Research on the Reform of“Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing”Teaching Based on the Concept of Outcome-Based Education

Continuously evolving teaching concepts and the adoption of diverse teaching methods have led to outcome-oriented education becoming a fundamental focus of teaching reform in colleges and universities.In this article,the“Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing”course is used as an example to discuss the reform of education based on the concept of outcome-based education,with the purpose of improving students'learning outcomes and practical skills.

Traditional Chinese Medicine in Malaysia:A Brief Historical Overview of Education and Research

The education and research of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in Malaysia started coincidentally circa Malaysia’s independence movement.Before the independence,much of the development focused on establishing treatment centers and Chinese medical halls to provide TCM treatment.Periodicals and journals advocating TCM and its advancement were published between the 1940s and 1960s,but many did not survive after a few issues.The challenge posed by the Immigration Ordinance 1952 further united TCM practitioners and TCM associations to establish the Chinese Medical Institute of Malaya.The trend gained momentum,and many educational institutes were set up in each of Malaysia.From the 1970s,Malaysia started hosting regional and international TCM conferences.In 2000,TCM education in Malaysia had finally gained recognition from the government.ATCM program standard was thus released by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency(MQA).To date,there are seven private higher education institutions which offer TCM programs based on the MQA standards and have established international collaborations with other universities.It is projected that Malaysia’s TCM education and research will grow further as a result of China’s Belt and Road initiative.

Study on Current Trends in the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Australia and Policy Proposals of Internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Education in Future

With the rapid rise of China’s economy and the deployment of the Belt and Road Initiative,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),one of the main components of Chinese culture,has become an important aspect of foreign exchange.Therefore,recent research has focused on how to effectively spread TCM culture internationally and improve TCM acceptance.Australia is currently a representative region with decent TCM development.Taking TCM development in Australia as a starting point,this article analyzes the challenges in TCM development,discusses countermeasures to address these issues,and provides recommendations for improving the international development and dissemination of TCM.

Historical Legacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Education in Canada:The Case of Henry C.Lu

This article begins with a review of the publications by Dr.Henry C.Lu,a Canadian-Chinese traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)scholar,educator and writer,and founder of a Vancouver-based TCM college.Dr.Lu has translated many TCM classics and written books extensively on TCM education,TCM clinical practice and Mandarin-Chinese grammar.Aside from his widespread prominence as one of the representative English translators of Huangdi Neijing(The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic),Dr.Lu is also noted for his pioneering role in the promotion of TCM education in British Columbia,where he lived and worked for more than half of his life.By making references to and drawing lessons from Dr.Lu’s four-decade-long efforts to help TCM gain legal status and to promote wider application of TCM in Canada,this article also puts forth suggestions for overseas TCM education and international TCM standards for building a global community with a shared future.

Learning, understanding, trusting and applying-Promoting development of traditional Chinese medicine from medical education

From the end of the Qing dynasty to the establishment of Republic of China until the present day, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has declined from the original medical system parallel to western medicine to a supplementary medicine in China. During the long time, western medicine has gradually become the dominate medical system forming the situation of 'western medicine in the north, TCM in the wild'. On July 1, 2017, China's TCM law has been officially implemented ensuring a time of great opportunity for TCM in the future. The current situations are: 'western medicine is dominated, TCM are supplementary for use'. Some people insist that TCM should be weakened others suppose that Chinese medicine should be evaluated with biomedical standards and are lack of scientificity. Facing the disadvantages of degradation of Chinese medicine, lack of characteristics, the development of TCM still has a long way to go. This paper puts forward the 'education of medical students', so that medical students can learn, understand, believe and use TCM in order to carry forward the career of TCM.

Reflections on Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture Teaching in the Context of International Chinese Education

With the development of the times,both international Chinese education and traditional Chinese medicine have ushered in not only great potential development opportunities,but also various challenges.Traditional Chinese medicine culture has gradually gained international recognition,and many foreign students are now choosing to study traditional Chinese medicine.Therefore,the development of international Chinese education needs to embody traditional Chinese medicine culture teaching,which can promote the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.At the same time,encountering problems such as cultural differences ensue the need for improving the teaching system,which lacks teaching practice.On this basis,strategies such as exploring the teaching mode of traditional Chinese medicine culture,cultivating a team of high-quality international Chinese teachers,and creating experience courses with characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine culture have been put forward,so as to enhance the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine culture and promote the development of international Chinese education.

