecting against perturbation of the NR2B/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus. Therefore, GLYX-13 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of anesthesia-induced cognitive dysfunction. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Nanjing University, China（approval No. 20171102） on November 20, 2017.展开更多
A novel centralized approach for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) in the Cognitive Radio (CR) network is presented in this paper. Instead of giving the solution in terms of formulas modeling network environment such ...A novel centralized approach for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) in the Cognitive Radio (CR) network is presented in this paper. Instead of giving the solution in terms of formulas modeling network environment such as linear programming or convex optimization, the new approach obtains the capability of iteratively on-line learning environment performance by using Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm after observing the variability and uncertainty of the heterogeneous wireless networks. Appropriate decision-making access actions can then be obtained by employing Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) which ensures the strategy being able to explore the possible status and exploit the experiences sufficiently. The new approach considers multi-objective such as spectrum efficiency and fairness between CR Access Points (AP) effectively. By interacting with the environment and accumulating comprehensive advantages, it can achieve the largest long-term reward expected on the desired objectives and implement the best action. Moreover, the present algorithm is relatively simple and does not require complex calculations. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance with respect to fixed frequency planning scheme or general dynamic spectrum allocation policy.展开更多
Online English learning as an outcome of the rapid development of the Internet has got a wider and wider market in China. However, problems of varieties have also occurred along its way. People never stop thinking of ...Online English learning as an outcome of the rapid development of the Internet has got a wider and wider market in China. However, problems of varieties have also occurred along its way. People never stop thinking of better strategies either in designing online course wares or tutorials to help smooth the learning process. My experience as a tutor is that interaction of affective domain and higher levels of cognitive domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy plays an important role in face-to-face tutorials of online English learning.展开更多
Radio Cognitive (RC) is the new concept introduced to improve spectrum utilization in wireless communication and present important research field to resolve the spectrum scarcity problem. The powerful ability of CR to...Radio Cognitive (RC) is the new concept introduced to improve spectrum utilization in wireless communication and present important research field to resolve the spectrum scarcity problem. The powerful ability of CR to change and adapt its transmit parameters according to environmental sensed parameters, makes CR as the leading technology to manage spectrum allocation and respond to QoS provisioning. In this paper, we assume that the radio environment has been sensed and that the SU specifies QoS requirements of the wireless application. We use genetic algorithm (GA) and propose crossover method called Combined Single-Heuristic Crossover. The weighted sum multi-objective approach is used to combine performance objectives functions discussed in this paper and BER approximate formula is considered.展开更多
矛盾性失眠(paradoxical insomnia,Para-I)又被称为假性失眠(pseudoinsomnia)或失眠状态错觉(sleep state misperception,SSM)。这类患者通常主诉患有严重失眠,但缺乏睡眠紊乱的客观证据,日间功能受损情况与患者所述的睡眠缺失程度不成...矛盾性失眠(paradoxical insomnia,Para-I)又被称为假性失眠(pseudoinsomnia)或失眠状态错觉(sleep state misperception,SSM)。这类患者通常主诉患有严重失眠,但缺乏睡眠紊乱的客观证据,日间功能受损情况与患者所述的睡眠缺失程度不成比例。高估睡眠潜伏时间(sleeplatency,SL)、低估总睡眠时间(totalsleeptime,TST)是Para-I的主要特征。这种睡眠质量的错误评价妨碍了对睡眠障碍的诊断、严重程度及临床疗效的评估。Para-I的发病机制仍不清楚,可能与抑郁水平、焦虑水平、人格特征、社会关系质量、大脑结构和功能的特殊改变有关。基于多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)的失眠相关研究发现,非快速眼动睡眠(non-rapideyemovementsleep,NREM睡眠)和快速眼动睡眠(rapideyemovementsleep,REM睡眠)的改变可能与失眠患者的主客观睡眠不一致程度有关。PSG是诊断睡眠障碍的重要手段。它可以通过同步监测脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)、肌电图(electromyogram,EMG)、眼动电图(electrooculogram,EOG)、口鼻气流、胸腹呼吸运动、血氧饱和度、心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、鼾声等多项参数对睡眠结构及相关的生理行为变化进行分析。近年来,越来越多的研究开始借助PSG对Para-I的睡眠EEG及治疗进行探索并取得了一定的进展。该文就Para-I的脑电特征和治疗的最新进展做一综述,以期为Para-I的精准治疗提供新的思路。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad(BFU2013-43458-R)Junta de Andalucia(P12-CTS-1694 and Proyexcel-00422)to ZUK。
文摘Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.
基金This work is supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20122304130002), the Natural Science Foundation of China (61370212), the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (ZD 201102), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (HEUCFZ1213, HEUCF100601), and Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-210204).