Retrospection and Reflection on the Role of Henry C.Lu as a Traditional Chinese Medicine Writer,Educator,and Translator

This paper respectfully commemorates the life of Dr.Henry C.Lu(1936-2022),who was the founding president of International College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Vancouver.Dr.Lu was an active educator,a prolific writer and translator of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in the West and an influential figure during the initial stage of the international dissemination of TCM.By comprehensively searching,referencing,and cross-validating the literature,this article reviewed Dr.Lu’s major life events,bibliography,and,most importantly,his contribution to TCM education and translation.Dr.Lu should be given more credit for his achievements,and further studies are needed in future.

Clinical Research on the Treatment of Simple Obesity by Oral Chinese Medicine Combined with Health Education to Improve Phlegm Dampness Constitution

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of oral traditional Chinese medicine granules combined with health education to regulate phlegm constitution and treat simple obesity. METHODS: According to the method of constitution evaluation in TCM Constitution Classification and Evaluation(Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine), the TCM classification of Chinese medicine was performed on patients who came to the outpatient department of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Pinggu District of Beijing and met the diagnostic criteria of simple obesity. One hundred patients with phlegm constitution were selected and those in accordance with the standards, were randomly divided into group with oral TCM granules combined with health education(refer to as treatment group) and health education group(refer to as control group) according to 1:1 ratio. The control group was given health education including diet and exercise instruction. Treatment group:(1) Health education includes diet and exercise instruction.(2) Oral Chinese medicine granules: ingredients: atractylodes rhizome 15g, raw barley 30g, Folium Nelumbinis 10g, Chinese hawthorn fruit 10g, Chinese waxgourd peel 15g, milk-vetch root;15g, kudzuvine root 15g, danshen root10g, 2 times/d. The two groups were intervened for 12 weeks each time, and obesity evaluation indicators such as body weight, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, weight index, and score table of TCM constitutional were observed before and after the intervention. Statistical software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The total curative effect of the treatment group was better than that of the control group(P<0.001). The weight index, body weight, waist and hip circumference decreased significantly after treatment(P <0.01). Compared with the two groups, the treatment group is better than the control group in terms of dampness constitution improvement, weight and fat losing and waist and hip circumference reducing.(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Oral Chinese medicine granules Jiangzhuo Fang(combined with health education) and simple health education can improve phlegm constitution, and improve the body weight, body fat percentage and other indicators of the patients, but oral granules combined with health education to improve the physical fitness of phlegm is better than simple health education. The thoughts and methods of Chinese medicine granules combined with health education to regulate phlegm constitution is effective for weight losing and is worthy of further research and promotion.

Analysis of knowledge graph based on CiteSpace research on the treatment of pediatric pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine

Objective:Based on the CiteSpace tool,this study makes a visualization analysis on the treatment of infantile pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine in the past 20 years,so as to explore the development status,research hotspots and frontier trends of the treatment of infantile pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine,and provide a reference for the research on the treatment of infantile pneumonia and related diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.Methods:A total of 645 literatures related to the treatment of pediatric pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine were retrieved from CNKI.The visual atlas was made by year,author,institution and key words,and the co-occurrence,clustering and emergence analysis were performed.Results:The related literatures span from January 2001 to February 2021,and the number of related literatures showed an obvious increasing trend,with an average annual publication of 38 papers.From 2002 to 2014,the increase was the most obvious,and began to show a gentle growth trend in 2015.Twelve main clusters were obtained by keyword cluster analysis.Emergent analysis results in a total of 19 emergent words,which are composed of 439 nodes and 1,452 lines in total.There are different research hotspots in different periods,and in the past five years,the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of infantile pneumonia and the related research of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic nursing has become a contemporary hot spot.Conclusion:At present,the research on the treatment of children's pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine shows an increasing trend.There is still a lack of continuity among various studies.The cooperation between the authors and various institutions is low.Moreover,the research direction in this field mainly focuses on children's mycoplasma pneumonia.In addition,the clinical efficacy observation of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and azithromycin in the treatment of children's pneumonia will become a hot topic in the future.In addition to the research focus in this field,the clinical efficacy of TCM(traditional Chinese medicine)in the treatment of infantile pneumonia and the characteristic nursing of traditional Chinese medicine may still become one of the hot spots in the future.

Hypertension knowledge in urban elderly patients:compari-son between adherents to traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine

Objective To compare knowledge about hypertension between elderly Chinese urban patients with preferences for either traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (WM). Methods Elderly (≥ 65 years old) patients with hypertension who prefer TCM treatment (n=112) or WM (n=126) were questioned about hypertension. Their answers were compared. Results Only 32.6% of participants correctly identified hypertension as a main risk factor of coronary heart disease and stroke, 22.3% of patients answered that the main purpose of hypertension control was preventing cardiovascular disease. Other major reasons for these patients to seek medical treatment for their hypertension included: persuasion by physicians or their family members (21.6%), alleviating symptoms such as headache and dizziness (16.8%), lowering blood pressure without knowing specific reason (12.4%). The predictors for poor knowledge of hypertension were similar irrespective of preference for WM or TCM treatment, and included those with lower levels of education and older age. Television and newspaper (46.8%) were the most frequent sources of hypertension information for both groups. Among those who preferred TCM treatment, "TCM has fewer side effects than WM" and"TCM cures disease while WM only alleviates symptoms" were common beliefs held. Conclusion This study shows that knowledge of hypertension is similar among Chinese urban patients with preferences for either WM or TCM treatment and that misunderstandings about hypertension are common among the elderly patients. In order to control hypertension effectively, public health education is necessary. This should target those with a lower level of education and older age.

Thoughts on Integration of TCM Elements into Mental Health Education

The contemporary college students in China are facing the pressure of study,employment and interpersonal relationship in current complicated society,and their mental health condition is not optimistic.Therefore,it plays a crucial role by integrating TCM elements into mental health education.The paper deliberates the problem of integrating TCM elements into mental health education of college students,and puts forward suggestions and measures.

Preliminary Study on the Training Mode of Chinese Pharmacy Professionals Based on the National Standard of Teaching Quality

With the promulgation of the National Standard for the Teaching Quality of Undergraduate Majors in Ordinary Colleges and Universities, the state has made clear regulations on the standard for the cultivation of Chinese pharmacy talents. Based on their own actual conditions, major colleges and universities have implemented different talent training modes, including talent training modes of running talent classes, "2+1+1", "Chinese Medicine Research Practice Class", employment-oriented professional talent training mode, three-level three-type diversified talent training mode, and talent training mode oriented with adapting to the characteristics of ethnic regions. Various talent training modes have different training objectives, and corresponding training programs are formulated to meet the requirements of the National Standard for the Teaching Quality of Undergraduate Majors in Ordinary Colleges and Universities. In addition, according to the notice on Solidly Promoting Labor Education into the "National Standard for the Teaching Quality of Undergraduate Majors in Ordinary Colleges and Universities" issued by the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education, the introduction of labor education to the teaching of Chinese pharmacy majors will be a trend, and Chinese pharmacy professionals are required to achieve comprehensive and coordinated development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty, and labor. How to integrate labor education with high quality and high efficiency into the training of Chinese pharmacy professionals is a problem that major universities will think about.

中医工作坊及Mini-CEX评估在护理本科生教学中的应用

目的:探讨中医工作坊及Mini-CEX评估在护理本科生教学中应用效果。方法:将65名在校护理本科生随机分试验组和对照组,比较两组教学效果。结果:试验组学生护理操作考核成绩等优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:中医工作坊结合Mini-CEX对完善教学考核评估,促进护生实践能力具有积极作用。

Comparison of traditional Chinese medicine education between China's Mainland and Australia —a case study

OBJECTIVE： To analyze and compare the curriculum and delivery of a Chinese and Australian university-level Chinese medicine program.METHODS： A review of PubMed and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant educational papers was undertaken. Online and paper documents available at the University of Technology Sydney （UTS） and the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine （CDUTCM） were read and analyzed. In addition, in-depth interviews with academics from the two universities were conducted during 2014 to 2015.RESULTS： The two Chinese medicine programs share the common goal of providing health services to the local community, but differ in some aspects when the curricula are compared. Areas such as student profile, curriculum structure, teaching approaches and education quality assurance were found to be different. The UTS program adopts a ＂flipped learning＂ approach with the use of educational technology aiming at improving learning outcomes. On the other hand, the CDUTCM has better clinical facilities and specialist physician resources.CONCLUSION： A better understanding of the different curricula and approaches to Chinese medicine education will facilitate student learning and educational outcomes.

Yinlai decoction alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia by changing the immune status of juvenile rats:A study based on network pharmacology

Objective:Pediatric pneumonia is a common respiratory disease and Yinlai Decoction (YLD) is a commonly used treatment in China.We explored the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of this traditional Chinese medicine for pneumonia.Methods:We studied,by experimentation,the mechanism of action of YLD in treating pneumonia according to network pharmacology.By comparing YLD with dexamethasone (DXMS),we investigated the efficacy of YLD in treating pneumonia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in juvenile rats.Results:In an aqueous extract of YLD,22 chemical compounds were identified,among which 10 were related to inflammation,involving 78 target genes and 16 signaling pathways.Among them,45 core target proteins were related to biologic processes and functions,such as response to stimuli,biologic regulation,cell communication and protein binding.Animal experiments showed that YLD relieved pulmonary inflammation and demonstrated no significant damage to the liver,spleen or kidneys of rats.YLD could regulate expression of inflammatory cytokines in serum and inflammation-related proteins in lung tissues to some extent,but its effect is less significant than that of DXMS.Conclusions:YLD protected juvenile rats against LPS-induced pneumonia,and showed fewer side effects in comparison with DXMMS.YLD could be efficacious treatment for pediatric respiratory infections and even pneumonia.