文摘Most of existed strategies for defending OFA (Objective Function Attack)are centralized, only suitable for small-scale networks and stressed on the computation complexity and traffic load are usually neglected. In this paper, we pay more attentions on the OFA problem in large-scale cognitive networks, where the big data generated from the network must be considered and the traditional methods could be of helplessness. In this paper, we first analyze the interactive processes between attacker and defender in detail, and then a defense strategy for OFA based on differential game is proposed, abbreviated as DSDG. Secondly, the game saddle point and optimal defense strategy have proved to be existed simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed DSDG has a less influence on network performance and a lower rate of packet loss.More importantly, it can cope with the large range
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81730033(to XPG),81701371(to TJX),81801380(to XZ)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China,No.BK20170654(to TJX),BK20170129(to XZ)
文摘Accumulating evidence indicates that inhalation anesthetics induce or increase the risk of cognitive impairment. GLYX-13（rapastinel） acts on the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors（NMDARs） and has been shown to enhance hippocampus-dependent learning and memory function. However, the mechanisms by which GLYX-13 affects learning and memory function are still unclear. In this study, we investigated these mechanisms in a mouse model of long-term anesthesia exposure. Mice were intravenously administered 1 mg/kg GLYX-13 at 2 hours before isoflurane exposure（1.5% for 6 hours）. Cognitive function was assessed using the contextual fear conditioning test and the novel object recognition test. The mRNA expression and phosphorylated protein levels of NMDAR pathway components, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B（NR2B）-Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II（CaMKII）-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein（CREB）, in the hippocampus were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot assay. Pretreatment with GLYX-13 ameliorated isoflurane exposure-induced cognitive impairment and restored NR2B, CaMKII and CREB mRNA and phosphorylated protein levels. Intracerebroventricular injection of KN93, a selective CaMKII inhibitor, significantly diminished the effect of GLYX-13 on cognitive function and NR2B, CaMKII and CREB levels in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings suggest that GLYX-13 pretreatment alleviates isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by protecting against perturbation of the NR2B/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus. Therefore, GLYX-13 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of anesthesia-induced cognitive dysfunction. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Nanjing University, China（approval No. 20171102） on November 20, 2017.
基金supported in part by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars project under Grant No.60725105National Basic Research Program of China (973 Pro-gram) under Grant No.2009CB320404+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61072068Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.JY10000901031
文摘A novel centralized approach for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) in the Cognitive Radio (CR) network is presented in this paper. Instead of giving the solution in terms of formulas modeling network environment such as linear programming or convex optimization, the new approach obtains the capability of iteratively on-line learning environment performance by using Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm after observing the variability and uncertainty of the heterogeneous wireless networks. Appropriate decision-making access actions can then be obtained by employing Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) which ensures the strategy being able to explore the possible status and exploit the experiences sufficiently. The new approach considers multi-objective such as spectrum efficiency and fairness between CR Access Points (AP) effectively. By interacting with the environment and accumulating comprehensive advantages, it can achieve the largest long-term reward expected on the desired objectives and implement the best action. Moreover, the present algorithm is relatively simple and does not require complex calculations. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance with respect to fixed frequency planning scheme or general dynamic spectrum allocation policy.
文摘Online English learning as an outcome of the rapid development of the Internet has got a wider and wider market in China. However, problems of varieties have also occurred along its way. People never stop thinking of better strategies either in designing online course wares or tutorials to help smooth the learning process. My experience as a tutor is that interaction of affective domain and higher levels of cognitive domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy plays an important role in face-to-face tutorials of online English learning.
文摘Radio Cognitive (RC) is the new concept introduced to improve spectrum utilization in wireless communication and present important research field to resolve the spectrum scarcity problem. The powerful ability of CR to change and adapt its transmit parameters according to environmental sensed parameters, makes CR as the leading technology to manage spectrum allocation and respond to QoS provisioning. In this paper, we assume that the radio environment has been sensed and that the SU specifies QoS requirements of the wireless application. We use genetic algorithm (GA) and propose crossover method called Combined Single-Heuristic Crossover. The weighted sum multi-objective approach is used to combine performance objectives functions discussed in this paper and BER approximate formula is considered.
文摘矛盾性失眠(paradoxical insomnia,Para-I)又被称为假性失眠(pseudoinsomnia)或失眠状态错觉(sleep state misperception,SSM)。这类患者通常主诉患有严重失眠,但缺乏睡眠紊乱的客观证据,日间功能受损情况与患者所述的睡眠缺失程度不成比例。高估睡眠潜伏时间(sleeplatency,SL)、低估总睡眠时间(totalsleeptime,TST)是Para-I的主要特征。这种睡眠质量的错误评价妨碍了对睡眠障碍的诊断、严重程度及临床疗效的评估。Para-I的发病机制仍不清楚,可能与抑郁水平、焦虑水平、人格特征、社会关系质量、大脑结构和功能的特殊改变有关。基于多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)的失眠相关研究发现,非快速眼动睡眠(non-rapideyemovementsleep,NREM睡眠)和快速眼动睡眠(rapideyemovementsleep,REM睡眠)的改变可能与失眠患者的主客观睡眠不一致程度有关。PSG是诊断睡眠障碍的重要手段。它可以通过同步监测脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)、肌电图(electromyogram,EMG)、眼动电图(electrooculogram,EOG)、口鼻气流、胸腹呼吸运动、血氧饱和度、心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、鼾声等多项参数对睡眠结构及相关的生理行为变化进行分析。近年来,越来越多的研究开始借助PSG对Para-I的睡眠EEG及治疗进行探索并取得了一定的进展。该文就Para-I的脑电特征和治疗的最新进展做一综述,以期为Para-I的精准治疗提供新的思路。