Studies of nursing in acute mastitis in China:Bibliometric analysis

Objective:To analyze the research hotspots of nursing related to lactation acute mastitis in China and provide guidance and reference for nursing researchers.Methods:Papers from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data,VIP Data,and SinoMed are collected.All papers were imported into Noteexpress software in the form of bibliography to check again and delete duplicate references.The remaining literature was screened by reading the title and abstract and finally included by reading the full text.The paper’s information was analyzed using SPSS 22.0.Results:1275 papers are searched and 531 papers are included at last.Periodical literature accounted for the highest proportion,96.80%.Moreover,the journal with the largest number of entries is China Health Care and Nutrition.In 2007,the number of literatures related to acute mastitis nursing began to increase rapidly,and the most articles were published in Henan.Among the literature types,the majority are literatures expert experience.Only 18 literature reports were funded.Conclusions:Papers on acute mastitis nursing are increasing year by year and gradually become a research hotspot.However,the development of this study is uneven in different regions,with little financial support,and randomized controlled trials are still to be carried out.

Clinical Study of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment Combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the Treatment of Pediatric Asthma

[Objectives]To study the clinical effect of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the treatment of pediatric asthma.[Methods]A total of 40 children with asthma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine from July 2017 to September 2018 were selected as the research subjects,and divided into control group and observation group according to random classification method,with 20 cases in each group.Among which the control group was given routine symptomatic treatment,the observation group was treated with Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription on the basis of the control group.After 4 weeks of continuous treatment,the clinical efficacy was observed and the changes of traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores,forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),maximum expiratory flow(PEF),forced vital capacity(FVC),peripheral blood eosinophils(EOS)and interleukin-17(IL-17)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.[Results]After treatment,the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)scores such as asthma,cough,expectoration,chest tightness,dyspnea and wheezing sound of lungs in the two groups were significantly improved,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).FEV1,PEF and FVC in the two groups were significantly improved after treatment,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);after treatment,the levels of EOS and IL-17 decreased in both groups,and the improvement in the observation group was superior to that in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The clinical effects of Acupoint Application of Jiezi Fangxiao Ointment combined with Pingchuan Prescription in the treatment of infantile asthma were obvious,which can significantly improve the TCM symptoms scores,pulmonary function and immune function of patients.

中医师承教育在西医院校中医课程教学中的意义及作用

中医药师承教育是中医教育人才培养的重要途径。院校教育与师承教育相结合的模式被认为是当前最符合中医药教育自身规律的教育模式,西医院校的中医教育现状及存在的主要问题是中西医思维方式的切换难度大、中医临床见习课时有限。文化传承、经典传承、名师传授、实践导向、个性化教育,是中医师承教育的优势与特点。因此,将中医师承教育融入中医临床见习,是西医学生学习中医一种新型的教育模式,为培养中西医结合高级别人才做出探索与尝试。

混合式教学法在中医儿科学的运用

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的发生,促使医学院校将课程建设重心放在教学方法的改革当中。长久以来,各大高校对混合式教学法的探索不断进步、不断发展,这是对教育教学改革的促进,也是中国现代教育发展的必然。混合式教学法将传统填鸭式教学方式转变为“以学生自主学习为主”的信息化教学新模式。此研究从课程特点、线上微课设计、线上课程模式、线下翻转课堂等方面开展,得出混合式教学法在中医儿科学课程教学中发挥着积极有效的优势作用,对临床专业课课程建设的发展起到深远影响。

世界四大传统医学教育体系及对中医药教育的启示

中医药、古希腊医学、阿育吠陀和阿拉伯医学被认定为世界四大传统医学。梳理了四大传统医学的教育培训体系。对比发现:中医药重点关注师承关系,理论与实践结合;古希腊医学以强大的理论研究与实验观察为主要特点;阿育吠陀高度重视文化认同为主要特点;阿拉伯医学则高度重视文化交流与实践推广。建议推动中医药教育创新发展,强化实践教学,提升教学质量,加强国际交流与合作,提高国外公众接受度。